Basic ElectronicsBasic Electronics

Concepts & ComponentsConcepts & Components

Frank ShapleighFrank Shapleigh

Thales (624 – 547 BC)Thales (624 – 547 BC)

Wrote about the Wrote about the attraction of small attraction of small pieces of straw & dust pieces of straw & dust to amber (fossilized to amber (fossilized tree sap) that had tree sap) that had been rubbed by a been rubbed by a cloth. The Greek for cloth. The Greek for amber is amber is ELEKTRONELEKTRON

Charles Coulomb (1736-1806)Charles Coulomb (1736-1806)

Discovered the law Discovered the law which determines the which determines the force between force between electrically charged electrically charged objectsobjects

The The CoulombCoulomb is the is the unit of electric chargeunit of electric charge

Alessandro Volta (1745-1827)Alessandro Volta (1745-1827)

Determined that Determined that electricity could be electricity could be produced by a produced by a combination of 2 combination of 2 different metals in different metals in contact with a cloth contact with a cloth moistened with salt moistened with salt water.water.The The VoltVolt is the unit of is the unit of Electric Potential Electric Potential DifferenceDifference

Hans Oersted (1777-1851)Hans Oersted (1777-1851)

Discovered that a Discovered that a current flowing current flowing through a wire through a wire produced a magnetic produced a magnetic fieldfield

The The OerstedOersted is one is one unit of magnetismunit of magnetism

Andre Ampere (1775-1836)Andre Ampere (1775-1836)

Proposed the correct Proposed the correct theory of the electro-theory of the electro-magnetic force.magnetic force.

The The AmpereAmpere is the is the unit of electric currentunit of electric current

Michael Faraday (1791-1867)Michael Faraday (1791-1867)

Discovered the Discovered the principle of Electro-principle of Electro-magnetic Inductionmagnetic Induction

Invented the Electric Invented the Electric MotorMotor

The The FaradFarad is the unit is the unit of capacitanceof capacitance

Georg Ohm (1789-1854)Georg Ohm (1789-1854)

Discovered the law Discovered the law which relates the which relates the current and voltage in current and voltage in an electric circuitan electric circuit

The The OhmOhm is the unit is the unit of electric resistance of electric resistance in a conductorin a conductor

J.J. Thompson (1856-1940)J.J. Thompson (1856-1940)

In 1897 Thompson In 1897 Thompson discovered the discovered the Electron. Electron. The The manipulation of this manipulation of this sub-atomic particle is sub-atomic particle is called electronics.called electronics.

Thompson won the Thompson won the nobel prize for nobel prize for Physics in 1906Physics in 1906

Thomas Alva EdisonThomas Alva Edison

In his lifetime Edison In his lifetime Edison patented 1,093 patented 1,093 inventions.inventions.His most famous His most famous invention was the invention was the incandescent light incandescent light bulb. He also bulb. He also invented the invented the phonograph and an phonograph and an early movie film early movie film projector.projector.

Samuel MorseSamuel Morse

Morse was not a scientist Morse was not a scientist but a professional artist.but a professional artist.

On an ocean voyage he On an ocean voyage he over heard a conversation over heard a conversation on electromagnetson electromagnets

He invented the telegraph He invented the telegraph and the code that bears his and the code that bears his name.name.

The first telegraph message The first telegraph message was sent in 1844.was sent in 1844.

Guglielmo MarconiGuglielmo Marconi

Marconi did not invent the Marconi did not invent the concept of radio but did concept of radio but did develop the first practical develop the first practical inventions in radio inventions in radio telegraphy over long telegraphy over long distancesdistancesMarconi received the first Marconi received the first trans-Atlantic radio signal trans-Atlantic radio signal at Signal Hill in St. John’s at Signal Hill in St. John’s in 1901in 1901Marconi received the Marconi received the Nobel Prize in Physics in Nobel Prize in Physics in 1906.1906.

Fleming and De ForestFleming and De Forest

Sir Ambrose Fleming Sir Ambrose Fleming invented the diode invented the diode vacuum tube in 1902vacuum tube in 1902

Lee De Forest invented Lee De Forest invented the vacuum tube amplifier the vacuum tube amplifier in 1906in 1906

Both these developments Both these developments led to the radio, long led to the radio, long distance phone service, distance phone service, the television, and the the television, and the first computer.first computer.

Shockley, Bardeen, & BrattainShockley, Bardeen, & Brattain

Shockley, Bardeen, and Shockley, Bardeen, and Brattain are credited with Brattain are credited with the research that led to the research that led to the invention of the the invention of the transistor in 1948. This transistor in 1948. This device forms the basis of device forms the basis of all electronic devices all electronic devices used today including used today including computerscomputers

They were awarded the They were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for Nobel Prize in Physics for 19561956

Kilby and NoyceKilby and Noyce

Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce, Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce, working independently, invented working independently, invented the Integrated Circuit or the Integrated Circuit or Microchip in 1958.Microchip in 1958.

