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Basic Energy SciencesBasic Energy SciencesServing the Present, Shaping the FutureServing the Present, Shaping the Future
Presentation forBasic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee Meeting
Harriet Kung (DOE/BES)[email protected]
October 20, 2003
Basic Research Needs For the Hydrogen Economy
Basic Energy SciencesBasic Energy SciencesServing the Present, Shaping the FutureServing the Present, Shaping the Future
“Tonight I'm proposing $1.2 billion in research
funding so that America can lead the world in
developing clean, hydrogen-powered
automobiles… With a new national commitment,
our scientists and engineers will overcome
obstacles to taking these cars from laboratory to
showroom, so that the first car driven by a child
born today could be powered by hydrogen, and
pollution-free.”
President Bush, State-of the-Union Address,
January 28, 2003
Hydrogen: A National InitiativeHydrogen: A National Initiative
Basic Energy SciencesBasic Energy SciencesServing the Present, Shaping the FutureServing the Present, Shaping the Future
Energy Source
% of U.S. Electricity
Supply
% of Total U.S. Energy
SupplyOil 3 39Natural Gas 15 23Coal 51 22Nuclear 20 8Hydroelectric 8 4Biomass 1 3Other Renewables 1 1
Drivers for the Hydrogen Economy:Drivers for the Hydrogen Economy:
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
Mil
lio
ns
of
Ba
rre
ls p
er
Da
y
Domestic ProductionDomestic
Production
Actual Projected
Light Trucks
Heavy Vehicles
Year
Air
MarineMarine
RailOff-roadOff-road
Cars
Pa
ss
en
ge
r V
eh
icle
s
• Reduce Reliance on Fossil Reduce Reliance on Fossil Fuels Fuels • Reduce Accumulation of Reduce Accumulation of Greenhouse GasesGreenhouse Gases
Basic Energy SciencesBasic Energy SciencesServing the Present, Shaping the FutureServing the Present, Shaping the Future
The Hydrogen EconomyThe Hydrogen Economysolarwindhydro
fossil fuelreforming
nuclear/solar thermochemical
cycles H2
gas orhydridestorage H2
automotivefuel cells
stationaryelectricity/heat
generation
consumerelectronics
H2O
production storageuse
in fuel cells
Bio- and bioinspired
9M tons/yr
40M tons/yr(Transportation only)
9.72 MJ/L(2015 FreedomCAR Target)
4.4 MJ/L (Gas, 10,000 psi) 8.4 MJ/L (LH2) $3000/kW
$35/kW(Internal Combustion Engine)
Basic Energy SciencesBasic Energy SciencesServing the Present, Shaping the FutureServing the Present, Shaping the Future
Fundamental IssuesFundamental Issues
The hydrogen economy is a compelling vision:
- It provides an abundant, clean, secure and flexible energy source
- Its elements have been demonstrated in the laboratory or in prototypesHowever . . .
- It does not operate as an integrated network
- It is not yet competitive with the fossil fuel economy in cost, performance, or reliability
- The most optimistic estimates put the hydrogen economy decades away
Basic Energy SciencesBasic Energy SciencesServing the Present, Shaping the FutureServing the Present, Shaping the Future
Workshop Chair: Millie Dresselhaus (MIT)Associate Chairs: George Crabtree (ANL)
Michelle Buchanan (ORNL)
Basic Research for Hydrogen Production, Basic Research for Hydrogen Production, Storage and Use Workshop, May 13-15, 2003Storage and Use Workshop, May 13-15, 2003
CHARGE: To identify fundamental research needs and opportunities in hydrogen production, storage, and use, with a focus on new, emerging and scientifically challenging areas that have the potential to have significant impact in science and technologies. Highlighted areas will include improved and new materials and processes for hydrogen generation and storage, and for future generations of fuel cells for effective energy conversion.
