Basic Skills: Scientific Method, Metric ... - Honors Biology
Transcript of Basic Skills: Scientific Method, Metric ... - Honors Biology
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Intro
• All of my powerpoints, notes, and most handouts can be found on my website at
www.bohneoprfhs.weebly.com - please use this website regularly as it is always updated!
• My website is what you should turn to if you lose something or forget what your HW is, OR….if you are absent!!!
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Science
• Goals are to investigate and understand the natural world, to explain events in the natural world, and to use those explanations to make useful predictions
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Biology
• Study of life
• Important b/c many of the advances in science and their social implications are related to biology
• How do you use it every day?
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Science and Society
• Science must take societal issues into account.
• Biology plays a major role in the research, development, and production of food, medicine, and other consumer items.
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Applications of Biology
• Human biology – sleeping rhythms, basic needs of the body
• Global ecology – oil spills, global warming
• Biotechnology-changes in DNA/proteins
• Environmental biology- nature
• Can you think of other applications?
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Branches of Biology
• Anatomy
• Botany
• Cell biology
• Conservation biology
• Ecology
• Genetics
• Marine biology
• Pathology
• Zoology
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Central Themes in Biology • Cellular basis of life • Information and heredity • Matter and energy • Growth, development, and reproduction • Homeostasis • Evolution • Structure and function • Unity and Diversity of Life • Interdependence in nature • Science as a way of Knowing
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Biology and Current Events • Human Genome Project
• Viruses
• Environment
• http://www.biologynews.net/
• http://www.macroevolution.net/biology-current-events.html#.UhFVmDYo4qU
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Science is a METHOD
• Understanding the natural world using observations and experimentation.
• To be useful, results must be repeatable and verifiable by other scientists
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Pseudoscience • The word “pseudo” means fake, and the surest way
to spot a fake is to know as much as possible about the real thing….science
• False science • Pseudoscience cannot be investigated and explained
in terms we can understand. • The primary goal of science is to achieve a more
unified understanding of the physical world/pseudosciences are more likely to be driven by ideological, cultural, or commercial goals
• Ex: astrology, UFO-ology, creationism
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Scientific Method
1. Observe and state a problem
2. Form a testable hypothesis
3. Design and conduct an experiment
4. Collect Data
5. Draw a Conclusion
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Observe and State a Problem
• Observation uses all of the senses. Different than an inference (an assumption based off of an observation).
• 2 types of observations: Quantitative and Qualitative
• Quantitative = observations that involve numbers (there are 24 students in class)
• Qualitative = observations that involve description (most students are wearing red)
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Scientific Observations
• The green sea turtle laid 286 eggs, 250 hatched, and 120 hatchlings survived.
• The red eyed tree frog has pronounced nuptial pads on his hind legs.
• Scientists use all of their senses to make observations.
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Hypothesis
• A solution to a problem
• Must be testable
• Predicts an outcome
• Often seen as an “if…then…because” statement
• Example: If I add Miracle Grow to a plant then it will grow taller because the plant will have more nutrients to utilize.
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Scientific Theory
• Model that is supported by
data from many testable hypotheses and for
which little, if any, opposing data have been
found.
• Ex: theory of evolution
• Make predictions from
a theory (ex: there should be
Observable differences and similarities between modern organisms and fossils found in rocks).
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Theory of Evolution
• There is variation in all
populations of organisms.
• The env. interacts with the population in a way that individuals better adapted to the env. will produce more offspring than those who are less fit.
• Overtime this natural selection produces organisms well suited to their env.
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How Charles Darwin used methods of
science… • Darwin made observations during his travels.
• He developed a hypothesis of how species change over time.
• He examined his data to see whether or not they supported the hypothesis
• After more study he concluded that evolution occurs and published his results.
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Experiment
• Is a procedure to test the hypothesis
• A variable is any factor that can change in an experiment
• A good/valid experiment changes only ONE variable at a time so you know which variable is responsible for your results.
• An experimenter changes ONE factor and then observes and records what happens
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A Controlled Experiment
• Has 2 groups: The control group and the experimental group
• Both groups are set up exactly the same except you change ONE factor (or variable) in the experimental group. Control give you something to compare the experimental group to.
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Variables
• Dependent Variable: The variable that is observed and changes because of the manipulated (independent) variable in an experiment (also called responding variable)
• Independent Variable: the variable that is changed by the scientist(also called manipulating variable)
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Miracle Grow experiment
Adding the Miracle Grow
independent variable
Growth rate of plants
dependent variable
Plant with Miracle Grow:
experimental group
Plant without Miracle Grow:
control group
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Repeat, Repeat, Repeat
• The best experiments make several trials with the independent variable
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Data
• The results of your experiment may have two types of data
▫ Quantitative
▫ Qualitative
Data should always be organized
Organize data as charts, tables, or graphs
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Graphs
• Can make patterns and trends in data easier to recognize and understand.
