T I N K E R S C O R N E R

The amount of energy delivered to the target by the hammer-blow is

equivalent to one half the mass of the head times the square of the

head's speed at the time of impact

While the energy delivered to the target increases linearly with mass,

it increases geometrically with the speed (see the effect of the handle,

below).

G.A. Blackburn ©

2010

Basic Tool Information

And

Safety

HAMMER

T I N K E R S C O R N E R

A hammer is a tool meant to deliver an impact to an object. The most

common uses are for driving nails, fitting parts, forging metal and

breaking up objects. Hammers are often designed for a specific

purpose, and vary widely in their shape and structure. The usual

features are a handle and a head, with most of the weight in the head.

The basic design is hand-operated, but there are also many

mechanically operated models for heavier uses, such as steam

hammers.

The hammer may be the oldest tool for which definite evidence exists.

Stone hammers are known which are dated to 2,600,000 BCE.[1][2]

The hammer is a basic tool of many professions.

Popular hand-powered types include:

Ball-peen hammer, or mechanic's hammer

Carpenter's hammers (used for nailing), such as the

Framing hammer and the

claw hammer

Construction hammers, including the

Sledgehammer

Cross-peen hammer, or Warrington hammer

Drilling hammer - a lightweight, short handled

sledgehammer

Gavel, used by judges and presiding authorities in general

Geologist's hammer or rock pick Knife-edged hammer

Lump hammer, or club hammer

Mallets, including the rubber hammer and

Dead blow hammer Soft-faced hammer

Splitting maul

Stonemason's hammer

Tinner's Hammer

Upholstery hammer

The physics of hammering

Hammer as a force amplifier

A hammer is basically a force amplifier that works by

converting mechanical work into kinetic energy and back.

In the swing that precedes each blow, a certain amount of

kinetic energy gets stored in the hammer's head, equal to

the length D of the swing times the force f produced by the

muscles of the arm and by gravity. When the hammer

strikes, the head gets stopped by an opposite force coming

from the target; which is equal and opposite to the force

applied by the head to the target. If the target is a hard and

heavy object, or if it is resting on some sort of anvil, the

head can travel only a very short distance d before stopping.

Since the stopping force F times that distance must be

equal to the head's kinetic energy, it follows that F will be

much greater than the original driving force f — roughly, by a

factor D/d. In this way, great strength is not needed to

produce a force strong enough to bend steel, or crack the

hardest stone.

Effect of the head's mass

The amount of energy delivered to the target by the hammer-blow is

equivalent to one half the mass of the head times the square of the

head's speed at the time of impact

While the energy delivered to the target increases linearly with mass,

it increases geometrically with the speed (see the effect of the handle,

below).

Force

SAFETY WITH A HAMMER

3

Discard a

hammer with

a chipped or

mushroomed

face.

Never strike any hammer with or against

another hammer

Make sure the handle of the

hammer fits tightly on the head.

Do not strike a hard steel surface with a

steel hammer. This may cause small pieces

of steel to fly and injure someone.

Always strike the surface squarely - avoid

glancing blows.

Always wear safety goggles.

Replace loose or cracked

handles

Discard hammers with

cracked claws or eye

sections.

http://www.hammernet.com/safety.htm

ALL ABOUT HAMMERS

Vaughan Manufacturing

National Safety Council

ISO (International Standards

Organization)

HTI (Hand Tools Institute) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammer

SAW

T I N K E R S C O R N E R

A saw is a tool that uses a hard blade or wire with an abrasive edge to

cut through softer materials. The cutting edge of a saw is either a

serrated blade or an abrasive. A saw may be worked by hand, or

powered by steam, water, electricity or other power.

Hand saws

Hand saw uses the blades thickness to remain stiff. The pull

stroke also reduces the amount of stiffness required. Some

examples are:

Crosscut saw for making cuts perpendicular to the grain

Rip saw for cutting along the grain

Two-man saw for cutting large logs or trees

Plywood saw fine-toothed blade to reduce tearing of

plywood

Veneer saw two edged saw with fine teeth used to cut

veneer

Hacksaw fine-toothed tempered blade under tension for

cutting metal, bone, and other hard materials.

Mechanically powered saws

Mechanically powered saws are different from hand saws in that the blade moves while the wood remains

stationary.

Circular blade saws

Circular saw, used in industrial sawing of log and beams, typically found in sawmills – also name given to

smaller hand-held saws

Table saw, circular blade rising through a slot in a table. A smaller direct-drive versions can be set on a

workbench is called workbench saws. If set on steel legs it is called a Contractor's Saws. A heavier version,

which is more precise and more powerful and driven by multiple belts with an enclosed base stand is called

a Cabinet saws. A new version, called a hybrid saw, has the lighter weight mechanism of a Contractor saw

but with an enclosed base like the Cabinet saw.

