High Tunnel Winter Spinach Production - Utah State University
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Basics of High Tunnel Production - 2017
Terrance T. Nennich Extension Professor Emeritus
Vegetable and Small Fruit Production University of Minnesota Extension
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High Tunnel Research Sites in Minnesota
Experiment Stations Grower Cooperators
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What are High Tunnels
• High tunnels are not a poor persons greenhouse
• High tunnels are a separate intense technology which allows crops to be grown up to three zones earlier and later and eliminate considerable risk.
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What are High Tunnels?
• Structures that resemble some greenhouses - in appearances only
• Use no artificial heat (except for emergencies)
• Use no artificial ventilation such as fans, tubes or forced air
• Plants are grown in the ground. • Many shapes and sizes
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"It's probably more appropriate to look at high tunnels as creating a system, rather
than being an individual technique, because of what they do. They're simple
structures but they create a different farming system. Fertilizer use, crop
protection use, water, equipment use -- they all change.”
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Tomatoes
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Advantages of High Tunnels
• Generation of Heat Early and Late in the season
• Cold and Weather Element Protection During Winter
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Advantages of High Tunnels
• 4-8 weeks earlier production in the spring • 2-5 weeks later possible production in the
fall • Grow crops not usually grown in the area • Very high yield per plant • Crop mix • Very cost effective • Usually no pesticides needed • Organic production
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Advantages of High Tunnels
• Natural disease control • Insect control • Control water • Guarantee a crop • Reduce cull fruit.
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Concerns of High Tunnels
• Cost involved • Education • Planning • Management • Time
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High Tunnel Suppliers
• Nolts • Poly-Tek • FarmTek • Ledgewood • Chamberland • Haygrove • Others
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NRCS - USDA
• Has cost share program • Serve every county in US • Check with local office for specific details
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Key Components of high Tunnels
• Good well drained raised soil • Roll Up sides • 6 mil UV treated plastic
• Can be built from many materials
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High Tunnel Roof Vent
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Oxygen and plants
• Uptake of nutrients • Root growth • Overall plant growth • Resistance to insect and disease • Fruit yield
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Why High Tunnels Work
• Lets review the principles of plant growth Time Heat Light Stress
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Time
• All plants need time to advance in growth and mature
• How much growth that occurs in a given length of time depends on how ideal the environmental growth factors are.
• In northern climates heat is the one factor that we need to be concerned about.
• Seed catalogs use maximum conditions in deciding growing days.
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Heat
• Plants are classified by there ideal heat requirements.
• Tomatoes , peppers, 80-90 degrees • Cucumber , melons , 85-95 degrees • Heat is measured in growing degree days • Duration of Temperature is Critical
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Growing Degree Units
• Normal figure used for warm season crops is 50 low and 86 high
• Growing degree Units = (high for day+ low for the day) – 50 Divided
by 2 (86) (50)
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Growing Degree Days units for Tomatoes
• Early to mid-season tomatoes will require 1200 to 1600 GDD to the first ripe fruit.
• Late season varieties will require 2000 to 2200 GDD
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Growing degree day samples
Low of 40, high of 60 = 5 GDD Low of 40, high of 50 = 0 GDD Low of 50, high of 70 = 10 GDD Low of 60, high of 86 = 23 GDD
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Growing Degree Comparison Inside and Outside Tunnel
• Inside Tunnel • March 281 GDU • April 435 GDU • May 502 GDU • June 570 GDU • July 624 GDU • Aug 544 GDU • Sept 570 GDU • Oct 303 GDU
• Outside Tunnel • March 5 GDU • April 99 GDU • May 183 GDU • June 366 GDU • July 505 GDU • Aug 374 GDU • Sept 396 GDU • Oct 101 GDU
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Growing Degree Days units for Tomatoes
• Early to mid-season tomatoes will require 1400 to 1600 GDD to the first ripe fruit.
• Late season varieties will require 2000 to 2200 GDD
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High Tunnel Planting Dates
Northern Minnesota • Onions , radishes, lettuce Mar 25-Apr 7
• Cabbage, broccoli ect Apr 7-15
• Tomatoes, peppers April 25 - May
10
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Why High Tunnels Work in the Winter • It is not the cold that
causes many or our plants to succumb to winter injury, but the elements of wind, ice and other winter elements.
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Overwintering Garlic in High Tunnels
Terrance T. Nennich Extension Professor
Commercial Fruit and Vegetable Production University of Minnesota Extension.
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Cold Temperature Data
Days below 0 F Coldest Day 2005-06 17 days -37 F 2006-07 24 days -41 F 2007-08 33 days -38 F The 2006-2007 winter had 8 consecutive night -20F or colder.
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Snow Fall Data
• 2005-2006 Ample but below average
• 2006- 2007 Little snow cover
• 2007- 2008 Average snow cover
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Survival Rate Outside Tunnel
• 2005 – 06 69%
• 2006 – 07 2%
• 2007 – 08 79%
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Survival Rate (%) Inside Tunnel Gothic
• 2005 – 06 94%
• 2006-2007 92%
• 2007-2008 95%
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Common Mistakes Beginning Growers Make
• Tunnels get to hot >130+ • Don’t shut roll up sides early enough in the
evening-loose growing degree units 5 GDU a day for a month = 5-8 day • Weed Control inside and out • Monitor the water uptake • Punning and trellising
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Tunnel Direction
• Narrow end against prevailing high winds
• The outside air direction has little to do with the cooling of the tunnel
• Recommend tunnel construction for 100 MPH winds.
• Need to consider light needs in winter months
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Yield Potential & Nutrient Needs
• Yields in a high tunnel can be 3 to 4 times the yield obtained in the field
• Higher yields will required more nutrients, but knowing how much to apply is a challenge – Lack of nutrients – deficiencies – Excessive nutrients – salt build up – Both situations affect yield and quality
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Solar Heating of the Soil
• Cucumbers – May 15
• Tomatoes – June 5
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• Air leaves the solar panels at about 125-175
degrees depending on the amount of sun
• Air leaves the soil at 50 – 75 degrees to be recirculated through the solar panels (this is a closed system )
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Results to Date
• Soil temperatures have been kept at
minimum of 52 degrees even though outside temperature have been well below 10 degrees.
• At this temperature, cool season crops are doing very well
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Using super oxygenated water in high
tunnel tomato and strawberry production
Terrance T. Nennich, Extension Professor Vegetable and Small Fruit Production
University of Minnesota Extension [email protected]
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Tomato research results
• Data was analyzed until mid September and the entire season
• Until Mid September the tomato yield increased 16 %
• No increase in individual tomato weight, large increase in number of tomatoes.
• Increase was less after mid September, cool temperatures.
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On line at: www.hightunnels.cfans.umn.edu Minnesota Farmers Market Association 320 250 5087
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Minnesota High Tunnel Web Site
• http://hightunnels.cfans.umn.edu/
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Seminars on High Tunnels
• Getting Started with High Tunnels • Crops and Yields • Marketing • Soil Fertility/Nutrient Use • Irrigation • High Tunnel design • Organic Production • Fruit Production
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QUESTIONS ???????????