Basics of COMPUTER NETWORKS
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Basics of COMPUTER NETWORKS
Book in glance
Computer EngineeringFaculty of EngineeringKurdistan University
( Email : [email protected])
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سرفصل هاي درس
Contact information
: مفاهيم اوليه1فصل •: اليه فيزيكي 2فصل •: اليه پيوند داده3فصل •: اليه شبكه4فصل •: اليه انتقال5فصل •: اليه كاربرد6فصل • : كابل كشي ساخت يافته7فصل •
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What’s a Computer Network?
• Connecting two or more computers or other devices via a Communication media( Physical or wireless)
• Categorizing networks according to size:
– LAN (Local Area Network)– MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)– WAN (Wide Area Network)– Internet
3Kurdistan UniversityComputer Network
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Types of Links
Point-to-Point Multiple Access
…
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Protocol Demultiplexing
FTP HTTP TFTPNV
TCP UDP
IP
NET1 NET2 NETn…
TCP/UDPIP
IPX
Port Number
Network
Protocol Field
Type Field
• Multiple choices at each layer
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OSI Layers and Locations
Switch RouterHost Host
Application
Transport
Network
Data Link
Presentation
Session
Physical
Hub
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Network Interface Card (NIC)
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Hub (layer 1 device)Just knows bits
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Switch (layer 2 device)Knows MAC addresses
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Router (layer 3 device)Knows Logical addresses (IP and IPX)
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Connector
Twisted Pair
UTP
STP
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Bad Good
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Connectors
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Connectors
Fiber Optic
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A Fiber Optic Ring with Active repeaters
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Types of Propagation
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Basic Modulation Types
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Compression:
Huffman Coding
Run-length Coding
Ziv Lempel compression
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FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing)
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WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing)
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TDM (Time Division Multiplexing)
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Circuit Switching
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Time Division Switch
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Packet Switching
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Message Switching
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Framing Methods
Character Count
Byte Stuffing
Bit Stuffing
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Handling Errors
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Single bit Error
Multiple bit Error
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0110100
1011010
0010110
1110101
1001011
1
0
1
1
0
1000110 1
Parity bit
One Dimensional Parity
Two Dimensional Parity
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Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)
• Represent a (n+1)-bit message as an n-degree polynomial M(x)–E.g., 10101101 M(x) = x7 + x5 + x3 + x2 + x0
• Choose a divisor k-degree polynomial G(x)• Compute reminder R(x) of M(x)*xk / C(x), i.e., compute
A(x) such thatM(x)*xk = A(x)*G(x) + R(x), where degree(R(x)) < k
• Let T(x) = M(x)*xk – R(x) = A(x)*G(x)
• Then–T(x) is divisible by G(x)
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Hamming Code
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Categories of Flow Control
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Stop-and-Wait
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ReceiverReceiverSenderSender
Sliding WindowSender/Receiver State
… …
Sent & Acked Sent Not Acked
OK to Send Not Usable
… …
Max acceptable
Receiver window
Max ACK received Next seqnum
Received & Acked Acceptable Packet
Not Usable
Sender window
Next expected
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Example of Sliding Window
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Sliding WindowGo-Back-n, Damaged Frame
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Sliding windowSelective-Repeat, Damaged Frame
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Evolution of Contention Protocols
Developed in the 1970s for a packet radio network
Aloha
SlottedAloha
Improvement: Start transmission only at fixed times (slots)
CSMA
CSMA = Carrier Sense Multiple AccessImprovement: Start transmission only if no transmission is ongoing
CD = Collision Detection
Improvement: Stop ongoing transmission if a collision is detected (e.g. Ethernet)
CSMA/CD
Media Access Control
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The Aloha Protocol
•simple: if you have pkt to send, "just do it" •if pkt suffers collision, will try resending later
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Slotted Aloha
•synchronous system: time divided into slots •slot siz equals fixed packet transmission time •when pkt ready for transmission, wait until start of next slot •packets overlap completely or not at all
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Carrier Sensing Protocols
•Aloha is inefficient (and rude!): doesn't listen before talking! •Carrier Sense Multiple Access: CSMA
non-persistent CSMA: 1.sense (listen to) channel 2.if {channel sensed busy}
then wait random time; go to 1 else transmit packet
p-persistent CSMA: 1.sense (listen to) channel 2.when {channel sensed idle}
transmit with probability p else wait random time, go to 1
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CSMA/CD
•CSMA with collision detection(CD): •listen while talking! •stop transmitting when another pkt has collided with your pkt
•wait random time before attempting to resend •worst case time to detect a collision? •performance depends (as in CSMA) on channel length
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Collision free protocolsReservation
No collisions reservation is made before sending
average waiting time before transmission is N low load utilization: d/(d+N) – not good if N is large high-load utilization d/(d+1)
d bits
N bits
t
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Collision free protocols
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IEEE 802 Standards
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802.3 Frame structure
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10Base5
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10Base2
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10BaseT
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10BaseF
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IEEE 802.4Token Bus Network
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Token Ring IEEE 802.5
Data Token/Data
l1
l3 l2
l4
min/ TRTclPROPi i
TRT=Token Rotation Time
Listen:
Talk:
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Token Ring IEEE 802.5
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IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN (WLAN)
802.11b
802.11 802.11a 802.11g
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ISM Bands(Unlicensed )
802.11b (11Mbps)
802.11g(54 Mbps)
802.11a(54 Mbps)
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Wireless Access PointWireless Network Interface Card
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Spread Spectrum Methods
FHSS DSSS
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FHSS
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DSSS
Original Data
Transmitted Data
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ESSExtended Service Set
BSS: Basic Service Set
Overlapped Area for roaming
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CSMA/CA
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Internetworking
Hop-by-hop
Network Layer
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Need of Network Layer
Host-to-host (End-to-end)
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Packet delivery in Network layer
Internet
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Routing Algorithms
• Calculate the shortest path (lowest cost)
• Two common methods– Distance vector routing (RIP , IGRP , … )– Link state routing (OSPF , IS-IS)
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The concept of distance vector routing
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Concept of link state routing
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Hierarchical Routing
Routing in Autonomous Systems (IGP)
EGP
IGP
Routing between Autonomous Systems (EGP)