Basic Seminar Thematic area: The cell surface and cell motility B) … · 2016-10-19 · Center of...
Transcript of Basic Seminar Thematic area: The cell surface and cell motility B) … · 2016-10-19 · Center of...
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Center of Physiology and Pharmacology Geiger
Basic SeminarThematic area: The cell surface and cell
motilityB) Extracellular Proteases
Margarethe Geiger
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Proteases as hormone-like signal messengers
Extracellular Proteases
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From: Physiol Rev 2004
ExtracellularProteases
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Protease-activated receptors (PARs)
PAR1: thrombin (50pM), trypsin, Xa
PAR2: trypsin (1nM), tryptase (1nM), TF/VIIa, Xa, MT-SP1, bacterial proteases
PAR3: thrombin (0.2nM)
PAR4: thrombin (5nM), trypsin (1nM)
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PAR-signaling
PAR-1, PAR-2, and PAR-4 can also be activated by peptide corresponding to tethered ligand (amino terminus)
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PAR-activation
From:Physiol. Rev. 2004
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Multiple proteases activate PARs
Coagulation factors
Pancreatic and extrapancreatic trypsins
Mast cell proteases
Leucocyte proteases
Non-mammalian proteases
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Blood coagulation
From: Wikipedia
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Coagulation factors
Thrombin: PAR-1, PAR-3, PAR-4
on the surface of platelets
→ platelet aggregation, haemostasis
TF-VIIa: PAR-1, PAR-2
many cells
→ on endothelial cells in inflammation
APC on EPCR: PAR-1
→antiinflammatory
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Coagulation factors
From:Physiol. Rev. 2004
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Pancreatic and extrapancreatic trypsins
• Activation of PAR-2 and PAR-4
- Small intestine
- Inflamed pancreas
- Endothelial and epithelial cells, nervous system, tumors
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Mast cell proteases
• Tryptase: PAR-2
Less effective than trypsin
Possible role of posttranslational modification (better activation of unglycosylated receptor )
Local inflammation and pain
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Leucocyte proteases
• Cathepsin G: PAR-4
Platelets and other cells at sites of inflammation
Also inactivation of PAR-1 and PAR-2
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Cell surface proteases
• MT-SP1(matriptase): Type-2 transmembrane serine protease, active site extracellular, activates PAR-2, coexpression on PC-3 cells
• Others: ????
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Non-mammalian proteases
• Mite-allergens (e.g. PAR-2 on lung epithelial cells)
• Bacterial: gingipains-R
• Fungal proteases
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PAR-1: Signal transduction
From:Physiol. Rev. 2004
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PARs: crosstalk with other receptors
From: Gieseler et al. 2013, Cell Commun Signal
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Not all proteases cleave at the same site
From: Gieseler et al. 2013, Cell Commun Signal
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Localization of PARs on cell membrane determines intracellular signaling
• Different effects of thrombin (proinflammatory) and APC (cytoprotective) mediated via the same receptor (PAR1)
• APC effect - but not thrombin effect-abolished in CAV1-deficient cells
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Soh et al., Br. J. Pharmacol. 2010
Localization of PARs on cell membrane determines intracellular signaling
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PARs:termination of the signal
Cell-surface proteolysis
Receptor desensitization
Intracellular proteases
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PAR-inactivating proteases
PAR-1: Cathepsin G, plasmin, elastase, proteinase-3, trypsin
PAR-2: Elastase, cathepsin G
PAR-3: Cathepsin G
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Desensitation, downregulation, and trafficking of PARs
From:Physiol. Rev. 2004
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Biological roles of proteases and PARs
From:Physiol. Rev. 2004
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Thrombin receptor signaling on human and mouse platelets
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Resting (left) and activated (right) platelets
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Consequences of PAR activation in peripheral nerves
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Protease signaling in the gastrointestinal tract
Increased chloride secretion from the intestinal mucosa (PAR-1 and PAR-2), partially via submucosal neurons
Effects on motility
Effects on exokrine secretion
Excitatory effects on intestinal neurons
Inflammation
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Protease signaling in the airways
Airway resistance (+/- ?)
Inflammation (allergic, tryptase-mediated)
Fibrosis (thrombin, PAR-1)
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Protease signaling in the skin
• Pigmentation (phagocytosis of melanosomes by keratinocytes; UV-exposure upregulates PAR-2)
• Wound healing (PAR-1)
• Inflammation
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PAR signaling to vessels
Mainly vasodilatation, endothelium-dependent, only partially NO-dependent
Increased permeability (gaps) of endothelial cells (in culture)
Upregulation of PAR-2 by LPS and TNFalpha
Angiogenesis
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PAR1-deficient (knockout) mice(Thrombin receptor knockout mice)
~50% die at embryonic day 9-10.
Surviving 50% become grossly normal adult mice.
PAR 1-/- platelets respond to thrombin, PAR 1-/- fibroblasts don‘t.
