Basic Micro Processors

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What is this review about?

Subject : Microprocessors: Physical design. Interaction with computer components

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What is a Microprocessor?


A microprocessor - also known as a CPU or central processing unit -is a complete computation engine that is fabricated on a single chip.

The rst so-called microprocessor was the Intel 4004 , introduced in1971.

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A short historical reviewName Date Transistors Microns Clock

speedDatawidth

MIPS

8080 1974 6,000 6 2 MHz 8 bits 0.64

8088 1979 29,000 3 5 MHz 16 bits8-bit bus

0.33

80286 1982 134,000 1.5 6 MHz 16 bits 1

80386 1985 275,000 1.5 16 MHz 32 bits 5

80486 1989 1,200,000 1 25 MHz 32 bits 20

Pentium 1993 3,100,000 0.8 60 MHz 32 bits64-bit bus

100

Pentium II 1997 7,500,000 0.35 233 MHz 32 bits64-bit bus

~300

Pentium III 1999 9,500,000 0.25 450 MHz 32 bits64-bit bus

~510

Pentium 4 2004 125,000,000 0.09 3.6 GHz 32 bits64-bit bus

~7,000

Core i9(six-core)

2010 781,000,000 0.03 6.4 GHz 32 bits64-bitbus

~40,000


Intel 4004 (the year of 1971) originally developed for adesktop calculator

contained 2300 transistors 640 bytes of data could be

adressed

clock frequency of 108 KHz

Intel Itanium(2001) high-end servers and

workstations memory space of over 18

terabytes clock frequency of 800 MHz

Intel Pentium IV(2004) processors initial speed of

1.5 gigahertz (1.5 billionhertz)

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Basic microprocessor systemA basic microprocessor system consists of the: microprocessor core,memory, input/output modules, and a system bus connecting these

modules.


InputDevices

ProcessingData into

InformationOutputDevices

Control

Unit

Secondary Storage Devices

Arithmetic-LogicUnit

Primary StorageUnit

Central Processing Unit

KeyboardMouse

Touch ScreenVoice...

MonitorPrinter

Disks, Tapes, Optical Disks

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What a microprocessor does?


A microprocessor executes a collection of machine instructions that tell the processor what to do. Based on the instructoins, amicroprocessor does three basic things:

1. Using its ALU(Arithmetic/Logic Unit), a microprocessor canperform mathematical operations like addition, substraaction,multiplication and division;

2. A microprocessor can move data from one memory location toanother;

3. A microprocessor can make decisions and jump to a new set of instructions based on those decisions.

Next slide is about ALU ->

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Arithmetic / Logic Unit


The diagram on the right is avariation on the traditioanal wayof representing a processorsALU, which is the part of theprocessor that does the actual

Addition

Substraction

etc. of numbers

*Single-Decision and Multi-Decisionexamples of processes

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Arithmetic / Logic Unit


An address bus that sends an

address to memory A data bus that can send data to

memory or receive data frommemory

An RD (read) and WR (write) line totell the memory whether it wants

to set or get the addressedlocation

A clock line that lets a clock pulsesequence the processor

A reset line that resets theprogram counter to zero (orwhatever) and restarts execution.

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Microprocessor & Memory


ROM stands for read-only memory. A ROM chip is programmed with a

permanent collection of pre-set bytes. RAM stands for random-access memory.

It is possible to have no separated RAM but its

IMPOSSIBLE TO HAVE NO ROM

On a PC, the ROM is called the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System). When themicroprocessor starts, it begins: executing instructions it nds in the BIOS.

The BIOS instructions do things like test the hardware in the machine

then it Goes to the hard disk to fetch the boot sector .

BIOS stores a little program in RAM after reading it o f the disk .

The microprocessor Begins executing the boot sector's instructions from RAM .

The boot s ect or program will tell the microprocessor to fetch something else .

This is how the microprocessor loads and executes the entire operating system .

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http://www.howstuffworks.com/pc.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/pc.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/pc.htm


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Microprocessor Instructions


Even the incredibly simple microprocessor shown in the previous example will

have a fairly large set of instructions that it can perform.The collection of instructions is implemented as bit patterns, each one of whichhas a di f erent meaning when loaded into the instruction register.

Humans are not particularly good at remembering bit patterns, so a set of shortwords are dened to represent the di f erent bit patterns. This collection of words is called the assembly language of the processor.

Here's the set of easy assembly language instructions:

LOADA mem - Load register A from memory address CONB con - Load a constant value into register B SAVEB mem - Save register B to memory address ADD - Add A and B and store the result in C SUB - Subtract A and B and store the result in C

MUL - Multiply A and B and store the result in C DIV - Divide A and B and store the result in C COM - Compare A and B and store the result in test JUMP addr - Jump to an address

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64-bits. Is this our future?


One reason why the world needs 64-bit processors is because of theirenlarged address spaces. Thirty-two-bit chips are often constrained to amaximum of 2 GB or 4 GB of RAM access.

That sounds like a lot, given that most home computers currently use only256 MB to 512 MB of RAM. However, a 4-GB limit can be a severe problem forserver machines and machines running large databases. And even home

machines will start bumping up against the 2 GB or 4 GB limit pretty soon if current trends continue.

A 64-bit chip has none of these constraints because a 64-bit RAM addressspace is essentially innite for the foreseeable future - 2^64 bytes of RAM issomething on the order of a billion gigabytes of RAM.

Sixty-four-bit processors have been with ussince 1992, and in the 21st century theyhave started to become mainstream.Both Intel and AMD have introduced 64-bitchips, and the Mac G5 sports a 64-bitprocessor. Sixty-four-bit processors have64-bit ALUs, 64-bit registers, 64-bit busesand so on.

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The number of transistors available has a huge e f ect on theperformance of a processor. With more transistors, much morepowerful multipliers capable of single-cycle speeds becomepossible.

More transistors also allow for a technology called pipelining. In apipelined architecture, instruction execution overlaps.

Many modern processors have multiple instruction decoders, eachwith its own pipeline. This allows for multiple instruction streams,which means that more than one instruction can complete duringeach clock cycle. This technique can be quite complex to implement,so it takes lots of transistors.

Performance and Productivity


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Disadvantages : many complex features / unforgiving for programerrors / no common sense and intuition like brain has / primitiveassembly language tools

What is the aim:

Extended adress size. The trend in processor design has primarily beentoward full 64-bit ALUs with fast oating point processors built in.

Multiple level of Parallelism Multiple Functional Units per Processor Unit (Multi-Core processors) Energy Saving problem solution

All of these trends push up the transistor count, leading to the multi-million transistor powerhouses. These processors can execute about one

billion instructions per second!

Trends as look into the future


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You were great,thank you!

Basic Micro Processors

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