Basic Statistics Chapter#1

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Chapter #1Basic Statistics

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Thursday, November 8, 12


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Introduction to Statistics

what is Statistics?

Concepts of Statist ics.

Types of Stat istics.

Types of Data

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Different of Statist ics.

-Its different when its used in plural & singular.

Q1) Why do we Study Statistics?1. To analyze the economic data.

2. To use stat istical tools & techniques to provideaccurate & timely information.3. To create, analyze & transform information.4. To be able to separate facts from opinions &organize these facts in an appropriate manner &analyze information

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Q2) What is statist ics?1. One of the tools to understand information.

2. Meaning of the word statist ics:The word statist ics is used for either Statist ical Data orStatistical Methods.3. The word statist ics means:A collection of facts & figures respect ing the condition of

the people in a state or any part icular class or interest.4. The word statistics mean:The collection of the ir information /numerical facts. Thesefacts can be taken in the form of counts or measures.

Figure: Numerical quantity or number showing anyinformation. e.g. { 0.3 , 0.5 } = (decimal f igure).

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Related Examples :1. we can take the statist ics of students of auniversity (it includes count of numbers of

student).2. It can be based on groups like boys & gir ls.3. It can be categorized as graduates.4. It may also include measurement of height &

width.

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For Example

Level Number (No.) %

Graduates 200 20

Post graduates 800 80

Total 1000 100%



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For Example

{ Distribution of Heights in (Cms) }

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Height in Cms No.

160 - 170 660

170 - 180 300

180 - 190 40

Total 1000



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Q) How is statistics used?1. To collect data / information.2. To make plans for the future ( 5-year economical

policy).3. To help cover the populat ion needs.e.g.Building hospitals, opening more universit ies, givingmore medical facilit ies.4. Business.5. Economics.6. Political Survey.



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Q) How are we to determine if the conclusionsreported were Reasonable? what are the factorson which its Reliability Depends?

1. Was the sample large enough.2. How were the sampled units selected.

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Q) Write the difference between Survey & Census

Survey ( Smaller Case) Census ( Bigger Case)

If the Sampling is done on a

small scale for some people ofthe state it will be called aSurvey

If the same sampling is Done on

a very big scale including eachperson of the country it will becalled Census

E.g. In this we may select 100people Randomly & apply the

results on the rest of thePopulation



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Definition of Statist ics:The Science of Collect ing, Organizing, Presenting,Analyzing & interpreting data to assist in making more

effective decisions.

Types of Stat istics: There are 2 types1. Descriptive. ( Collect, Organize, Present)

2. Inferential. ( Analyze, Decision, Interpret)

Decades Popln

1980- 1990

1990 - 2000

2000 - 2010

2010 - 2020



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Types of Stat istics

1. Descriptive: Methods of Organizing , Summarizing &

Presenting Data in an information.E.g. If we calculate the percentage of increase in thepopulation of Yemen for a decode (10 Years). Then itsDescriptive.

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InferInterpolation

extrapolation

* Infer : to draw conclusion from general fact inference conclusions to Result Consequences.

1960 - 1970

1970 - 1980

1980 - 1990

1990 - 2000

2000 - 2010

2010 - 2020

2020 - 2030



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Types of Stat istics

2. Inferential: The Methods used to determine

something about a population on the basic of a sample.E.g. If we use these calculations (of percentageincrease in the populat ion of Yemen) to estimate thepopulat ion of Yemen for the next Decode then it will

become inferent ial.

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Types of DataQ.a. How many types of Data are there?

b. How many types of Variable are there?

c. Write the Difference between there Terms.

1.Qualitative Data & Quantitative Data. 2.Discrete Variable & Continuous Variable.

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a. There are 2 types of data :1. Qualitative Data.2. Quantitative Data.

.Quantitative Data has 2 more types:1- Discrete. (without Decimal)

2- Continuous. (with Decimal)

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Qualitative Data or Variable

when the characteristic Being studied is Non-numeric (it cant be shown in the form ofnumbers) and it Depends on Quality.

.Examples for Qualitative Data1. Gender. 2. Religion. 3. Types of automobile.(Cars).4. State of Birth.(Place of Birth).

5. Eye color. 6. Hair Color..e.g. 1. What percent of the populat ion has blue eyes?2. How many of the Christians are Catholic or Protestant.

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Quantitative Data or Variablewhen the characteristic studied can bewritten numerically (it can be expressed

in the form of numbers) or it can bemeasured in Numbers.

.Examples for Quantitative Data1. Balance in your account.2. The ages of Company CEOs (Chief executive Officer)

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1. Discrete Variable:--Can only take non-decimal values or

whole Number. So there are gaps

between the values.

.Examples of Discrete Variable1. No. of children in a family.

2. No. of Rooms in a house.

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Cont inuous Variable :

-Can take any value, Decimal or non-Decimal.

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.Examples of Continuous Variable1. Air pressure in a Tyre.2. weight of a shipment.



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Types of Variable

Qualitative Quantitative

DiscreteContinuous

Examples :>Board of PC

>Marital Status>Hair Color>Eye Color>Type of Cars

Examples : >Children in a family

>T.V Sets owned>Rooms in a house>Students in a class

Examples : >Children in a family

>Amount of income tax paid.>Weight of a student>Yearly Rainfall (in inches)>Duration of flights



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Chapter Exercises

Q) Explain the difference between qualitative & quant itativevariable. Give an E.g. for each.

-Qualitat ive data is not numerical, whereas quantitativedata is numerical .

-Examples:>Qualitat ive: Type of Cars.>Quantitative:*Discrete: Children in a family.*Continuous: Duration of flights



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Chapter Exercises

Q) Explain the difference between a Sample & a Population.

-A Sample consists of a Small Portion of data when aPopulat ion is taken from a Large amount.

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Chapter Exercises

Q) Def ine the Term ( Mutually Exclusi ve ).

-Mutually Exclusive:A Property of a Set of Categories such that anindi vidual or Object is included in Only One category.

For Example:-

A Particular Barrel of Oil can not be Produced byUnited States & the Persian Gulf Region at theSame Time.



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Chapter Exercises

Q) Def ine the Term ( Exhaustive ).

-Exhaustive:A Property of a Set of Categories such that each

indi vidual or Object Must appear in a category.

For Example:-A Student Registered in a University should have

his/her Name in at least One list of some subject.

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End of Chapter #1(= Rahma Ahmed Abdullah Alhajri =)

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Basic Statistics Chapter#1

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