1

Basic First Basic First AidAid

2

Securing the sceneSecuring the scene

• 1. Electrical hazards

• 2. Chemical hazards

• 3. Noxious & Toxic gases• 4. Ground hazards

• 5. Fire

• 6. Unstable equipment

Before performing any Before performing any First Aid, First Aid,

Check for:Check for:

3

Chain of Survival

Early Access”911”

Early CPR or First Aid

You

Early Defibrillation

EMS on scene

Early Advanced Care

Hospital

In order for a person to survive:

Pay attention to:

HISTORY; what happened; from the casualty or bystanders

SYMPTOMS; what only the casualty can tell you

SIGNS; what you can see for yourself

4

Universal Precautions for Airborne & Bloodborn Pathogens

HIV & Hepatitis

Tuberculosis

Gloves & Respiratory Barrier devise are a must to prevent transmission of diseases

5

DURING TREATMENTDURING TREATMENT

avoid coughing, breathing, or speaking over the avoid coughing, breathing, or speaking over the wound wound

avoid contact with body fluids avoid contact with body fluids

use a face shield or mask with one-way-valve use a face shield or mask with one-way-valve when doing active resuscitation when doing active resuscitation

use only clean bandages and dressings use only clean bandages and dressings

avoid treating more than one casualty without avoid treating more than one casualty without washing hands and changing gloveswashing hands and changing gloves

AFTER TREATMENTAFTER TREATMENT

clean up both casualty and yourself clean up both casualty and yourself

clean up the immediate vicinity clean up the immediate vicinity

dispose of dressings, bandages, gloves and dispose of dressings, bandages, gloves and soiled clothing correctly soiled clothing correctly

wash hands with soap and waterwash hands with soap and water

6

Fundamentals of First Fundamentals of First AidAid

Activate EMS SystemActivate EMS System“911”

• 1. ABC (airway-breathing-circulation)

• 2. Control bleeding• 3. Treat for Shock(medical emergencies)

• 4. Open wounds & Burns• 5. Fractures & Dislocations• 6. Transportation

7

ABC’sABC’s• Causes of Respiratory/Cardiac Arrest

Electrical

Drowning

Toxic - Noxious gases

Suffocation

Heart Attack Trauma

Drugs Allergic reactions

8

Reaction TimeReaction Time• If CPR/Artificial respiration is administered• Chance of brain damage

0 to 4 minutes -

4 to 6 minutes -

6 to 10 minutes-

10 minutes + -

Recovery rate of Recovery rate of victim if has victim if has artificial artificial respiration done respiration done

immediatelyimmediately

Oxygenated blood flow must get to brain

9

A-B-A-B-C’sC’s

• Use chin lift/head tilt

Look.-listen-feel for breathing

Attempt to VentilateVentilate Every 5 seconds

• Establish responsiveness

Check pulse Recovery position

10

Cardio Pulmonary Cardio Pulmonary ResuscitationResuscitation

• Should be trained to perform this procedure

• If done improperly, could harm victim

• Courses available everywhere

• New in Late 2006– 30 Compressions to 2 Breaths– For Everyone!

11

Airway ObstructionsAirway Obstructionsopen

closed

obstructed

Tongue

12

Heimlich ManeuverHeimlich Maneuverfor for

Conscious Airway ObstructionConscious Airway Obstruction

13

Types of BleedingTypes of Bleeding

•Veins

•Capillary

Spurting

Steady flow

Oozing

Artery

Internal Injuries

14

Types of WoundsTypes of Wounds

15

Control of BleedingControl of BleedingDirect Pressure

Elevation

Cold ApplicationsPressure bandage

16

Pressure PointsPressure Points Where the artery

passes over a bone close to the skin

Temporal

Facial

Carotid

Sub-clavian

Brachial

Radial

Ulnar

Femoral

Popliteal

Pedal

17

TourniquetTourniquetAbsolute last resort in controlling bleeding Remember - Life or limb