(Connolly et al., Nature 1996)
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PAR2-deficient (knockout) mice
• Viable, fertile, normal size and vitality under pathogen-free conditions
• Delayed onset of inflammation (leukocyte rolling after surgical trauma)
(Lindner et al., J. Immunol. 2000)
• PAR2 mediates eosinophil infiltration and hyperreactivity in in allergic airway inflammation
(Schmidlin et al., J. Immunol. 2002)
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PAR3- and PAR4-deficient (knockout) mice
Healthy, normal development
Abnormal platelet responses to thrombin
(Kahn et al., Nature 1998)
(Sambrano et al., Nature 2001)
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Hannah Lee , Justin R. Hamilton
Physiology, pharmacology, and therapeutic potential of protease-activated receptors in vascular disease
Pharmacology & Therapeutics Volume 134, Issue 2 2012 246 - 259
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.01.007
PAR expression in the human vascular system
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Hannah Lee , Justin R. Hamilton
Physiology, pharmacology, and therapeutic potential of protease-activated receptors in vascular disease
Pharmacology & Therapeutics Volume 134, Issue 2 2012 246 - 259
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.01.007
PAR antagonists
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Peptide-mimetic PAR-1 antagonist
• Binds PAR-1, interferes with Ca++-mobilization and cellular functions
• No effect on N-terminal cleavage
• No effect on other PARs
(Andrade-Gordon et al., PNAS 1999)
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Transmembrane serine proteases (Type 2)
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Transmembrane serine proteases(Type 2)
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Digestion
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Acivation of ANP
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Iron metabolism
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Transmembrane serine proteases can activate PARs
From: Szabo & Bugge, 2012)
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Activation of the epithelial Na+-channel by membrane associated proteases
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In drosophila, clip-SPs form proteolytic cascades participating in the dorsal ventral-patterning during embryonic development and in the humoral immune responses of the adult flies.
Florian Veillard, Laurent Troxler, Jean-Marc Reichhart
Drosophila melanogaster clip-domain serine proteases: Structure, function and regulation
Biochimie, 2015, Available online 8 October 2015http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2015.10.007
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Protein C Inhibitor (PCI) binds to phospholipids and is internalized by cells
PCI can bind to oxidized/negatively charged phospholipids such as phosphatidylserine (PS), oxidized PS, oxidized phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and phosphoinositides.
PCI can be internalized by cells in a PE-dependent manner and rapidly translocates to the nucleus.
Baumgärtner P. et al.
J Cell Biol 2007
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• PCI is cleaved by testisin at the reactive site and a site close to its N-terminus.
• The N-terminus of PCI, corresponding to Helix A+, is released by testisin.
• Testisin cleaved PCI as well as a PCI mutant lacking Helix-A+ cannot be internalized by cells.
• The helix-A+ peptide is a cell penetrating peptide (CPP).
• Testisin or other proteases, which can cleave the helix-A+ peptide of PCI, may arrest the internalization of PCI into cells and thereby prevent its intracellular actions.
Nuclear targets
PCI
Cytosolic targets
Testisin
internalization
cleavage
A membrane-anchored protease regulates cell-membrane permeation of PCI
(Yang H. et al., J. Biol. Chem. 2015)
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Proteolytic enzymes:
• Release of cytokines, growth factors, and other mediators from their membrane-bound precursors
• Down-regulation of receptors and other proteins from the cell surface
→ ADAMs (a disintegrin and metalloprotease)
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Domain structure of ADAMs
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ADAMs
• Mediate cytokine and cytokine receptor shedding (e.g. TNF)
• Mediate growth factor and growth factor receptor processing (HB-EGF)
• Mediate cleavage of other molecules (e.g. IGF-BP, prion precursor, amyloid precursor protein)
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ADAMs
• Involvement in cell fate determination by action on:
– Delta and Notch
– Axon growth and guidance
– Cranial neural crest cells
– Adhesion molecules
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Matrix Metalloproteases (MMPs)
Associated with normal and
pathological conditions that involve
matrix degradation and tissue
remodelling:
– Reproductive tissues (endometrium, breast, prostate)
– Connective tissue development
– Wound healing
– Tissue destruction in diseases (e.g. periodontitis, rheumatoid arthritis, tumor cell invasion)
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MMP substrates that alter cell growth
A. MATRIX SUBSTRATES:
• Perlecan (MMP-1, MMP-3): Release of bound FGF
• Decorin (MMPs-2, 3, or 7): Release of bound TGF-ß
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Center of Physiology and Pharmacology Geiger
B. NON-MATRIX SUBSTRATES
– IGF-BP: active IGF-ligand
– Transmembrane heparin-binding-EGF (MMP-3): autocrine and paracrine actions
C. Direct activation of growth factors
TGFß (MMP-2, MMP-9)
IL1-ß (MMP-2, 3, and 9)
MMP substrates that alter cell growth
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Center of Physiology and Pharmacology Geiger
MMP substrates that regulate apoptosis
• Degradation of the basement membrane and loss of cell survival signals (involuting mammary gland)
• Direct proteolysis of death-inducing signaling components (Fas ligand cleavage by MMP-7; prostate involution)
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Center of Physiology and Pharmacology Geiger
MMP substrates in cell migration
Exposure of adhesion sites by matrix proteolysis
Removal of adhesion sites by matrix proteolysis
Generation of chemotactic signals
Inactivation of chemotactic signals
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Center of Physiology and Pharmacology Geiger
Functional competence of a protein flagged by protein termini: simplified representation of processing of the amyloid precursorprotein (APP) in the nonamyloidogenic (left, green) and amyloidogenic (right, red) pathways by α-secretases, β-secretases ...
Philipp F Lange, Christopher M Overall
Protein TAILS: when termini tell tales of proteolysis and function
Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, Volume 17, Issue 1, 2013, 73–82
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.11.025
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Center of Physiology and Pharmacology Geiger
Figure 3. Classes of protein modification by limited proteolysis: (a) sequential maturation. Single amino acids or peptides are excised from the main protein backbone by exo-peptidases or endo-peptidases, respectively. One of the fragments undergoes degradatio...
Philipp F Lange, Christopher M Overall
Protein TAILS: when termini tell tales of proteolysis and function
Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, Volume 17, Issue 1, 2013, 73–82
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.11.025