Plenary Session Speakers:
Steve Chalk (DOE-EERE) -- overviewGeorge Thomas (SNL-CA) -- storageScott Jorgensen (GM) -- storageJae Edmonds (PNNL) -- environmentalJay Keller (SNL-CA) – hydrogen safety
Breakout Sessions and Chairs:Hydrogen Production
Tom Mallouk, PSU & Laurie Mets, U. ChicagoHydrogen Storage and Distribution
Kathy Taylor, GM (retired) & Puru Jena, VCUFuel Cells and Novel Fuel Cell Materials
Frank DiSalvo, Cornell & Tom Zawodzinski, CWRU
EERE Pre-Workshop Briefings:
Hydrogen Storage JoAnn Milliken Fuel Cells Nancy GarlandHydrogen Production Mark Paster
Basic Energy SciencesBasic Energy SciencesServing the Present, Shaping the FutureServing the Present, Shaping the Future
Basic Research for Hydrogen Production, Basic Research for Hydrogen Production, Storage and Use WorkshopStorage and Use Workshop
125 Participants: UniversitiesNational Laboratories Industries DOE: SC and Technology Program Offices Other Federal Agencies - including OMB, OSTP, NRL, NIST, NSF, NAS, USDA, and House Science Committee Staffer
Univ22%
Industries 7%
Labs 28%
DOE28%
Other Agencies
12%Foreign
3%
Remarks from News Reporters:American Institute of Physics Bulletin of Science Policy News Number 71“Dresselhaus remarked that there were some “very promising” ideas, and she was more optimistic after the workshop that some of the potential showstoppers may have solutions.” “… solving the problems will need long-term support across several Administrations. Progress will require the cooperation of different offices within DOE, and also the involvement of scientists from other countries, …”C&E News June 9, 2003 “MOVING TOWARD A HYDROGEN ECONOMY” DOE Workshop Brings Together Scientists to Prioritize Research Needs for Switching to Hydrogen Economy.
Basic Energy SciencesBasic Energy SciencesServing the Present, Shaping the FutureServing the Present, Shaping the Future
• Research needs and opportunities to address long term “Grand Challenges” and to overcome “show-stoppers.”
• Prioritized research directions with greatest promise for impact on reaching long-term goals for hydrogen production, storage and use.
• Issues cutting across the different research topics/panels that will need multi-directional approaches to ensure that they are properly addressed.
• Research needs that bridge basic science and applied technology.
Workshop GoalsWorkshop Goals
To identify:
Basic Energy SciencesBasic Energy SciencesServing the Present, Shaping the FutureServing the Present, Shaping the Future
Hydrogen Production PanelHydrogen Production Panel
Current status: • Steam-reforming of oil and natural gas produces 9M tons H2/yr.• We will need 40M tons/yr for transportation.• Requires CO2 sequestration.
Alternative sources and technologies:
Coal: • Cheap, lower H2 yield/C, more contaminants.• R&D needed for process development, gas separations, catalysis, impurity removal.
Solar: • Widely distributed carbon-neutral; low energy density.• PV/electrolysis current standard – 15% efficient.• Requires 0.03% of land area to serve transportation.
Nuclear: Abundant; carbon-neutral; long development cycle.
Panel Chairs: Tom Mallouk (Penn State), Laurie Mets (U of Chicago)
Basic Energy SciencesBasic Energy SciencesServing the Present, Shaping the FutureServing the Present, Shaping the Future
Fossil Fuel Reforming• For the next decade or more hydrogen will mainly be produced using fossil
fuel feedstocks. • Development of efficient inexpensive catalysts will be key. • Modeling and simulation will play a significant role.
Priority Research Areas in Hydrogen ProductionPriority Research Areas in Hydrogen Production
Inspired by quantum chemical calculations, Ni surface-alloyed with Au (black) on the left is used to reduce carbon poisoning of
catalyst, as verified experimentally on the right.
Basic Energy SciencesBasic Energy SciencesServing the Present, Shaping the FutureServing the Present, Shaping the Future
Solar Photoelectrochemistry/Photocatalysis
• Power conversion efficiency (10%) needs to be increased by reducing losses.• Spectral response needs to be extended into the red.• Costs need to be reduced in the production of the transparent anode.
Low cost TiO2 porous nanostructures allow deep light penetration into dye-sensitized solar cells to increase their efficiency.
Priority Research Areas in Hydrogen ProductionPriority Research Areas in Hydrogen Production
Photochemical solar cells or Grätzel cells use cheap porous TiO2 with a huge surface area (see right). Dye additives allow absorption of visible light to better match solar spectrum (left).
Basic Energy SciencesBasic Energy SciencesServing the Present, Shaping the FutureServing the Present, Shaping the Future
Bio- and Bio-inspired H2 Production• Biological systems (plants, microbes) can produce hydrogen from H2O.• Nanostructured catalysts can mimic biological systems for H2 production.
Biomimetic catalysts may play important roles in future electrochemical and photochemical hydrogen-related processes.
Priority Research Areas in Hydrogen ProductionPriority Research Areas in Hydrogen Production
Synthetic catalysts, such as water oxidation catalysts based on the design of the natural photosynthesis II Mn cluster (upper left) or hydrogen activation catalysts based on the design of the natural reversible Iron-hydrogenase H-cluster (lower right), show promise in mimicking many of the catalytic properties of their natural counterparts.
