Basics of petroleum geology
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Basics of petroleum geologyby Shahnawaz Mustafa on Jul 15, 2012
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1. Basics of Petroleum Geology Presented By: Shahnawaz Mustafa
2. The science of petroleum geology• Chemistry Geochemistry is a major
component of petroleum geology • Detailed knowledge of the mineralogical
composition of rocks – reservoir quality. • Pore-fluid chemistry Pore-• Physics
Geophysics contributes to: • Understanding the structures involved in
trapping: folds, faults • Understanding the wells: wireline logs, lithology,
porosity
3. • Biology • Biochemistry: transformation of plant and animal tissues into
kerogen and through to oil and gas. • Study of fossil life: Paleontology
4. Formation of an oil accumulationBurial of adequate organic source material.
most petroleum is derived from the accumulation of trillions of individual
micro-organisms. micro-Burial to the appropriate depths. depths of 2-6 km and
temperatures of 60-160º C. 2- 60-Presence of a reservoir-quality rock. reservoir-
a porous storage space. Sandstone and limestones are the most common
reservoir rocks. To be a reservoir they must have: Porosity, Porosity, to hold
the hydrocarbons Permeability, Permeability, to allow fluid flow
5. Presence of an adequate seal A seal is an impermeable bed (such as a shale
or a bed of salt) that sits on top of the trap and prevents the hydrocarbons
rising any further.Presence of a trap In order to prevent the hydrocarbons
rising to the surface and escaping they must be caught in a confined space,
termed a trap. i.e. the source, reservoir and seal must be arranged in such a
way that the petroleum is trapped.
6. Organic MatterWhen an organism (plant or animal) dies, it isnormally
oxidizedUnder exceptional conditions: organic matter is buriedand preserved
in sedimentsThe composition of the organic matter strongly influences
whether the organic matter can produce coal, oil or gas.
7. Basic components of organic matter in sediments• PROTEINS•
CARBOHYDRATES• LIPIDS (Fats)• LIGNINAll of these + Time + Temperature
+ Pressure = KEROGEN
8. Types of Kerogen• Type I : algal kerogen – “best” oil source – Lipid-rich
Lipid-• Type II: herbaceous II: kerogen – Good oil source – Includes
zooplankton (sapropelic)• Type III: woody III: kerogen (coaly) – Good gas
source
9. OIL FORMATION
10. The Petroleum System
11. The Source Rock • A type of rock which contains organic matter and is
capable to generate the hydrocarbons. • Best example of source rock is shale.
12. The Reservoir Rock • A reservoir rock is that kind of rock which can hold
the hydrocarbons. • Most common examples of reservoir rocks are sandstone
and Carbonates (limestone and dolomite).
13. The Reservoir Rock: Dolomite • This is an example of an important reservoir
rock type. • Fossils have been hollowed out by the chemical conversion of
limestone to dolomite, creating pore spaces so large that they are sometimes
called “cavernous porosity” porosity”
14. The Seal• The seal or cap rock is an impermeable rock which don’t allow
the hydrocarbons to escape from the reservoir rock.• Common examples of cap
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rocks are, chalks , shales, clays etc.
15. The Trap• A subsurface obstacle to flow of petroleum to the earth’s
surface.• Classified (broadly) into Structural Traps Examples: folds and faults.
Stratigraphic Traps Examples: pinch out and unconformity traps
16. Structural Traps
17. Stratigraphic traps
18. Migration Processes• Primary Migration: involves the expulsion of
petroleum from the source rocks to reservoir rock.• Secondary Migration:
involves the movement of petroleum through permeable layers (carrier beds)
to the trap. trap.
19. Reservoir Porosity and PermeabilityThere are two fundamental physical
properties that a good reservoir must have: (1) porosity, or sufficient void
space to contain significant petroleum. petroleum. (2) permeability, the ability
of petroleum to flow through these voids. voids.
20. Types of porosity
21. Reservoir properties are to be confirmed through• Direct methods (Core)•
Indirect method (logs)
22. Presence of Oil/Gas is confirmed through (1) Logs (2) Cuttings/cores (3)
Testing Seal Integrity is the most important factor for preservation of
hydrocarbon in pools
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