Once a tourniquet is applied, it is not to be removed , only by a doctor

18

ShockShockShock affects all major functions of the body

loss of blood flow to the tissues and organs

Shock must be treated in all accident cases

19

Treatment for ShockTreatment for Shock•Lie victim down if possibleLie victim down if possible

•Face is pale-raise the tailFace is pale-raise the tail

•Face is red-raise the headFace is red-raise the head

•Loosen tight clothingLoosen tight clothing

•Keep victim warm and dryKeep victim warm and dry

•Do not give anything by mouthDo not give anything by mouth

•No stimulantsNo stimulants

There are three types of heat emergencies you

may be required to treat.

1.Heat Exhaustion

2.Heat Stroke

3.Heat Cramps

Heat exhaustion is less dangerous than heat stroke.

It is caused by fluid loss which in turn causes blood

flow to decrease in vital organs, resulting in a form

of shock.

Signs and Symptoms Cool, Pale, and Moist Skin

Heavy Sweating

Dilated PupilsHeadache

Nausea Vomiting

Body temperature will be near normal.

Get the victim out of the heat and into a cool place.

Place in the shock position, lying on the back with feet raised.

Remove or loosen clothing. Cool by fanning or applying cold packs or wet towels or sheets. If conscious,

give water to drink every 15 minutes.

WHILE HEAT EXHAUSTION IS NOT A

LIFE- THREATENING EMERGENCY LIKE HEAT

STROKE, IT CAN PROGRESS TO HEAT

STROKE IF LEFT UNTREATED!

Heat cramps are muscular pain and spasms due to heavy exertion. They usually involve

the abdominal muscles or legs. It is generally thought this

condition is caused by loss of water and salt through

sweating.

Get victim to a cool place. If they can tolerate it, give one-

half glass of water every 15 minutes.

Heat cramps can usually be avoided by increasing fluid intake when active in hot

weather.

Heat Stroke is the most serious type of heat emergency.

It is LIFE-THREATENING and requires

IMMEDIATE and AGGRESSIVE treatment!

Heat stroke occurs when the body's heat regulating mechanism fails. The body

temperature rises so high that brain damage --and death-- may result unless the body is

cooled quickly.

Signs and Symptoms The victim's skin is HOT,

RED and usually DRY. Pupils are very small.

The body temperature is VERY HIGH,

sometimes as high as 105 degrees.

Remember, Heat Stroke is a life-threatening emergency

and requires prompt action!

Summon professional help.

Get the victim into a cool place.

Do not give victim anything by mouth. Treat for shock.

COOL THE VICTIM AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE IN ANY MANNER POSSIBLE!

Place the victim into a bathtub of cool water, wrap in wet sheets, place in an

air conditioned room.

32

Diabetic emergenciesDiabetic emergencies

Insulin Shock (Hypoglycemia)

Result of insufficient sugar- Fast onset

•Cold clammy skin, pale, rapid respiration's and pulse, incoherent

•Treat by giving sugar bases products

Diabetic coma (Ketoacidosis)

Too much sugar or insufficient insulin- Slow onset

•Warm, dry skin, slow respirations, smell of rotten fruit on breath

•True medical emergency, activate EMS system immediately

Find out if victim has past diabetic historyFind out if victim has past diabetic history

33

Snake & Spider bitesSnake & Spider bitesRattlesnake Copperhead Black Widow Brown Recluse

Limit activity

Constricting bandage above

Cold application

Advanced medical attention

34

Brown Brown ReclusReclus

ee

35

Day 3

Day 4

36

Day 5

Day 6

37

Day 9

Day 10

38

BurnsBurnsCool application Don’t break blisters Dry sterile dressing, treat for

shockRAPID TRANSPORT!!!

39

Severe Burns and Scalds Treatment:

Cool the burn area with water for 10 to 20 minutes.

Lay the casualty down and make him as comfortable as possible, protecting burn area from ground contact.