Basic Energy SciencesBasic Energy SciencesServing the Present, Shaping the FutureServing the Present, Shaping the Future
Nuclear and Solar Thermal Hydrogen to split H2O
Nanostructures may allow the high efficiency achieved in thermo-chemical hydrogen production cycles to occur under less severe environmental conditions.
Priority Research Areas in Hydrogen ProductionPriority Research Areas in Hydrogen Production
• Operation at high temperature (500-950 ºC) for thermal hydrogen production cycles places severe demands on reactor design and on materials.
• Use of solar concentrator technology needs to be explored.
• Efforts to lower operating temperatures offer major challenges for catalyst development.
Basic Energy SciencesBasic Energy SciencesServing the Present, Shaping the FutureServing the Present, Shaping the Future
Fossil Fuel ReformingMolecular level understanding of catalytic mechanisms, nanoscale catalyst design, high temperature gas separation
Solar Photoelectrochemistry/PhotocatalysisLight harvesting, charge transport, chemical assemblies, bandgap engineering, interfacial chemistry, catalysis and photocatalysis, organic semiconductors, theory and modeling, and stability
Bio- and Bio-inspired H2 ProductionMicrobes & component redox enzymes, nanostructured 2D & 3D hydrogen/oxygen catalysis, sensing, and energy transduction, engineer robust biological and biomimetic H2 production systems
Nuclear and Solar Thermal HydrogenThermodynamic data and modeling for thermochemical cycle (TC), high temperature materials: membranes, TC heat exchanger materials, gas separation, improved catalysts
Priority Research Areas in Hydrogen ProductionPriority Research Areas in Hydrogen Production
Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Ni surface-alloyed with Au to reduce carbon poisoning
Synthetic Catalysts for Water Oxidation and Hydrogen Activation
Current Technology • Tanks for gaseous or liquid hydrogen storage. • Progress demonstrated in solid state storage materials.Target Applications• Transportation: on-board vehicles storage.• Non-transportation: applications for hydrogen production/delivery. System Requirements• Demand compact, light-weight, affordable storage. • System requirements set for FreedomCAR: 4.5 wt% for 2005, 9 wt% for 2015. • No current storage system or material meets all targets.
(Currently: Solid Storage 3%; Liquid and Gas Storage 4%)
Hydrogen Storage PanelHydrogen Storage PanelPanel Chairs: Kathy Taylor (GM, retired), Puru Jena (Virginia Commonwealth U)
Gravimetric Energy DensityMJ/kg system
Volu
metr
ic E
nerg
y D
en
sit
yM
J /
L s
yste
m
0
10
20
30
0 10 20 30 40
Energy Density of Fuels
proposed DOE goal
gasoline
liquid H2
chemicalhydrides
complex hydrides
compressed gas H2
Basic Energy SciencesBasic Energy SciencesServing the Present, Shaping the FutureServing the Present, Shaping the Future
High Gravimetric H Density CandidatesHigh Gravimetric H Density Candidates
Based on Schlapbach and Zuttel, 2001
Basic Energy SciencesBasic Energy SciencesServing the Present, Shaping the FutureServing the Present, Shaping the Future
Metal Hydrides and Complex Hydrides• Metal hydrides such as alanates allow high hydrogen volume density, but
temperature of hydrogen release also tends to be high.• Nanostructured materials may improve absorption volume.• Incorporated catalysts may improve release.
Using Neutrons to “See” HydrogenUsing Neutrons to “See” Hydrogen
NaAlH4 X-ray view NaAlD4 neutron viewNaAlH4 X-ray view NaAlD4 neutron view
H D C O Al Si Fe
X ray cross section
Neutron cross section
H D C O Al Si Fe
X ray cross section
Neutron cross section
The large neutron cross sections of hydrogen and deuterium make neutrons an ideal probe for in situ studies of hydrogen-based chemical reactions, surface interactions, catalytic reactions and of hydrogen in penetrating through membranes.
Priority Research Areas in Hydrogen StoragePriority Research Areas in Hydrogen Storage
Basic Energy SciencesBasic Energy SciencesServing the Present, Shaping the FutureServing the Present, Shaping the Future
A computational representation of hydrogen adsorption in an optimized array of (10,10) nanotubes at 298 K and 200 Bar. The red spheres represent hydrogen molecules and the blue spheres represent carbon atoms in the nanotubes, showing 3 kinds of binding sites. (K. Johnson et al.)
Carbon Nanotubes for Hydrogen StorageCarbon Nanotubes for Hydrogen Storage
• The very small size and very high surface area of carbon nanotubes make them interesting for hydrogen storage.
