BASIC SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIONS
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Transcript of BASIC SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIONS
Analyzing English Grammar Thomas P. Klammer and Others
Presented by:Hani Shakir GS39584Bilal H. Yaseen GS39550
Presented toDr. Helen Tan
Faculty of Modern Languages and CommunicationUniversity Putra Malaysia
BASIC SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIONS
Chapter 9
November 2014
THE INDIRECT OBJECT TRANSFORMATION
• We may ask " if we depend on these five types in order to communicate, how
will our language performance be?
• The answer is: if speakers and writers of English use only these types in Chapter
8, our language performance will not only be “childlike” in its simplicity ,but also
boringly repetitive.
• In addition to that, we need a phenomenon by which we are able to express
complex relationships between ideas, attitudes and differences in emphasize.
• As a result, one sentence can be transformed into another
in English to emphasize information, to ask questions ,to issue imperative ,to
negate , etc. Thus, a phenomenon resulting from the combining of simple
structures into more complex ones is called sentence transformation.
( words may be added, moved or deleted by transformations)
THE INDIRECT OBJECT TRANSFORMATION
●Our ability to move constituents helps to explain
sentence variety. Examples:
1 - Maria gave a gift to George.2- Carol picked some flowers for her cousin.
●both sentences contain a transitive verb and belong to the
type: V pattern Sv = NP1 + MVtr + NP2 + ADVP
●contain a prepositional phrase (with, to or for) following the direct object (that functions as adverbial modifier of the verb(
THE INDIRECT OBJECT TRANSFORMATION
- Maria gave George a gift
- Carol picked her cousin some flowers
● have the same meaning, but different pattern
- SV = NP1 + MVtr +NP2 + NP3
● have a direct object (which was moved and now is NP3)
● have an indirect object( the preposition was deleted) and (the first noun phrase following the transitive verb: NP2)
Structural Formula
● Sv = NP1 + MVtr + NP2 + NP3
IOBJ DOBJ – Maria gave George a gift
– Carol picked her cousin some flowers
– Subject, indirect object, direct object have differentreferences (NP1 NP2 NP3) (renumber the NP to clarify the new relationship between George and a gift(
●any time you have a sentence containing a constituent NP2
the verb is transitive
●if there is no other NP constituent of the verb phrase , NP2 is
the direct object
●when you have both NP2 and NP3 the verb is still transitive,but the sentence contains an indirect object
●what - is used to identify a direct object, to/for whom – to identify indirect object (recipient(
Remember: • If a sentence contains a constituent NP2, the verb is transitive.
• If there is no other NP constituent of the verb phrase, NP2 is the direct
object.
• If there are both NP2 and NP3, the verb is still transitive, but the sentence
contains an indirect object.
– NP2 is the indirect object, NP3 is the direct object.
– to ask what to identify the direct object
– to ask to whom or for whom to identify the indirect object.
– Indirect object can be expressed as an adverbial phrase
– Indirect object can be removed from a sentence, basis action of the
verb remains constant.
OTHER TRANSFORMATIONS
•Enables us to combine sentences of the five basic types.
•Through transformations, we are able to use:
1.Passive
2.Negative
3.Question/ Interrogative
4.Exclamations
5.Command/ Imperative
NEGATIVE SENTENCES
- Presence of word not
• With auxiliary verbs
• With Be
• Without auxiliary verbs or Be
NEGATIVE SENTENCES (cont.)
The addition of the negative marker ‘not’ after the auxiliary verb in a positive sentence.
a)Peter will not arrive early. (Modal)b)Frances has not finished her homework. (HAVE)c)Fred is not painting his room white. (BE)d)Jane should not have been driving your car. (2 auxi)e)Betty is not here. (BE)f)Scott does not think deeply. (dummy auxiliary)
Double negatives
•Other than not, there is other negating markers such as in-, un- or
the use of indefinite pronouns
some – no
any – none
Exp. Her apologies were insincere.
He blamed nobody for the accident.
• Two negatives equal a positive.
He is not treating them unkindly
He didn’t blame nobody
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
oAsk questions
• Yes/no question – seeks yes/no answer
Did Mary win the competition?
• Wh-question – Wh- fronting
Who won the competition?
• Yes/no question
1. Move the first auxiliary verb or be to the front of sentence.
Mark has been reading the book.
Has Mark_______ been reading the book?
Shakespeare is Jim’s favorite writer
Is Shakespeare ________ Jim’s favorite writer?
• Yes/no question (cont.)
2. If there is no auxiliary verb or be,
INSERT DO as an auxiliary verb.
He closed the door.
Did he close the door?
-Moved to the front.
-Functions as substitute auxiliary.
-Becomes the carrier of tense.
Sv
NP1
VP
MVPNP2
Aux
YES/ NO Q TENSE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
MVtr
read the book
Mark
Present [HAVE + {-en}][BE + {-ing}]
Sv
AUX
PERFECT
Has
NP1
Mark
VP
MVP NP2
AUX MVtr
PROGRESSIVE
reading been
the book
Mark Has been reading book
the
Wh- question Yes/no question
1. Ask for missing information 1. Simple confirmation (YES) or
denial of information (NO(
2. Begin with an interrogative
word (wh- word( – who, whom, what, when,
where, why, how, which, whose
-
Interrogative determiners
Barbara wore someone’s coat*Whose did Barbara wear coat?
• Whose coat did Barbara wear _______ ?
Imperative Sentences• Function: Give commands and issue orders in
a blunt way: • E.g. Finish your soup!• Sit down!
• You is an “understood” subject
Example: Walk faster ! Declarative Imperative
Delete the subject you
●
●
Imperative SentencesMore polite would be to say Would you like to be seated?
To transform from declarativesentences into
imperative: - Delete the subject you- You walk faster – Walk faster! - You are here - *Are here!; You
are quiet - *Are quiet!
check if the verb is in its uninflected base formBe here! Be quiet!
You are here.You are quiet.You are a leader.
*Are here!*Are quiet!*Are a leader!
Be here!Be quiet!Be a leader!
Delete TENSE to leave base verb
form
Delete the subject you
Imperative TransformationImperative Transformation