Noyce was one of the founders Noyce was one of the founders of Intel, the world’s largest “chip” of Intel, the world’s largest “chip” maker. You are reading this on a maker. You are reading this on a computer using an Intel computer using an Intel processor.processor.

Kilby invented the calculator and Kilby invented the calculator and won the Nobel prize in Physics won the Nobel prize in Physics in 2000.in 2000.

The Simplest CircuitThe Simplest Circuit

The simplest circuit consists of: The simplest circuit consists of: A source of electrical currentA source of electrical current A conducting pathA conducting path A control element (Switch)A control element (Switch) Something that converts electrical energy to Something that converts electrical energy to

some other form of energy (called a load some other form of energy (called a load resistance)resistance)

An An Open CircuitOpen Circuit has no complete path for has no complete path for current flow, a current flow, a Closed CircuitClosed Circuit does! does!

Simplest Circuit (cont’d)Simplest Circuit (cont’d)

When the control element is activated (a When the control element is activated (a switch closing), current will flow in the switch closing), current will flow in the circuit until the energy of the source is circuit until the energy of the source is exhausted.exhausted.

A circuit diagram using standard symbols A circuit diagram using standard symbols is called a is called a SchematicSchematic from the Latin from the Latin Schema (plan).Schema (plan).

Simplest Circuit (cont’d)Simplest Circuit (cont’d)

There are a number of electrical There are a number of electrical parameters (measurements) that are of parameters (measurements) that are of importance. The 3 most basic are:importance. The 3 most basic are: Electric Potential DifferenceElectric Potential Difference - measured in - measured in

VoltsVolts Electric CurrentElectric Current - measured in - measured in AmperesAmperes ResistanceResistance - measured in - measured in OhmsOhms

Simplest Circuit (cont’d)Simplest Circuit (cont’d)

Electric Potential Difference can be very Electric Potential Difference can be very loosely defined as the “loosely defined as the “electric pressureelectric pressure” ” which forces electric current through a which forces electric current through a conductorconductorElectric Current is the Electric Current is the flow of electric flow of electric chargecharge through a conductor is a unit of through a conductor is a unit of timetimeResistance is the Resistance is the oppositionopposition to the flow of to the flow of current through the conductor current through the conductor

Simplest Circuit (cont’d)Simplest Circuit (cont’d)

In the next slide, a voltmeter and an In the next slide, a voltmeter and an ammeter are used to measure the ammeter are used to measure the electrical properties of a circuitelectrical properties of a circuit

It is important to connect these devices to It is important to connect these devices to the circuit in the proper waythe circuit in the proper way

Simplest Circuit (cont’d)Simplest Circuit (cont’d)

The 3 parameters of an electrical circuit The 3 parameters of an electrical circuit are related mathematically. That are related mathematically. That relationship is defined by “Ohm’s Law” and relationship is defined by “Ohm’s Law” and is:is:

E = IR or more commonly V=IRE = IR or more commonly V=IR

V = Electric Potential (volts)V = Electric Potential (volts)

I = Current (amps)I = Current (amps)

R = Resistance (ohms)R = Resistance (ohms)

Sample Calculation – Ohm’s LawSample Calculation – Ohm’s Law

Sample Problem: The voltage is measured Sample Problem: The voltage is measured at 3 volts and the current at 0.5 amperes. at 3 volts and the current at 0.5 amperes. What is the resistance of the load resistor?What is the resistance of the load resistor? Given: V = 3v, I = 0.5a, R = ?Given: V = 3v, I = 0.5a, R = ? Solving for R R = V / ISolving for R R = V / I R = 3 /0.5R = 3 /0.5 R = 6R R = 6R

Simplest Circuit (cont’d)Simplest Circuit (cont’d)

There are other There are other electrical parameters electrical parameters that can be measured that can be measured such as Power such as Power (Watts) & Energy (Watts) & Energy (Joules)(Joules)

The diagram on the The diagram on the right is used by right is used by technicians technicians

Electronic ComponentsElectronic Components

A basic knowledge of electronics is not A basic knowledge of electronics is not complete unless the student can identify complete unless the student can identify the basic components.the basic components.

A useful exercise is to take a surplus A useful exercise is to take a surplus /obsolete circuit board and identify as /obsolete circuit board and identify as many components as possible.many components as possible.

The following slides will help identify The following slides will help identify common components.common components.