• Challenge is to increase the H:C stoichiometry and to strengthen the H—C bonding at 300 K.
Basic Energy SciencesBasic Energy SciencesServing the Present, Shaping the FutureServing the Present, Shaping the Future
Nanoscale/Novel Materials
• Nanoscale materials have high surface areas, novel shapes, with properties much different from their 3D counterparts – especially useful for catalysts and catalyst supports.
Priority Research Areas in Hydrogen StoragePriority Research Areas in Hydrogen Storage
Nanostructures such as cup-stacked carbon nanofibers (less than 10nm diameter) and other high surface area structures are being developed to support tiny nanocatalyst particles (2nm) in the regions between the cups. Results obtained thus far are encouraging for specific applications.
• Enhanced hydrogen adsorption on high surface area nanostructures may be attained by selective manipulation of surface properties.
• Nanostructures also have other opportunities for use for hydrogen storage.
Basic Energy SciencesBasic Energy SciencesServing the Present, Shaping the FutureServing the Present, Shaping the Future
Theory and ModelingModel systems for benchmarking against calculations at all length scales, integrating disparate time & length scales, first principles methods applicable to condensed phases
Priority Research Areas in Hydrogen StoragePriority Research Areas in Hydrogen Storage
First principles density functional theory shows that neutral AlH4 dissociates into AlH2 + H2 but that ionized AlH4
- tightly binds 4 hydrogens.
Calculations further show that Ti substitutes for Na in NaAlH4 and weakens the Al-H ionic bond, thus making it possible to dramatically lower the temperature of H2 desorption (by approximately 100°C).
(unpublished calculations of P. Jena, co-chair of Hydrogen Storage Panel).
Basic Energy SciencesBasic Energy SciencesServing the Present, Shaping the FutureServing the Present, Shaping the Future
Metal Hydrides and Complex HydridesDegradation, thermophysical properties, effects of surfaces, processing, dopants, and catalysts in improving kinetics, nanostructured composites
Nanoscale/Novel MaterialsFinite size, shape, and curvature effects on electronic states, thermodynamics, and bonding, heterogeneous compositions and structures, catalyzed dissociation and interior storage phase
Theory and ModelingModel systems for benchmarking against calculations at all length scales, integrating disparate time & length scales, first principles methods applicable to condensed phases
Priority Research Areas in Hydrogen StoragePriority Research Areas in Hydrogen Storage
Fuel PEFC
Fuel (NaBH4)
Spent fuel
Fuel CellVehicle
Fuel
Spent fuelrecovery
(NaBO2)
Service Station
Borohydride Production
(Mg)
H2
(MgO)
Fuel PEFC
Fuel (NaBH4)
Spent fuel
Fuel CellVehicle
Fuel
Spent fuelrecovery
(NaBO2)
Service Station
Borohydride Production
(Mg)
H2
(MgO)
NaAlH4 X-ray view NaAlD4 neutron viewNaAlH4 X-ray view NaAlD4 neutron view
H D C O Al Si Fe
X ray cross section
Neutron cross section
H D C O Al Si Fe
X ray cross section
Neutron cross section
NaBH4 + 2 H2O 4 H2 + NaBO2
H Adsorption in Nanotube Array
Neutron Imaging of Hydrogen
Cup-Stacked Carbon Nanofiber
Basic Energy SciencesBasic Energy SciencesServing the Present, Shaping the FutureServing the Present, Shaping the Future
Fuel Cells and Novel Fuel Cell Materials PanelFuel Cells and Novel Fuel Cell Materials Panel
Current status: • Engineering investments have been a
success. • Limits to performance are materials, which
have not changed much in 15 years.
Panel Chairs: Frank DiSalvo (Cornell), Tom Zawodzinski (Case Western Reserve)
Challenges:• Membranes
• Operation in lower humidity, strength and durability. • Higher ionic conductivity.
• Cathodes • Materials with lower overpotential and resistance to impurities.• Low temperature operation needs cheaper (non- Pt) materials.• Tolerance to impurities: CO, S, hydrocarbons.
• Reformers• Need low temperature and inexpensive reformer catalysts.