Radial arm saw is a versatile machine used mainly for cross-cutting. The blade is pulled on a guide arm

through a piece of wood held stationary on the saw's table

Rotary saw is used to make accurate cuts without the need for a pilot hole in wallboard, plywood, and other

thin materials. It can be called a spiral cut saw or a "RotoZip".

Electric miter saw, (also called chop saw, cut-off saw or power miter box) is used for making accurate cross

cuts and miter cuts. The basic model has its circular blade fixed at a 90° angle to the vertical, a compound

miter saw's blade can be adjusted to other angles. A sliding compound miter saw has a blade which can be

pulled through the work similar to the action of a radial arm saw, which gives a greater capacity for cutting

wider workpieces.

Concrete saw, usually powered by an internal combustion engine and used with a Diamond Blade to cut

concrete or asphalt pavement.

Abrasive saw, which uses an abrasive disc for cutting rather than a toothed blade. Abrasive saws are used

for cutting very hard materials, such as metal.

Reciprocating blade saws

Jigsaw or saber saw (US) has a narrow blade for cutting irregular shapes. The term jigsaw was also

commonly used for what is now called a scroll saw.

Reciprocating saw or sabre saw (UK and Australia) use an action similar to a jigsaw. They are larger, more

powerful and use a longer stroke with the blade parallel to the barrel. It is useful for demolition work or for

cutting pipe, and is sometimes powered by compressed air.

Scroll saw is a saw for making intricate curved cuts (scrolls).

Dragsaw is used for bucking logs before the advent of the chainsaw.

Sternal saw is used in surgery to open a patient's sternum.

Continuous band

Band saw, with motor-driven continuous band

Chainsaw, motor-driven, for felling trees

Effect of the head's mass

The amount of energy delivered to the target by the hammer-blow is

equivalent to one half the mass of the head times the square of the

head's speed at the time of impact

While the energy delivered to the target increases linearly with mass,

it increases geometrically with the speed (see the effect of the handle,

below).

Cutting

Diagram showing the teeth of a

saw blade when looking front-on.

The teeth protrude to the left and

right, so that the saw cut (kerf) is

wider than the blade width. The

term set describes how much the

teeth protrude.

SAFETY WITH A SAW

5

Never use a dull saw

Always wear safety goggles.

Read more:

http://www.doityourself.com/stry/10-hand-

saw-safety-tips#ixzz1AdMmb7oM

ALL ABOUT SAWS

National Safety Council

HTI (Hand Tools Institute)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAW

1 – Wear a Safety Mask and Goggles

When you use a hand saw, there is always a risk of splinters flying. Sometimes the object being sawed

may rebound and hit the person operating the hand saw. To protect your face and eyes, you must

always wear a safety mask and eye protection.

2 – Use a Tool of the Right Size

Hand saws are available in different sizes and capacities. Before you start using the hand saw, you must

properly assess the stock in question. Avoid using hand saws that are too big or too small for the

project.

3 – Inspect Hand Saw before Every Use

Before you use a hand saw, inspect it thoroughly for any signs of damage. If the handle is loose, or the

blade is bent or broken, or if there are missing blade teeth, you must not use the hand saw. Also ensure

that no one else uses the tool by marking it as unsafe.

4 – Check Material for Knots or Nails

Knots, metal pieces, nails and screws in the stock may damage the blade. It can also cause buckling of the hand

saw, which can lead to injury. Avoid such situations by properly inspecting the stock beforehand.

5 – Never Test Sharpness with Hands

You must never test the sharpness of a hand saw with your hand or any other part of your body. Doing so may

result in cuts and injury.

6 – Start Slowly

To prevent buckling and rebound of the hand saw, you must always start off slowly. Use long, even strokes to

start cutting the material.

7 – Ensure that the Material is Kept Firmly in Place

To avoid serious injury, it is crucial to hold the stock firmly in place. Use a vise or a clamp for this purpose if the

object is really heavy or large. You can use your free hand to hold smaller objects, provided you wear thick gloves

to protect your hand from the motion of the hand saw. You can also ask an accomplice to hold objects in place.

8 – Keep the Hand Saw Clean

For the tool to operate properly, you must keep it clean at all times. Also inspect it for damage and have it

repaired or replaced, as required.

9 –Store in a Safe Place

You must store your hand saw in a safe, enclosed place. This will keep it away from the wrong people. Also, you

must keep children away from the vicinity when you are operating a hand saw.

