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![Page 1: Basic Wildland Fire Management Fire Environment. Objectives Upon completion of this section, you will be able to: 1.Explain significance of cold fronts,](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062719/56649ed25503460f94be1e25/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Basic Wildland Fire Management
Fire Fire EnvironmentEnvironment
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ObjectivesObjectives
Upon completion of this section, you will be able to:1. Explain significance of cold fronts, thunderstorms
and upper ridge breakdowns on fire environment2. Describe 4 weather factors and their influence on
FB3. Describe 4 topographic factors and their influence
on FB4. Describe 4 fuel factors and their influence on FB5. Name 3 types of fire6. List parts of fire7. Describe 6 components of FWI System8. Recognize fire behaviour warning signals
Basic Wildland Fire Management
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Fire TriangleFire Triangle
Basic Wildland Fire Management
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Phases of CombustionPhases of Combustion
Basic Wildland Fire Management
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Heat Transfer ProcessHeat Transfer Process
Basic Wildland Fire Management
• 3 heat transfer processes:– Radiation: Movement
through air– Convection: Movement
of hot air masses– Conduction: Movement
through solid matter• Mass transport another
related form of heat transfer
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Fire Behaviour TriangleFire Behaviour Triangle
Basic Wildland Fire Management
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WindWind
• Drives direction of fire spread• Bends flame, heating, drying
and igniting new fuels• Carries embers into new fuels• Feeds more oxygen to fire• Can increase/decrease fuel
moisture depending on airmass
Basic Wildland Fire Management
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TemperatureTemperature
• Temperature affects RH which inturn affects fuel moisture
• Temperature also influences ease of ignition• Variations result of time of day, elevation, land
surface, amount cloud cover and/or wind• Inversions bring different regimes of
temperature, RH and wind to a fire site
Basic Wildland Fire Management
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Relative HumidityRelative Humidity
• Directly effects of fuel moisture
• When RH >35%, fine fuel moisture increases
• Variations in RH depend on proximity to water, amount of vegetation and/or frontal boundaries
• When fuels regain moisture, it’s known as recovery
Basic Wildland Fire Management
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PrecipitationPrecipitation
• Duration rather than amount of precipitation determines effect of fuel moisture
• Fuel complex will affect distribution of moisture• Fine fuels react quicker to moisture changes
Basic Wildland Fire Management
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SlopeSlope
• Slope affects rate of spread– Flames are closer to fuels so fuels are preheated– Burning logs, etc. can roll into unburned fuels and
accelerate uphill• Wind follows predictable flow pattern
– Downslope winds can be associated with glaciers, etc.
Basic Wildland Fire Management
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AspectAspect
• More direct sunlight on SW slopes therefore higher temperatures, lower RH, lower FMC and lower fuel loading
Basic Wildland Fire Management
E
N
S
W
Tem
pera
ture
1200LST
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TerrainTerrain
• Narrow, steep drainages act like chimneys for fire to channel up
• Narrow draws can also be affected by radiant heat on opposite slope
• Eddy effects are prevalent near ridge tops and convergence of two or more drainages
Basic Wildland Fire Management
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WindWind
• Topographical features can steer synoptic winds
• Local mountain winds result of daytime heating
• Land and sea breezes are local winds that result from temperature and pressure differences between land and water
Basic Wildland Fire Management
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Unstable AtmosphereUnstable Atmosphere
• Indicators of stable atmosphere:– Clouds in layers– Winds steady and light– Poor visibility
• Indicators of unstable atmosphere:– Clouds grow vertically– Lots of lightning– Gusty, erratic winds
Basic Wildland Fire Management
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Cold FrontCold Front
Basic Wildland Fire Management
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ThunderstormThunderstorm
Basic Wildland Fire Management
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Upper Ridge BreakdownUpper Ridge Breakdown
• Implications of temporary URB:– Lightning outbreak– Strong, gusty surface winds and abrupt wind
shifts– Spotty precipitation of variable amount– Possible severe thunderstorms– Return to warm and dry conditions
• Permanent URB result of major re-organization of weather pattern
Basic Wildland Fire Management
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Fuel CharacteristicsFuel Characteristics
• Fuel Moisture Content• Fuel Size: higher surface:volume
ratio means less time to ignite• Fuel Loading• Fuel Spacing
– Vertical spacing may be continuous or separated
– Horizontal spacing may be continuous or patchy
Basic Wildland Fire Management
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Types of Wildland FireTypes of Wildland Fire
Basic Wildland Fire Management
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Parts of a FireParts of a Fire
Basic Wildland Fire Management
