Basic Concepts of the Personal Computer

Basic Concepts of the Personal Computer

ContentsContentsHistory of PC EvolutionPC ArchitectureCISC & RISC CPUPCI RoutingAT v.s. ATX PowerATA and SATAWinCE Simple conceptWin XP Embeded Simple Concept

History Of PC EvolutionHistory Of PC Evolution

History of PC EvolutionHistory of PC Evolution

First appeared as the Intel 8086 CPU in 1978.IBM and Microsoft made it an operation system, meaning all documentation and specifications of the H/W and S/W of the PC were made public.8086 80286 80386 80486 Pentium

History of PC EvolutionHistory of PC Evolution

PC ArchitecturePC Architecture

Before Entering OSBefore Entering OS

Traditional x86 ArchitectureTraditional x86 Architecture

CISC & RISC CPUCISC & RISC CPU

CISC & RISC CPUCISC & RISC CPU

CPU

CISC RISC

CISCCISCComplex Instruction Set ComputerComplex instructionsVariable length instructionsRelatively small number of registersAccess memory locations directlyx86: Intel and AMDPersonal computers and low- and mid-range servers and workstations.

RISCRISCReduced Instruction Set ComputerDerived from CISCFixed length and regular format instructionsLarger number of registers than CISCOperations are performed on registers only. The only memory operations are load and store.Hardware in RISC is simpler because RISC architecture relies more on the complier for sequencing complex operations.AVR, PIC, ARM, DEC, Alpha, PA-RISC, SPARC, MIPS, Power Architecture, etc.Workstations and servers.

Storage Scheme fora Generic ComputerStorage Scheme fora Generic Computer

Main memory is divided into locations numbered from (row) 1: (column) 1 to (row) 6: (column) 4.We want to find the product of two numbers - one stored in location 2:3 and another stored in location 5:2 - and then store the product back in the location 2:3.

RISC Approach RISC Approach

1. LOAD A, 2:32. LOAD B, 5:23. PROD A, B4. STORE 2:3, A

Each fixed length and regular format is executes during one clock cycle.

CISC Approach CISC Approach

MULT 2:3, 5:2

One variable length and complex instruction executes during several clock cycles.

CISC RISCEmphasis on hardware Emphasis on software

Includes multi-clock Single-clock

complex instructions reduced instruction only

Memory-to-memory:"LOAD" and "STORE"

Register to register:"LOAD" and "STORE"

incorporated in instructions are independent instructions

Small code sizes Low cycles per second

high cycles per second large code sizes

Transistors used for storingcomplex instructions

Spends more transistorson memory registers

CISC vs. RISC

PCI IntroductionPCI Introduction

PCI System Block Diagram

PCI Connector

PCI Bandwidth Comparison

Standard: PICMG– PCI Industrial Computer Manufactures Group

Compatible with PCI standard

Purpose is to expand ISA and PCI slots for more application adapters

PICMG Backplane

Primary & Secondary PCI Slot

With PCI INT routing

NO PCI INT routingPCI INT Routing

PCI INT Routing

If there are on board functions, it may share the same IRQ with add-on cardsIRQ sharing is allowed in PCINormal, most of add-on cards use #INT A onlyHardware INT routing design has to work with BIOS programming

PCI INT Routing

AT vs. ATX PowerAT vs. ATX Power

AT (Advanced Technology)AT (Advanced Technology)

ATX (Advanced Technology eXtended)ATX (Advanced Technology eXtended)

24-pin ATX power supply connector(20-pin omits the last 4: 11, 12, 23 and 24)

How to simulate ATX to AT power?How to simulate ATX to AT power?Description:UNO-2171 is ATX solution system. Customer want the systemcan power on automatically when power in. They don’t want topress the power button to power on the system.

Solution:1. Boot the system2. Press DEL to enter BIOS setup screen 3. Set Integrated Peripherals → Super I/O → Power On After PWR-

fail item to ON.4. Press F10 to save & exit BIOS setup screen5. Done.

ATA and SATA ATA and SATA

Inside HDDInside HDD

Inside HDDInside HDD

Hard disk platter (or disk) is a component of a HDD: it is the circular disk on which the magnetic data are stored. Hard drives typically have several platters which are mounted on the same spindle.

Inside HDDInside HDD

HDD Head :Close-up of a hard disk head resting on the disk platter. The smooth disk surface shows a mirror image of the head/slider resting on its surface.

Inside HDDInside HDD

Data is stored on the surface of a platter in the sectors and tracks

ATA (Advanced Technology Attachment)ATA (Advanced Technology Attachment)

IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics)Parallel Transmission16 bit wide parallel data bus up to 133MB/sOne channel supports up to 2 drives (Master/ Slave)

ATA (Advanced Technology Attachment)ATA (Advanced Technology Attachment)

ATA (Advanced Technology Attachment)ATA (Advanced Technology Attachment)

For 80 pin cable: the extra 40 pins are ground pins to reduce noise in order to boost the speed

ATA (Advanced Technology Attachment)ATA (Advanced Technology Attachment)

SATA (Serial ATA)SATA (Serial ATA)

Serial transmission7 pin for data and 25 pin for powerBandwidth: 150MB/s(SATA 2 can support up to 3Gbps)Hot Swap capabilityData is stored on the surface of a platter in the sectors and tracks

SATA (Serial ATA)SATA (Serial ATA)

ATA (IDE) SATA SATA II

Transmission Parallel Serial Serial

Band width Up to 133 MB/s 150MB /s 300 MB /s

Hop Swap Support

NO YES YES

Compatibility Incompatible with SATA

Incompatible with ATA

Compatible with SATA

ATA & SATA & SATA IIATA & SATA & SATA II

WinCE Simple conceptWinCE Simple concept

Windows CE

32 bit, real time, multitasking OSHighly componentized

– Delivered as a granular set of components– Use Platform Builder tools to configure image

Wide variety of CPU support– Runs on x86, ARM, XScale, MIPS and SH4

Windows CE Limitation

Can not run MS-DOS applicationCan not run desktop windows applicationCan not Support desktop drivers

Windows XP EmbeddedSimple concept

Windows XP EmbeddedSimple concept

Windows XP Embedded

What Is Windows XP Embedded?– Componentized version of Windows XP Pro

Based on the same binaries as Windows XP ProfessionalChoose only features and services you need

– Additional embedded enabling featuresEnable a broad range of devices to utilize rich Windows XP Professional features (EWF, Ethernet boot, CDROM boot)

Windows XP Embedded

XPE Design Goal– Binary Compatibility with Windows XP– Rich Operating System Functionality– Small Operating System Size– Modular and Compact– Embedded Enabling Features– Development Tool Support

Thank You!Thank You!