10 – Use Full Length Strokes Directed Away from Your Body

For more stability and to get the best results, at each stroke, run the hand saw along the full length of its blade.

Direct the tool away from your body and maintain a safe, comfortable distance at all times.

DRILL

T I N K E R S C O R N E R

A drill or drill motor is a tool fitted with a rotating cutting tool, usually a

drill bit, used for drilling holes in various materials. The cutting tool is

gripped by a chuck at one end of the drill and rotated while pressed

against the target material. The tip of the cutting tool does the work of

cutting into the target material. This may be slicing off thin shavings

(twist drills or auger bits), grinding off small particles (oil drilling),

crushing and removing pieces of the workpiece (SDS masonry drill),

countersinking, counterboring, or other operations.

Effect of the head's mass

The amount of energy delivered to the target by the hammer-blow is

equivalent to one half the mass of the head times the square of the

head's speed at the time of impact

While the energy delivered to the target increases linearly with mass,

it increases geometrically with the speed (see the effect of the handle,

below).

Cutting

Types

Hand drill

Power Drill

Drill Press

A drill is a tool with a rotating drill bit used to bore holes. The twist

drill is most common form, and consists of a cylindrical metal rod

with two helical flutes or grooves spiralling along its length. Straight

flutes are also used. The drill bit is gripped by the chuck of the drill

at one end, with the other end pressed against the target material

and rotated. The earliest drills were probably bow drills.

The tip of the drill bit does the work of cutting into the target

material, slicing off thin shavings or grinding off small particles.

This debris is carried up and away from the tip of the drill by the

fluting, falling out of the helical grooves once it has been lifted

clear of the hole. Lubricants and coolants (i.e. cutting fluid) are also

sometimes used, with the fluting providing channels for these as

well.

Drill bits are available in many different materials:

Steel bits are cheap, but they will dull quickly and may not work on harder wood.

High Speed Steel bits are stronger than steel and will last a little longer.

Titanium bits cost more, but they will last much longer and are better for harder wood than

steel bits.

Carbide-tipped bits stay sharper through many projects and are good for cutting through very

hard woods without splintering.

Cobalt bits are the hardest bits available, for use in metals. They cost substantially more that

other types, but they won't overheat.

General Purpose Bits

Twist bits are good for general use. You can use these bits to drill into wood, light metals

(like aluminum) and plastics.

Saws and Augers

If you need to cut out larger pieces of wood for your holes, then use an auger bit or a saw bit.

The saw bit will drill holes ranging from ½ to 6 inches, and auger bits have flutes to aid in

removing any wood chips.

SAFETY WITH A DRILL

7

Always wear safety goggles.

Read more: Drill Safety Rules | eHow.com

http://www.ehow.com/way_5196039_drill-

safety-rules.html#ixzz1AdQAxPkk

ALL ABOUT DRILLS

National Safety Council

HTI (Hand Tools Institute)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/drill

Check for wires, pipes and lines

Inspect your surroundings before using a drill. Make sure that the area that is free of live wires, which

may cause severe bodily injury if hit. Be aware of electrical wires, plumbing pipes and gas lines.

Wear protective gear

Wear eye protection to guard against flying debris such as wood and a shattered drill bit. Avoid wearing

loose clothing while drilling, as material can get bound up in the bit.

Use appropriate drill and bit

Select the appropriate drill and drill bit for the project and the material being drilled. If you use the

wrong type of drill bit, it can break or bind, resulting in bodily injury. Also, keep your head away from the

drilling area in case the drill swings out of control.

Check for faulty parts

Inspect the drill for faulty parts. Check the wires for any cuts or frays, and make sure that the plug is

equipped with an electrical ground. Electrical housing cracks can cause the drill to break during usage.

To avoid electric shock, never use an electrical drill in the rain or near water.

1. Own and wear safety glasses.

2. Do not wear loose fitting clothing.

3. Wear clothing that will cover and protect your body, but not get caught up in the moving parts of the drill.

4. Use a dust mask if needed.

5. Hearing protection never hurt anyone.

6. Loose fitting gloves might get caught by moving devices.

Proper Technique:

1. Maintain your drill and bits

2. Clamp and secure whatever your working on as a general rule.

3. Mark the center of the hole or use a center punch to mark it. Then place the drill in the center of the hole.

4. Predrill holes for woodscrews.

5. Start slowly and slowly increase speed.

6. Vary the pressure and don’t let the drill bind.

7. Don’t force the drill, let the machine do the work.

8. Slower speeds for thicker wood and high speed for metals.

9. Withdraw the bit often while drilling to remove chips.

10. Brush these away, blow on them and they could end up in your eyes.

11. Use a side handle and hold the drill firmly with both hands.

12. Take your time

Tip: Avoid splintering: Wood tends to splinter as the bit breaks through the opposite side of the work piece. This can be

avoided by clamping cardboard to the back of the work piece.