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Canadian Forest Fire Danger Rating Canadian Forest Fire Danger Rating SystemSystem
• National system for rating risk of forest fires in Canada
• Major subsystems:– Fire Weather Index System– Fire Behaviour Prediction System
Basic Wildland Fire Management
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Fire Weather Index SystemFire Weather Index System
Basic Wildland Fire Management
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Fuel Moisture CodesFuel Moisture Codes
Basic Wildland Fire Management
Fuel Moisture Code Represents Time Lag24hr Rain Needed
to Lower Value
Fine Fuel Moisture Code (FFMC)
Surface litter 2/3 day 0.6mm
Duff Moisture Code (DMC) 5-10cm duff 12 days 1.5mm
Drought Code (DC) 10-20cm duff 52 days 2.9mm
N.B. Time lag is time required for fuel to lose 2/3 of its moisture under standard drying conditions (i.e. 25oC and 45% RH)
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Fire Behaviour IndicesFire Behaviour Indices
• Initial Spread Index (ISI) is measure of expected rate of fire spread
• Buildup Index (BUI) is measure of amount of fuel available for combustion
• Fire Weather Index (FWI) is general index of fire danger
Basic Wildland Fire Management
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Interpreting Codes & IndicesInterpreting Codes & Indices
Basic Wildland Fire Management
Component
Rating Interpretation
FFMC<77 Generally a fire will not start without a concerted effort
>94 Almost 100% of ignition sources will ignite forest fuels
DMC
<20 Considered point of extinguishment, fire unlikely to be sustained
>40 Fuels in this class is available for combustion
DC
<300 Very little involvement of this fuel in most fires
>500 Extensive fuel involvement, intense fires, difficult mop-up
ISI
<10 When FFMC is less than 86, fire spread generally is not great
>10 Rapid spread rates that escalate rapidly as FFMC increases
BUI<40 Meduim-heavy fuels not a significant factor
>100 Full involvement of fuels in this class
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FWI 101FWI 101
Basic Wildland Fire Management
Given the following information, what type of fire behaviour do you expect?
Fine Fuel Moisture Code (FFMC):
Duff Moisture Code (DMC):
Drought Code (DC):
Initial Spread Index (ISI):
Buildup Index (BUI):
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Fire Behaviour Prediction SystemFire Behaviour Prediction System
Basic Wildland Fire Management
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Fire IntensityFire Intensity
Basic Wildland Fire Management
I = 300L2 where L is flame length (m)
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Radiation IntensityRadiation Intensity
Basic Wildland Fire Management
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 5000 10000 15000 20000Fire Intensity (kW/m)
Rad
iati
on
In
ten
sity
(k
W/m
2)
12
43
56 7
8
11
9
12
10
Distance fromflame front (m)
7
2.3
675/1.5m
16
3100/3.2m1200/2m
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Canadian Wildland Fire Information Canadian Wildland Fire Information SystemSystem
• CWFIS creates fire weather and fire behaviour maps year-round, and hotspot maps throughout the season
http://cwfis.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/en/index_e.php
Basic Wildland Fire Management
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Fire Behaviour Warning SignalsFire Behaviour Warning Signals
• Watch out for:– Change in wind speed
and/or direction– Light fuels– Steep slopes– Change in slope and/or
aspect– Change in fuel type
Basic Wildland Fire Management
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Advisories & WarningsAdvisories & Warnings
Basic Wildland Fire Management
• Fire Behaviour Advisory– Flame lengths >3.5m– Consider working flanks/rear
• Extreme Fire Behaviour Warning– Flame lengths >3.5m and
strengthening or changing winds
– Consider no action at all• Wind Advisory
– Conditions forecast to present hazards
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Grasslands Fire Behaviour Grasslands Fire Behaviour PotentialPotential
Basic Wildland Fire Management
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Grasslands Fire DangerGrasslands Fire Danger
• Degree of curing can drastically influence fire behaviour potential
• Fully cured grasses are particularly volatile
Basic Wildland Fire Management
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Grasslands Fire Behaviour Pocket Grasslands Fire Behaviour Pocket CardCard
Basic Wildland Fire Management
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Grasslands Fire Behaviour Pocket Grasslands Fire Behaviour Pocket CardCard
Basic Wildland Fire Management
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Grasslands FirefightingGrasslands Firefighting
Basic Wildland Fire Management
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ConclusionConclusion
• Fire Triangle consists of fuel, heat and oxygen• Fire Behaviour Triangle consists of fuel
characteristics, weather conditions and topography
• Canadian Forest Fire Danger Rating System provides relative index of fire risk in Canada
Basic Wildland Fire Management
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ObjectivesObjectives
Upon completion of this section, you will be able to:1. Explain significance of cold fronts, thunderstorms
and upper ridge breakdowns on fire environment2. Describe 4 weather factors and their influence on
FB3. Describe 4 topographic factors and their influence
on FB4. Describe 4 fuel factors and their influence on FB5. Name 3 types of fire6. List parts of fire7. Describe 6 components of FWI System8. Recognize fire behaviour warning signals
Basic Wildland Fire Management