Basics of biology lectures at verhaert - part 1 - building blocks of life

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Basics of biology – Verhaert lunch lectures

Jef Aernouts

09.2015

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09.2015

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Format

• Introduce basic concepts

• Backbone slides

• Videos

• Interactive <-> expert panel ;-)

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Chapters

• Building blocks of life

• Genomics

• Proteomics

• Metabolomics

• Immunology

Part 1: the building

blocks of life

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Biomolecules

Backbone slideLife

Living organisms

forming

viruses bacteria fungi plants animals

Made up of cell(s):

Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

classes

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Life is everywhere

Source: http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary

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The scale

Source: http://www.boundless.com

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Fields of study

Source: Human physiology – Dee Unglaub Silverthorn

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Biomolecules

Backbone slideLife

Living organisms

forming


Made up of cell(s):


classes

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Building blocks of life

Source: https://youtu.be/IJ7xOSCEmZw


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Biomolecules

Video: https://youtu.be/IJ7xOSCEmZw

https://youtu.be/IJ7xOSCEmZw

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Building blocks of life – 4 types of biomolecules

Carbohydrates (koolhydraten)• Monomer: monosaccharides• Name: -ose (mono- & di-saccharides)• Function: short-term energy provider, structure in

plants (cellulose) …• Chemical elements: CHO• Example: glucose (CH2O)6

Lipids (vetten)• Monomers: fatty acids & glycerols• Classes: Fat (solids, mostly saturated) vs. Oil (liquid,

mostly unsaturated)• Function: long-term energy provider, insulation,

part of cell membranes …• Chemical elements: CHO (less O than carbs)• Example: butterfat (milk)

Proteins (eiwitten)• Monomer: amino-acids (20 types)• Peptides (< 100 amino acids) vs. Proteins (>100)• Function: versatile• Classes:

• Structural; e.g. hemoglobin (O2 carrier in blood)

• Enzymes (-ase), biocatalists;e.g. alcohol dehydrogenase

• Chemical elements: CHON

Nucleic acids (nucleïnezuren)• Monomer: nucleotides• Function: genetic information, energy• Chemical elements: CHONP• Example: DNA

09.2015

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Building blocks of life – 4 types of biomolecules

Carbohydrates (koolhydraten)• Monomer: monosaccharides• Name: -ose (mono- & di-saccharides)• Function: short-term energy provider, structure in

plants (cellulose) …• Chemical elements: CHO• Example: glucose (CH2O)6

Lipids (vetten)• Monomers: fatty acids & glycerols• Classes: Fat (solids, mostly saturated) vs. Oil (liquid,

mostly unsaturated)• Function: long-term energy provider, insulation,

part of cell membranes …• Chemical elements: CHO (less O than carbs)• Example: butterfat (milk)

Proteins (eiwitten)• Monomer: amino-acids (20 types)• Peptides (< 100 amino acids) vs. Proteins (>100)• Function: versatile• Classes:

• Structural; e.g. hemoglobin (O2 carrier in blood)

• Enzymes (-ase), biocatalists;e.g. alcohol dehydrogenase

• Chemical elements: CHON

Nucleic acids (nucleïnezuren)• Monomer: nucleotides• Function: genetic information, energy• Chemical elements: CHONP• Example: DNA

GlycolipidsG

lyco

pro

tein

s

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Macro vs. Micro-nutrients

Okay, so what are vitamins and minerals?

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Biomolecules

Backbone slideLife

Living organisms

forming


Made up of cell(s):


classes

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Living organisms


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classes

Biomolecules

Backbone slideLife

Living organisms

forming


Made up of cell(s):


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Cells – introductory video

Video: https://youtu.be/URUJD5NEXC8

https://youtu.be/URUJD5NEXC8

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Cells – definitions

Cells are the smallest living unit of an organism that can perform life processes:

• Get and use energy

• Grow and develop

• Get rid of waste

• Reproduce and differentiate

• React to the environment

Every cell contains:

1. Genetic material (DNA)

2. Intracellular fluid (cytoplasm)

3. Cell membrane

Source: http://searchforbetterhealth.wikispaces.com/

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Prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells


• Small and simple• Only bacteria• Composed of:

• Genetic information (floats freely in cell)

• Cytoplasm (cellular fluid)• Cell membrane • Large and complex

• Genetic information in nucleus• Contains organelles (=“small

organs inside the cell”) with specific functions

• Cell membrane

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Single vs. multicellular organisms

Unicellular Multicellular

• Organisms composed of only 1 cell

• Examples:Bacteria (prokaryotic)

Yeast (fungi, eukaryotic)

Protosoa (eukaryotic), e.g. plasmodium causingmalaria

• Organisms consisting of many cells (always eukaryotic)

• Examples:Plants (autotroph)

Animals (heterotroph)

Fungi (heterotroph)e.g. mushrooms

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Cells and its environment

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Prokaryotic cells – bacteria video

Video: https://youtu.be/pcXdfofLoj0

https://youtu.be/pcXdfofLoj0

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Prokaryotic cells – bacteria

• Typical bacterial diseases: measles, meningitis, tetanus… bacteria invade and multiply the body, disturbing the normal metabolism

• Antibiotics do only work against bacteriae.g. penicillin (1st antibiotic by Flemming in 1928) is a fungi, attacking the cell wall of bacteries

• Bacteria have ‘bad’ connotation, in contrast they are essential in the human body

• Humans contain more bacterial cells than human cells (90-10%)

• Functions: digestion, skin flora

• Also many functions outside the human body; e.g. food production (yoghurt fermentation)

• Size: 0,2-2 µm

Structure Must knows:

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Eukaryotic cellsSize:

• most cells 10-15 µm• egg cell largest 100 µm• nerve cells 1 m long

Humans consist of10 trillion cells (10.1012)

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Biomolecules

Backbone slideLife

Living organisms

forming


Made up of cell(s):

classes


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Viruses – introductory video

Video: https://youtu.be/cE0qdqoBFa8

https://youtu.be/cE0qdqoBFa8

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Virus - definitions

Parasitism: viruses are dependent on specific host cells; they cannot reproduce on their own but have

to reside in a specific host.

A virus consists of:

• Nucleic acids (DNA or RNA)

• Covered by a protein coat

• Sometimes enclosed by a membrane (= enveloped)

Various hosts:

• Bacteriophages (host = bacterium)

• Animal virus (host = animal), e.g. influenza virus (flu)

• Plant virus (host = plant), e.g. tobacco mosaic virus

Size: 20 - 300 nm


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Virus replication

Example of influenza infection:

Result: viruses take over the

normal cell metabolism

infected

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Virus – examples

1. Influenza virus (flu)

Every year drift/shift to new variant (Asia)

Vaccines: killed virus particles provoke immune

response of antibodies, blocking future infections

2. HIV

Infect immune cells (CD4 white blood cells)

Causes AIDS = acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

3. Ebola

Targets blood vessel cells

Killing these cells leads to loss of blood vessel

integrity

09.2015

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CONFIDENTIAL

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Biomolecules

Backbone slideLife

Living organisms

forming


Made up of cell(s):

classes


09.2015

Ref: VPS-0034-DOC-A

CONFIDENTIAL

Chapters

• Building blocks of life

• Genomics

• Proteomics

• Metabolomics

• Immunology

09.2015

Ref: VPS-0034-DOC-A

CONFIDENTIAL

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tel +32 (0)3 250 19 00

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Tel: +31 (0)618 12 19 19

[email protected]

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Basics of biology lectures at verhaert - part 1 - building blocks of life

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