SCREWDRIVER

T I N K E R S C O R N E R

Effect of the head's mass

The amount of energy delivered to the target by the hammer-blow is

equivalent to one half the mass of the head times the square of the

head's speed at the time of impact

While the energy delivered to the target increases linearly with mass,

it increases geometrically with the speed (see the effect of the handle,

below).

Fasten

Types

Slot

Phillips

Torx

A screwdriver is a tool for driving screws or bolts with special slots, and

sometimes for rotating other machine elements with the mating drive

system. The screwdriver is made up of a head or tip, which engages with

a screw, a mechanism to apply torque by rotating the tip, and some way

to position and support the screwdriver. A typical hand screwdriver

comprises an approximately cylindrical handle of a size and shape to be

held by a human hand, and an axial shaft fixed to the handle, the tip of

which is shaped to fit a particular type of screw. The handle and shaft

allow the screwdriver to be positioned and supported and, when rotated,

to apply torque. Screwdrivers are made in a variety of shapes, and the

tip can be rotated manually or by an electric motor or other motor.

A screw has a head with a contour such that an appropriate screwdriver

tip can be engaged in it in such a way that the application of sufficient

torque to the screwdriver will cause the screw to rotate.

9

Misuse of the screwdriver, such as striking it with another

tool or using is as a prying tool, could cause the screwdriver

to break and cause serious personal injury, as well as

possible damage to other involved equipment.

SAFETY WITH SCREWDRIVERS Always wear safety goggles.

Some other don’ts:

• Don’t use a screwdriver with rounded edges or tips – it may slip

and damage the work.

• Don’t use a screwdriver to check a storage battery or other

electrical current.

• Don’t use pliers on handle or shank of screwdriver to get extra

turning power. A wrench should be used only on a square shank

that is especially designed for the purpose.

• Don’t expose a screwdriver blade to excessive heat. It may

reduce hardness of the blade.

• Don’t use a screwdriver with a split or broken handle.

• Don’t redress a round blade tip unless you know how to do it

correctly.

Screwdriver slippage can cause injury. Never hold

the piece you’re working on in your hand while

driving or loosening screws or bolts. Place it on a

work surface and use a vice or a clamp to hold the

material, whenever possible.

Never carry a screwdriver in your pocket. The tip

of the screwdriver is so sharp and hard that will

hurt your body.

PLIERS

T I N K E R S C O R N E R

Effect of the head's mass

The amount of energy delivered to the target by the hammer-blow is

equivalent to one half the mass of the head times the square of the

head's speed at the time of impact

While the energy delivered to the target increases linearly with mass,

it increases geometrically with the speed (see the effect of the handle,

below).

Gripping

Types

Lineman

Flat Nose

Needle Nose

Locking

Pliers are a hand tool used to hold objects firmly, for bending, or

physical compression. Generally, pliers consist of a pair of metal first-

class levers joined at a fulcrum positioned closer to one end of the

levers, creating short jaws on one side of the fulcrum, and longer

handles on the other side. This arrangement creates a mechanical

advantage, allowing the force of the hand's grip to be amplified and

focused on an object with precision. The jaws can also be used to

manipulate objects too small or unwieldy to be manipulated with the

fingers.

There are many kinds of pliers made for various general and specific

purposes.

SAFETY WITH PLIERS

11

Always wear safety goggles.

Pliers Safety Tips

• Pliers should not be used for cutting hardened wire unless specifically manufactured for this

purpose.

• Never expose pliers to excessive heat. This may draw the temper and ruin the tool.

• Always cut at right angles. Never rock from side to side or bend the wire back and forth against the

cutting edges.

• Don't bend stiff wire with light pliers. Needle nose pliers can be damaged by using the tips to bend

too large a wire. Use a sturdier tool.

• Never use pliers as a hammer nor hammer on the handles. They may crack or break, or edges may

be nicked by such abuse.

• Never extend the length of handles to secure greater leverage. Use a larger pair of pliers or a bolt

cutter.

• Pliers should not be used on nuts or bolts. A wrench will do the job better and with less risk of

damage to the fastener.

• Oil pliers occasionally. A drop of oil at the hinge will lengthen tool life and assure easy operation.

• Safety glasses or goggles should be worn when cutting wire, etc. to protect eyes.

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