Gently remove any rings, watches, belts or constricting clothing from the injured area before it begins to swell.

Cover the injured area loosely with sterile unmedicated dressing or similar non fluffy material and bandage.

Don't remove anything that is sticking to the burn.

Don't apply lotions, ointments, butter or fat to the injury.

Don't break blisters or otherwise interfere with the injured area.

Don't over-cool the patient and cause shivering.

If breathing and heartbeat stop, begin resuscitation immediately,

If casualty is unconscious but breathing normally, place in the recovery position.

Treat for shock.

Send for medical attention and prep for transport.

40

Minor Burns and Scalds Treatment:

Place the injured part under slowly running water, or soak in cold water for 10 minutes or as long as pain persists.

Gently remove any rings, watches, belts, and shoes from the injured area before it starts to swell.

Dress with clean, sterile, non fluffy material.

Don't use adhesive dressings.

Don't apply lotions, ointments or fat to burn/ scald.

Don't break blisters or otherwise interfere.

If in doubt, seek medical aid.

41

Chemical BurnsChemical Burns

Treatment:

Flood the area with slowly running water for Flood the area with slowly running water for at least ten minutes. (or proper neutralizing at least ten minutes. (or proper neutralizing agent)agent)

Gently remove contaminated clothing while Gently remove contaminated clothing while flooding injured area, taking care not to flooding injured area, taking care not to contaminate yourself. contaminate yourself.

Continue treatment for SEVERE BURNS Continue treatment for SEVERE BURNS

Remove to hospital. Remove to hospital.

42

Fractures & DislocationsFractures & DislocationsMust treat for bleeding first

Do not push bones back into place

Don’t straighten break Treat the way you found it

43

IF A DISLOCATION IS SUSPECTED...IF A DISLOCATION IS SUSPECTED...1. Apply a splint to the joint to keep it from moving.1. Apply a splint to the joint to keep it from moving.2. Try to keep joint elevated to slow bloodflow to the area2. Try to keep joint elevated to slow bloodflow to the area3. A doctor should be contacted to have the bone set back 3. A doctor should be contacted to have the bone set back into its socket.into its socket.

The most common dislocations occur in the shoulder, elbow, The most common dislocations occur in the shoulder, elbow, finger, or thumb.finger, or thumb.

DislocationsDislocations

LOOK FOR THESE SIGNS:LOOK FOR THESE SIGNS:1. swelling1. swelling2. deformed look2. deformed look3. pain and tenderness3. pain and tenderness4. possible discoloration of the affected area4. possible discoloration of the affected area

44

SplintsSplints

Must be a straight line break Can be formed to shape of deformity

Be careful of temperature change

45

PROPER CARE:PROPER CARE:1. While waiting on help to arrive, keep the victim lying down in the recovery 1. While waiting on help to arrive, keep the victim lying down in the recovery positionposition2. Control any bleeding, and be sure that he is breathing properly.2. Control any bleeding, and be sure that he is breathing properly.3. Do not give the victim any liquids to drink.3. Do not give the victim any liquids to drink.4. If the victim becomes unconscious for any amount of time, keep track of 4. If the victim becomes unconscious for any amount of time, keep track of this information so that you can report it when medical help arrives.this information so that you can report it when medical help arrives.

HeadHead InjuriesInjuriesA sharp blow to the head could result in a concussion, a jostling of the A sharp blow to the head could result in a concussion, a jostling of the brain inside its protective, bony covering. A more serious head injury brain inside its protective, bony covering. A more serious head injury

may result in contusions, or bruises to the brain.may result in contusions, or bruises to the brain.

