BASICS OF ACADEMIC

WRITINGFoundation/ IIHS

FEATURES OF ACADEMIC WRITING Clear To the point, concise, precise Cohesive Organized Consistent Uses citation Uses a variety of sentence types but

more complex structures Advanced punctuation

FEATURES OF ACADEMIC WRITING No short forms * There’s , it’s, didn’t

Advanced connectors such as Furthermore, however, Additionally

Nominal groups (Verbs made into nouns): The application

Passive voice

HOW DOES ONE LEARN IT?

Discipline

Practice

FOCUS OF THIS LESSON Cohesiveness:i. Through Planningii. Through language

COHESIVENESS- PLANNING

How?

Step 01

• Read the question Assignment

•Identify Key words

Step 02

•Brainstorm ideas/ points

•Organize ideas into sections:

Step 03

•Introduction

•Body•Conc

lusion

BRAINSTORMING? MIND MAP?

DIFFERENT TYPES OF ESSAYS Describe Compare /Contrast Problem /solution Cause /effect For/ Against

ORGANIZATION OF ESSAYS

ANOTHER ANGLEDescription The author describes a topic by listing characteristics, features, and examples  for example, characteristics are Sequence The author lists items or events in numerical or chronological order. first, second, third; next; then; finally Comparison The author explains how two or more things are alike and/or how they are

different. different; in contrast; alike; same as; on the other hand Cause and Effect The author lists one or more causes and the resulting effect or effects. reasons why; if...then; as a result; therefore; because Problem and Solution The author states a problem and lists one or more solutions for the problem. A

variation of this pattern is the question- and-answer format in which the author poses a question and then answers it.

problem is; dilemma is; puzzle is solved; question... Answer

http://www.stanford.edu/~arnetha/expowrite/info.html ( for more details)

TASK

Plan the introduction to the following essay.

Many people think that IT should be an integral part of education. Describe the education system in your country and state your opinion on what the role of IT should be in education.

LANGUAGE Sentence structure: Starting sentences

with, There, It, one, There are many uses for … It is possible to analyse One can clearly see

Using passive voice. Using Proforms.

PRO-FORMS Word/ phrase that represents

something. “This chapter deals with the basis of the

present research study; it outlines the goals of the study as well as the objectives realized to achieve its main goal.”

Other common pro-forms: This, the former, the latter, these, their

ACTIVITY : IDENTIFY THE REFERENCE WORDS IN THIS PASSAGE

Jenkins (1987) has researched the life cycle of new business. He found that they have an average life of only 4.7 years. This is due to two main reasons; one economic and one social. The former appears to be lacking, the latter, a failure to carry out sufficient market research.

Jenkins

new business

average life of only 4.7 years

economic

social

CONNECTIVESSimilar Ideas

Opposite ideas

Conclusion Introduce examples

additionally In contrast overall For example

Moreover however finally Take for example

Besides regardless In conclusion This can be illustrated by

In fact nevertheless This can be exemplified by

similarly despite As shown by

In addition On the other hand

in this case

likewise

furthermore

SYNONYMS Goal – Study- Results- Area- Benefit- Category- Component- Concept- Behavior- Controversy-

SYNONYMS Goal – target, aim Study- learning, research Results- outcome, findings,

achievements Area- region, field Benefit- advantages ,positives Category-division, parts,type Component-ingredient,parts Concept-idea, plan Behavior-conduct,attitude Controversy- argument disagreement

debate

Feeling: sensation emotions Belief : trust faith view thinking Expansion : extend increase enlarge Interpretation : explanation, translation

analysis thinking Issue : problem, topic, V: handing over Method: procedure, system Option: choice, selection Statistics: figures Framework: structure, outline Trend: direction, tendency

HEALTH RELATED VOCAB Places People Treatment Illnesses Injuries (minor and major)

NOMINIZATION Ill illness Investigate investigation Propose Proposal,

Proposition Medicate Treat Infect Inject Fit