2H2 + O2 2H2O + electrical power + heat
Basic Energy SciencesBasic Energy SciencesServing the Present, Shaping the FutureServing the Present, Shaping the Future
Electrocatalysts and MembranesOxygen reduction cathodes, minimize rare metal usage in cathodes and anodes, synthesis and processing of designed triple percolation electrodes
Low Temperature Fuel Cells ‘Higher’ temperature proton conducting membranes, degradation mechanisms, functionalizing materials with tailored nano-structures
Solid Oxide Fuel CellsTheory, modeling and simulation, validated by experiment, for electrochemical materials and processes, new materials-all components, novel synthesis routes for optimized architectures, advanced in-situ analytical tools
Priority Research Areas in Fuel CellsPriority Research Areas in Fuel Cells
Source: H. Gasteiger (General Motors)
Mass of Pt Used in the Fuel Cell a Critical Cost Issue
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
g Pt/k
W
Ecell (V)0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80
2-5 nm
20-50 -m
Controlled design of triple percolation nanoscale networks: ions, electrons, and porosity for gases
YSZ Electrolyte for SOFCs
Porosity can be tailored
Internal view of a PEM fuel cell
H2Intake Anode Catalysts Cathode O2
Intake
Electrons Water
Membranes
Source: T. Zawodzinski (CWRU)
Source: R. Gorte (U. Penn)
Basic Energy SciencesBasic Energy SciencesServing the Present, Shaping the FutureServing the Present, Shaping the Future
High Priority Research DirectionsHigh Priority Research Directions
• Low-cost and efficient solar energy production of hydrogen
• Nanoscale catalyst design
• Biological, biomimetic, and bio-inspired materials and processes
• Complex hydride materials for hydrogen storage
• Nanostructured / novel hydrogen storage materials
• Low-cost, highly active, durable cathodes for low-temperature fuel cells
• Membranes and separations processes for hydrogen production and fuel cells
• Analytical and measurement technologies
• Theory, modeling, and simulation
Basic Energy SciencesBasic Energy SciencesServing the Present, Shaping the FutureServing the Present, Shaping the Future
Cross-Cutting Research DirectionsCross-Cutting Research Directions
• Catalysis
- hydrocarbon reforming
- hydrogen storage kinetics
- fuel cell and electrolysis electrochemistry
• Membranes and Separation
• Nanoscale Materials and Nanostructured Assemblies
• Characterization and Measurement Techniques
• Theory and Modeling
• Safety and Environment
Basic Energy SciencesBasic Energy SciencesServing the Present, Shaping the FutureServing the Present, Shaping the Future
MessagesMessages
http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/hydrogen.pdf
Enormous gap between present state-of-the-art capabilities and requirements that will allow hydrogen to be competitive with today’s
energy technologies production: 9M tons 40M tons (vehicles)
storage: 4.4 MJ/L (10K psi gas) 9.72 MJ/L fuel cells: $3000/kW $35/kW (gasoline engine)
Enormous R&D efforts will be required Simple improvements of today’s technologies
will not meet requirements Technical barriers can be overcome only with high
risk/high payoff basic research
Research is highly interdisciplinary, requiring chemistry, materials science, physics, biology, engineering, nanoscience, computational science
Basic and applied research should couple seamlessly
Basic Energy SciencesBasic Energy SciencesServing the Present, Shaping the FutureServing the Present, Shaping the Future
Inter-Agency CoordinationInter-Agency CoordinationDOE• Hydrogen Program Management Plan- EERE, FE, NE, SC• EERE Grand Challenge Solicitation on Hydrogen Storage (~ $150 M for 5 years) OSTP Hydrogen R & D Task Force Group • DOC, DOD, DOE, DOT, DOS, CIA, EPA, NASA, NIST, NSF, USDA• Develop Taxonomy of Research Directions to Facilitate Inter-Agency Coordination
IPHE (International Partnership for the Hydrogen Economy)• IPHE Ministerial Meeting and Hydrogen Economy Dialogue, November 2003• To Organize, Evaluate and Coordinate Multinational Research, Development and
Deployment Programs
DOE/European Commission• Implementing Agreement on Hydrogen Research and Applications• Topics include: Hydrogen Production, Carbon Sequestration, Storage, Delivery, Fuel Cells,
Codes and Standards, Economic/Cost Modeling
IEA Hydrogen Coordination Group• Hydrogen & Fuel Cells Technology and Policy Programs in IEA Member Countries
Basic Energy SciencesBasic Energy SciencesServing the Present, Shaping the FutureServing the Present, Shaping the Future
OutreachOutreachOMB/OSTP Briefing / SC Briefing
March APS• DCMP Invited Symposium- Dresselhaus, Norskov, Gasteiger, Gust, Gratzel• Wednesday evening plenary? Energy Secy Abraham invited
MRS, ACS will have symposia
Council for Chemical Research
Physics Today- article by Dresselhaus, Buchanan, Crabtree
Nova- consultants are Nate Lewis, Millie Dresselhaus
Jim Lehrer Newshour
Interviews by Brazil Major TV Talk Show / Newspaper