Basic Radiation Protection
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Transcript of Basic Radiation Protection
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Basic Radiation ProtectionMae Minguillo
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Radiation Protection
is a term applied to concept, requirements, technologies and operation related to a protection of the people against harmful effects of ionizing radiation.
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Radiation
Energy emitted and transfer through space.
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Types of Radiation
Primary Radiation most intense therefore most hazardous and most difficult to
shield.
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Scattered Radiation inevitable in diagnostic radiology and is a direct result of the Compton effect.
Leakage Radiationradiation emitted from the x-ray tube housing assembly in all direction other that of the useful beam.
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Cardinal Principles of Radiation Protection
Time Distance Shielding
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System of Radiation Protection
Justification of Practicesany exposure procedures sufficient benefit to offset the radiation harm that it might cause.
BENEFIT
RISK
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As Low As Reasonably Achievable
refers to the continual application of the optimization principle in the day-to-day practice, i.e., while assuring adequate diagnostic image quality.
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Optimization of Protection
Optimization includes the criterion: doses should be “as low as reasonably achievable” assuming image quality is adequate for diagnostic purposes.
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Limitation of Doses
The normal exposure of individuals shall be restricted so that neither the total effective dose nor the total equivalent dose to relevant organs or tissues.
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Biologic Effects of Radiation EffectsStochastic Effects / Probablistic Have no threshold level of radiation dose. The probability of the effects is proportional to dose.
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Non Stochastic Effect / Deterministic Have definite threshold levels of radiation dose. The probability of the effects is proportional to dose.
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Types of Exposure
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Medical ExposureExposure incurred by patients:
by persons, other than those occupationally exposed, knowingly while voluntarily helping in the support and comfort of patients.
Gray(Gy) unit for RAD (Radiation Absorbed Dose) - most often used when one is describing the quantity or radiation received by patient.
0.5mSv(50mrem)
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Occupational Exposureall exposures of worker incurred:
exposures from practices or sources exempted by the standards.
Rem(Sv) unit for occupational radiation exposure - used to express the quantity of radiation received by radiation workers and populations.
50msv(5mrem) *whole body effective dose equivalent
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Exposure of the Members of the Publicexposed incurred by public:
members of public in radiation source.
General Public 1mSv(100mrem) *frequent exposure
50mSv(500mrem) *infrequent exposure
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Radiation Measurements and Monitoring
Radiation Monitoring Personnel Monitoring for individual radiation workers.in form of radiation badges.worn on the person of all workers.allow estimation of individual doses.
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Personal Monitoring Devices
Film Badge Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) Pocket Ionization Chamber Self reading Non-self reading Thermoluminescence Dosimeter (TLD)
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Workplace Monitoringfor entire workplace and radiation room.usually require some forms of radiation detectors.integrated for workspace.allow estimation of exposure levels in the environment.
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Design in Radiation Facilities
Controlled Areaspreventing or limiting the extent of potential exposures.should be label appropriately and should have restricted area.
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Supervised Area usually located at periphery of the hospital complex. whenever possible the area around the therapy machine should be design as a controlled (including roofs in the machine)mazes should be design whenever possible as they reduce need for a heavy shielded door.
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the controlled console should be provided w/ a watch on the patient at all times.
Ducts for electrical material should always run through a secondary barrier at an angle through it.
warning sign, lights and audible alarm should be provided.
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