Basic Elements if Individual Behavior

7/31/2019 Basic Elements if Individual Behavior

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Slide content created by Joseph B. Mosca, Monmouth University.Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

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Ready Notes

Basic Elements ofIndividual Behaviorin Organizations

Prof. Begum KhaledaKhanam


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Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 15 - 2

Understanding Individuals Behavior

In order to understand humanbehavior in the workplace, whatneeds to be considered? We must consider the basic

nature of the relationship betweenindividuals and organizations.

What is the psychologicalcontract? The overall set of expectations

held by an organization withrespect to what the employee willcontribute to the organization andwhat the organization will providein return.


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The Psychological Contract

Contributions fromindividuals:

Effort.

Ability. Loyalty.

Skills.

Time.

Competencies.

Inducements fromthe organization:

Pay.

Job security. Benefits.

Career opportunities.

Status.

Promotionopportunities.


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Figure 15.1: The Psychological Contract


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The Person-Job Fit

The specific aspectof managingpsychologicalcontracts is

managing? Person-Job fit: the

extent to which thecontributions made

by the individualmatch theinducements offeredby the organization.


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What Is the Nature of Individual Differences?

Individualdifferences arepersonal attributes

that vary from oneperson to another.

What are individualdifferences?

Physical.

Psychological.

Emotional.


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Personality and Individual Behavior

What is personality?

The relatively stable

set of psychologicaland behavioralattributes thatdistinguish one

person from another.



Can You Name the Big Five

Personality Traits?

Agreeableness: a persons ability to get along

with others.

Conscientiousness: the number of goals on

which a person focuses. Negative emotionality: the extent to which a

person is poised calm, resilient, and secure.

Extraversion: a persons comfort level with

relationships.

Openness: a persons rigidity of beliefs and

range of interests.



The Big Five Model of Personality

High agreeableness Low agreeableness

Agreeableness

High conscientiousness Low conscientiousness

Conscientiousness

Less negative emotionally More negative emotionally

Negative Emotionally

More extraversion More introversion

Extraversion

More openness Less openness

Openness



Other Personality Traits at Work

Locus of control:

The extent to whichpeople believe thattheir behavior has areal effect on whathappens to them.

Self-efficacy:

A persons beliefsabout her or hiscapabilities toperform a task.



What Is Authoritarianism?

The extent to which an individual believesthat power and status differences areappropriate within hierarchical social systems

like organizations. Machiavellianism:

Behavior directed at gaining power and controllingthe behavior of others.

Self-esteem: The extent to which a person believes that they

are a worthwhile and deserving individual.



What Is Risk Propensity?

The degree to whichan individual is

willing to takechances and makerisky decisions.



Attitudes and Individual Behavior

What are attitudes?

Complexes of beliefs andfeelings that people haveabout specific ideas,situations, or otherpeople.

Cognitive dissonance:

The conflict individualsexperience among their

own attitudes.



Work-Related Attitudes

Job satisfaction or dissatisfaction:

An attitude that reflects the extent to whichan individual is gratified by or fulfilled in his

or her work. Organizational commitment:

An attitude that reflects an individuals

identification with and attachment to theorganization itself.



Affects and Mood in Organizations

Positive affectivity: A tendency to be

relatively upbeat andoptimistic, have anoverall sense of well-

being, see things in apositive light, and seemto be in a good mood.

Negative affectivity: A tendency to be

generally downbeat andpessimistic, see things ina negative way, andseem to be in a badmood.



Perception and Individual Behavior

What is perception?

The set of processes by which anindividual becomes aware of and interprets

information about the environment. What is selective perception?

The process of screening out information

that we are uncomfortable with or thatcontradicts our beliefs.



The Perceptual Process

Stereotyping: The process of

categorizing orlabeling people on

the basis of a singleattribute.

Attribution: A mechanism

through which weobserve behaviorand then attributecauses to it.



Figure 15.3: Perceptual Processes



Stress and Individual Behavior

What is stress?

An individuals

response to a strongstimulus, which is

called a stressor.

What is generaladaptation

syndrome? General cycle of the

stress process.



Figure 15.4: The General AdaptationSyndrome


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Can You Name the Personality Types?

Type A:

Individuals who are extremely competitive,are very devoted to work, and have a

strong sense of time urgency. Type B:

Individuals who are less competitive, are

less devoted to work, and have weakersense of time urgency.


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Figure 15.5: Causes of Work Stress


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Organizational Stressors:

Task demands

Physical demands

Role demands Interpersonal

demands


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What Is Burnout?

A feeling ofexhaustion that may

develop whensomeoneexperiences toomuch stress for an

extended period oftime.


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What Are the Ways to Manage Stress?

Exercise

Relaxation

Time management

Support groups


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Creativity in Organizations

What is creativity? The ability of an

individual to generatenew ideas or to conceiveof new perspectives onexisting ideas.

What are thecomponents of thecreative process?

Preparation

Incubation

Insight

Verification


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Types of Workplace Behavior

What is workplace behavior?

A pattern of action by the members of anorganization that directly or indirectly

influences organizational effectiveness. What are the behaviors?

Performance behaviors: the total set of

work-related behaviors that theorganization expects.


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Withdrawal Behavior

What is it?

Absenteeism: Whenan individual doesnot report for work.

Turnover:

When people quittheir jobs.


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What Is Organizational Citizenship?

The behavior of

individuals thatmakes a positiveoverall contributionto the organization.

Basic Elements if Individual Behavior

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