ARTIFICIAL EYE

Presented by :-

Tabish Ansar

(12115112)

INTRODUCTION

Reference WHO (WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION)

• There are 10 million people in the US who are blind or facing blindness due to diseases of the retina… and there’s little that can be done for them.

• For the vast majority, their best hope is through prosthetic devices.

• The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted market approval to an artificial retina technology, the first bionic eye to be approved for patients in the U.S.

Conti…

Conti…

• Scientists claim to have developed a new revolutionary bionic eye that enables blind people to read letters and simple words.

• In the mid-20th century, researchers began to explore the idea of creating an artificial eye which could actually see.

INTRODUCTIONHow eyes work?

The light coming from an object enters the

eye through cornea and pupil. The eye

lens converges these light rays to form a

real, inverted and diminished image on the

retina. The light sensitive cells of the

retina gets activated with the incidence of

light and generate electric signals. These

electric signals are sent to the brain by the

optic nerves and the brain interprets the

electrical signals in such away that we see

an image which is erect and of the same

size as the object.

ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur 3

HOW BRAIN WORKS AFTER SEEING AN IMAGE?

• After seeing an image the brain takes information from the outside world and encodes it in patterns of electrical activity.

• After the creating pattern the brain get an visualization of an image. That we actually see the image from our eyes.

Need For Artificial Eye….

• In damaged or dysfunctional retina, the photoreceptors stop working, causing blindness

• The absence of effective therapeutic (medical treatment) remedies for retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD)

DISEASE RELATED TO EYE

A medical condition that usually affects older adults and results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)

CONTINUED…..

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an inherited, degenerative eye disease that causes severe vision impairment and often blindness.

Four stages of Retinal Pigmentosa

ARTIFICIAL EYE?

• An artificial eye is a prosthesis which is used to replace a missing or damaged eye.

• In order to accomplish the goal of creating a visual prosthesis, scientists had to develop a camera which could interact with the brain by stimulating the optic nerve.

Artificial Eye (continued)

• Form of neural prosthesis to restore vision.

• An externally worn camera and a retinal implanted chip makes it possible.

• It is often usable for those who suffers from age-related macular degeneration (AMD) or retinal pigmentosa.

What is artificial

eye?

WHAT IS BIONIC EYE?

• BIONIC EYE REFERS TO BIOELECTRONIC EYE.

• A BIONIC EYE mimics the function of the retina to restore sight for those with severe vision loss.

• THE ELECTRONIC DEVICE WHICH REPLACES FUNCTIONALITY OF A PART OR WHOLE OF THE EYE.

• It uses a retinal implant connected to a video camera to convert images into electrical impulses that activate remaining retinal cells which then carry the signal back to the brain.

Continued……

making of an artificial eye or bionic eye

Component

Digital cameraVideo-

processing unitRadio

transmitterRadio receiver Retinal implant

Digital Camera

• The camera used for this is the CMOS image sensor.

• The camera captures the image and converts it into pixels of black and white.

• This camera is placed on the goggles.

• The battery required for this is provided from the video processing unit.

Video Processing Unit

• Video Processing Unit acts as a optogenic transducer unit which simplifies the image as spots of light and then reduces the image to the number of photodiodes.

• This is connected to goggles through router.

• This unit majorly consists of

• Video decoder

• Video scaler

• DSP processor

• Video processor

Retinal implant

• Electrode implantation is one of the most critical jobs in this artificial vision system

• The first step done in this electrode implantation is perforating a platinum foil with each hole having a diameter of 3mm

• 68 flat platinum electrodes of 1mm diameter are pierced through the holes into the nucleus of neurons of the occipital lobe

Continued…….

• Each electrode is connected by separate Teflon insulated wire to a connector contained in the pedestal

• The group of wires pass the electrical impulses which are generated by the processor

• When the electrode is stimulated by the processor by sending an electrical impulse, the electrode produces closely spaced phosphene (light spots seen by visual field)

• By sending the electrical impulses in different combinations and permutations the phosphene can be created in a regular fashion describing the image

Working

Camera on glasses views image

Signals are sent to video processing microchip

Processed information is sent back to receiver

Receiver sends information to electrodes in retinal implant

Electrodes stimulate retina to send information to brain

Video Camera

Video

processing

unitReceiver

Retinal ImplantNeuronsBrains

By using this technology the person can

read large letters or identify the objects

before him.

Normal vision-Begins when light

enters and strike on photoreceptor cells. These cells convert

light to electric impulses that are sent to brain via

optic nerves.

Artificial vision-The camera

captures images and sends to retina

implant. It stimulates neurons.

The stimulated neurons send

information to brain via optic nerves.

Surgery is required to implant the electrode array.

Repairing is difficult if any of the devices got damaged.

Those who lost their visions due to other reasons could not use this

device.

The approximated cost of the device is $1,500

RESULTS OF THIS SYTEM

• identify the location or movement of objects and people;

• recognize large letters, words, or Sentences.

• and helped in other activities of daily life, such as detecting street curbs and walking on a sidewalk without stepping off.

Support for Argus ii(bionic eye)device…• Three government organizations provided support for the

development of the Argus II. The Department of Energy, National Eye Institute at the National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation collaborated to provide grant funding totaling more than $100 million, support for material design and other basic research for the project.

Advantages • ability to perform visual tasks demonstrated in many

patients

•Upgradable external hardware and software to benefit from future innovations

• the brain has an amazing ability to adapt to new input and to improve his or her understanding of what is being “seen” via an artificial vision system.

•Reduction of stress upon retina

•Compact Size – 6x6 mm

Disadvantages

• The cost of device is too high( $1500)

• It is difficult to acquire this technology by common man.

• If a single part of the chip is damaged the total technique will be meaningless.

Conclusion

•people suffering from low vision to, people who are completely blind will benefit from this project.

•Bionic devices are being developed to do more than replace defective parts.

•Revolutionary piece of technology.

•Good news for AMD and retinal pigmentosa patients

Conti….• Researchers are also using them to fight illnesses.

•Providing power to run bionic implants and making connections to the brain's control system pose the two great challenges for biomedical engineering.

• Scientist are now looking at devices like bionic arms, tongues, noses etc.

Hope in INDIA also will acquire this technology soon….

References:-

www.ai.rug.ni/~lambert/projects/BCI/literature/misc/bio.ppt

www.met.edu/institute/ICS/NCNHIT/papers/0.5.pdf

www.bionicsinstitute.org/publications/...../Factsheet_Bionic eye.pdf

www.hansmalab.physics.ucsb.edu/phys150/Bionic_Eyes.pdf

www.howstuffworks.com

Chandu Gude,"Bionic Eye", Scribd, 2009.

www.wikipedia.org

www.sciencedaily.com

www.electrooptic.com

THANKING YOU !!!