OTHER SYMPTOMS TO LOOK FOR IF YOU SUSPECT A VICTIM MAY HAVE OTHER SYMPTOMS TO LOOK FOR IF YOU SUSPECT A VICTIM MAY HAVE A BRAIN INJURY:A BRAIN INJURY:1. clear or reddish fluid draining from the ears, nose, or mouth1. clear or reddish fluid draining from the ears, nose, or mouth2. difficulty in speaking2. difficulty in speaking3. headache3. headache4. unequal size of pupils4. unequal size of pupils5. pale skin5. pale skin6. paralysis of an arm or leg (opposite side of the injury) or face (same 6. paralysis of an arm or leg (opposite side of the injury) or face (same side of the injury)side of the injury)

46

Neck & Spinal InjuriesNeck & Spinal InjuriesCARE AND TREATMENTCARE AND TREATMENT

ABC ABC

extreme care in initial extreme care in initial examination — minimal examination — minimal movement movement

urgent ambulance transport urgent ambulance transport

apply cervical collar apply cervical collar

treat for shock treat for shock

treat any other injuries treat any other injuries

maintain body heat maintain body heat

if movement required, 'log roll' if movement required, 'log roll' and use assistants and use assistants

always maintain casualty's head always maintain casualty's head

in line with the shouldersin line with the shoulders

47

48

These are symptoms of what?

• Uncomfortable pressure , squeezing, fullness or dull pain in the chest or upper abdomen

• Shortness of breath

• Pain in shoulders, arms, neck or jaws

49

These are possible symptoms of what?

• Pain

• Swelling

• Bruising

• Distortion of limb

50

What type of burn is this?1st Degree

51

What should you never do for a any degree burn?

Gunk it up.

52

The first way to control bleeding is:

Direct pressure.

53

If you find an unconscious victim, you should first:

• A. Try 2 rescue breaths

• B. Open the airway

• C. Call 911

• D. Treat major bleeding

54

If a choking victim becomes unconscious, you should:

• A. Beat them on the back

• B. Check the mouth for obstructions

• C. Try 2 rescue breaths

• D. Use abdominal thrusts

55

If you get something stuck in your eye, you should:

• A. Use a tissue or gauze to pull it out.

• B. Flush it with water

• C. Cover the eyes and get to a doctor

• D. Rub it, and blink repeatedly

56

Rescue breathing should not be done:

• A. On supervisors

• B. If the person has a pulse

• C. On drowning victims

• D. If the person is breathing

57

Fall victims should be treated:

• A. The same as burn victims

• B. The same as choking victims

• C. As if they had a broken neck or spine

• D. As soon as they wake up

58

What type of burn is this?

2nd Degree

59

Victims of electrical shock can:

• A. Have serious burns

• B. Be disoriented

• C. Have no pulse

• D. All of the above

60

The best place to check for a pulse is:

• A. The back

• B. The neck

• C. The foot

• D. Inside the left armpit

61

The biggest killer of burn victims is:

• A. Shock

• B. Infection

• C. Contamination of blood

• D. First aiders

62

When calling 911, you should tell them:

• A. Your location

• B. The number of victims

• C. The type of injury, if known

• D. All of the above

63

Heart attack victims usually:

• A. Refuse to believe they are having one

• B. Like to jog a bit

• C. Have back pain

• D. Show all the symptoms

64

For second degree burns you should:

• A. Make sure you pop all blisters as they appear

• B. Wrap in dry, sterile dressing

• C. Coat with burn cream

• D. None of the above

65

For sprains, you should:

• A. Apply pressure bandages

• B. Soak in hot water

• C. Apply cold packs

• D. Give two rescue breaths

66

What kind of burns are these?

67

If bitten by a snake, you should:

• A. Use a snakebite kit to open the wound

• B. Use a tourniquet

• C. Apply cold packs and call 911

• D. Drink plenty of alcohol

68

Moving a victim with broken bones can result in:

• A. Damage to internal tissues and organs

• B. Paralysis

• C. Death

• D. All of the above

69

You are most likely to perform first aid at:

• A. Home

• B. Work

• C. Sporting events

• D. On the highway

70

You cannot be successfully sued as a first aider because

of:• A. Lawyers aren’t like that

• B. People don’t sue those who try to help them

• C. The Good Samaritan Law

• D. The Bill of Rights