In the name of ALLAH the Beneficent the Merciful

MACHINE

• The word "machine" is derived from the latin word “machina”

• The meaning is that of a device having parts that perform or assist in

performing any type of work

BASIC MACHINES

LEVER

GEARS

SHAFT

WEDGE

• A rigid object that is used with an appropriate fulcrum or pivot point

to multiply the mechanical force (effort) that can be applied to

another object or resistance force (load)

LEVER

• The force applied (at end points of the lever) is proportional to the ratio of

the length of the lever arm measured between the fulcrum (pivoting point)

and application point of the force applied at each end of the lever.

• Mathematically, this is expressed by M = Fd, where F is the force, d is the

perpendicular distance between the force and the fulcrum, and M is the

turning force known as the moment or torque

• Archimedes. "Give me a place to stand, and I shall move the earth with a

lever”

LEVER PRINCIPAL

LEVER TYPES

Class 1: The fulcrum is located between the applied force

and the load, for example, a crowbar or a pair of scissors

or a seesaw.

LEVER TYPES

Class 2: The load is situated between the fulcrum and the

force, for example, a wheelbarrow or a nutcracker

LEVER TYPES

Class 3: The force is applied between the fulcrum and the

load, for example, a pair of tweezers or the

human mandible

• A gear or more correctly a "gear wheel" is a rotating machine part

having cut teeth, or cogs, which mesh with another toothed part in

order to transmit torque

GEAR

• When two gears of unequal number of teeth are combined a

mechanical advantage is produced, with both the rotational speeds

and the torques of the two gears differing in a simple relationship .

• gear ratio (gr) = (number of teeth on output or driven gear)/(number

of teeth on input or driver gear

GEAR PRINCIPAL

GEAR TYPES

INTERNAL GEARS

GEAR TYPES

SPUR

GEAR TYPES

RACK AND PINION

GEAR TYPES

HELICAL

GEAR TYPES

DOUBLE HELICAL

GEAR TYPES

BEVEL

GEAR TYPES

CROWN

GEAR TYPES

WORM

GEAR TYPES

WORM AND WHEEL

GEAR TYPES

NON CIRCULAR

GEAR TYPES

EPICYCLIC

GEAR TYPES

SUN AND PLANET

GEAR TYPES

CAGE GEAR

• A drive shaft, driveshaft, driving shaft, propeller shaft, or Cardan

shaft is a mechanical component for transmitting torque and

rotation .

• Usually used to connect other components of a drive train that

cannot be connected directly because of distance or the need to

allow for relative movement between them.

SHAFT

• Drive shafts are carriers of torque .

• They must therefore be strong enough to bear the stress, whilst

avoiding too much additional weight as that would in turn increase

their inertia.

SHAFT PRINCIPAL

SHAFT TYPES

RIGID COUPLING

SHAFT TYPES

FLEXIBLE COUPLING

SHAFT TYPES

TORQUE LIMITING COUPLING

• A wedge is a simple machine shaped like an inclined plane.

• A wedge is an inclined plane that can either split, cut, tighten, or

hold items together

WEDGE

• An easy way to see how a wedge works is to think of it as an

inclined plane standing on its narrow end. A fairly weak force,

applied to the wide end of a wedge whose narrow end is being

pushed into something, will send a strong force pushing out at the

sides .

WEDGE PRINCIPAL

WEDGE TYPES

SINGLE WEDGE

WEDGE TYPES

DOUBLE WEDGE