• Rules of Graphing:
▫ Label each axis and include units
▫ Independent variable goes on X axis
▫ Dependent variable goes on Y axis
▫ Each interval should be equal
▫ Include a DESCRIPTIVE title
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Axes? Independent variable? Dependent variable?
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Identify a data point
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What are the increasing and decreasing trends? Draw a conclusion
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Conclusion
• After you analyze your data, you can come up with your conclusion
• The conclusion will support or reject your hypothesis
• Then you should retest your experiment!
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Summary of the SM
1) State Observations about a problem you’ve identified
2) Form a Hypothesis about the problem (if…then…)
3) Design an Experiment to test the hypothesis
4) Collect Data
5) Form a Conclusion
6) Retest
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Modeling
• Can you explain what is happening in this diagram?
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What is happening in this diagram?
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Metric System
• Developed by the French in the late 1700’s.
• Based on powers of ten, so it is very easy to use.
• Used by almost every country in the world, with the notable exception of the USA.
• Especially used by scientists.
• Abbreviated SI, which is French for Systeme International.
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Metric Prefixes
• Regardless of the unit, the entire metric system uses the same prefixes.
• Common prefixes are:
kilo = 1000
centi = 1/100th
milli = 1/1000th
1 meter = 100 centimeters= 1000 millimeters
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Length
• Length is the distance between two points.
• The SI base unit for length is the meter.
• We use rulers or meter sticks to find the length of objects.
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Mass • Mass is the amount of matter that makes up an object.
• A golf ball and a ping pong ball are the same size, but the golf ball has a lot more matter in it. So the golf ball will have more mass.
• The SI unit for mass is the gram. • A paper clip has a mass of about one gram. • The mass of an object will not change unless we add or subtract matter from it.
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Measuring Mass
• We will use a electronic balance to measure mass.
• Gravity pulls equally on both sides of a balance scale, so you will get the same mass no matter what planet you are on.
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Weight
• Weight is a measure of the force of gravity on an object.
• Your weight can change depending on the force of gravity. The gravity will change depending on the planet you are on.
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Volume • Volume is the amount of
space contained in an object.
• We can find the volume of box shapes by the formula Volume = length x width x height
• In this case the units would be cubic centimeters (cm3).
• So a box 2 cm x 3 cm x 5cm would have a volume of 30 cm3
V = L x W x H
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Base Unit for Volume
• The base unit for volume is the Liter.
• We measure volume with a graduated cylinder.
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Graduated Cylinders
• Liquids form curved, upper surfaces when poured into graduated cylinders
• To correctly read the volume, read the bottom of the curve called the meniscus
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Water Displacement to find volume • We can use water
displacement to find the volume of objects that are not boxed shaped.
• We can put water in a graduated cylinder. If a rock causes the level to rise from 7 to 9 ml, the the rock must have a volume of 2-mL.
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Metric Conversions
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°F to °C Deduct 32, then multiply by 5, then divide by 9
°C to °F Multiply by 9, then divide by 5, then add 32
°C °F Description
100 212 Water boils
40 104 Hot Bath
37 98.6 Body temperature
30 86 Beach weather
21 70 Room temperature
10 50 Cool Day
0 32 Freezing point of water
-18 0 Very Cold Day
-40 -40 Extremely Cold Day (and
the same number!)
Celsius to Fahrenheit:
°C × 1.8 + 32 = °F
Fahrenheit to Celsius:
(°F - 32) / 1.8 = °C
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Graphing
• Visual representations of numerical data.
• Help to see patterns and trends
• A way to organize data ▫ Line Graphs –
change over time ▫ Bar Graphs -
compare different things in a related category
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Line Graphs
• X axis – the Independent variable
• Y axis – the Dependent variable
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Bar Graphs • Same thing…
X axis – Independent variable
Y axis – Dependent variable
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The Compound Light Microscope
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Orientation through the microscope
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Microscopic measurement
• http://virtualurchin.stanford.edu/microscope.htm
High power
field diameter
low-power field diameter (um) x low power magnification = high power magnification
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Calculating Total Magnification
Total magnification = ocular lens x objective lens
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8 Characteristics of ALL Living Things:
1. Living things Reproduce
2. Living things Grow and Develop
3. Living things are made of Cells
4. Living things are based on a Genetic Code
5. Living things maintain homeostasis
6. Living things need Food to produce Energy
7. Living things Respond to their environment
8. Living things Evolve because of Adaptations
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Levels of Organization