Basic Concept of Psy Kn 2005

7/31/2019 Basic Concept of Psy Kn 2005

1/54

Basic concepts of psychology


2/54

Psychology

Scientific investigation of behaviour and

mental processes


3/54

Biological approach:Focus on the neuronal processes of behaviour,

motivation and emotional processes.

BehaviourismFocus on the directly observed behaviour

Cognitive approachFocus on perception, memory, appraisal,

decision making and other thinking processes.

2.-3. form the behavioural and social learning

psychology


4/54

Psychoanalytic approachConcentrate on conceptualising mental

processes as conflict of intrapsychic forces

Phenomenological approach

Concentrateon the personal experiences and thesubjective interpretation of the world


5/54

Interdisciplinary approaches.

Cognitive science

Investigate mental processes as perception, memory and

decision making as computing mechanisms and create

comprehensive models on multiple scientific bases

(mathematics, computer sciences, neurobiology, linguistics

etc.)

Evolutionary psychology

Focus of the origin of different psychological mechanisms

using the terms of genetics, ethology and physiology


6/54

Basic disciplines:

1. Experimental psychology

Focus on the experimentation concerning the basic mental processes.

2. Developmental psychology Focus on the human development

3. Personality psychology

Focus on the constructs of human personality

4. Social psychology

Focus on the nature and organisation of human interpersonal relationships


7/54

Applied disciplines:

School and education psychology

Work and organisation psychology

Military psychology


8/54

Clinical disciplines:

Clinical psychology

Focus onthe assessment and treatment

of mental/behavioural disorders


9/54

Health Psychology

Focus onhealth behaviour andprevention

with modification of those behaviours that

carry epidemiological risk.


10/54

Medical psychology

Focus on the psychological issues in general

medical practice e.c. doctor patient

relationship, communication, assessmentand treatment of psychological complaints,

symptoms and disorders frequently

associated with general medical problemsand


11/54

Behavioural medicine

Focus oncomprehensive management of

complex, chronic physical disorders (e.c.

CHD, bronchial asthma, pain, diabetes,

chronic GI diseases)


12/54

Theory of Mind I.


13/54

Intrapsychic conflicts

Determinims

Libido

Early childhood development

Unconscioous mental process


14/54

The unconscious mental process

Much of the human mental activity occurs outsideof awareness

These activity influences behaviour and conscious

thoughts but not available to voluntary recall

The unconscious process represents drives,instincts and wishes, impulses, fantasies

considered unacceptable

The unconscious process produces attitudes,

thinking patterns and behaviours as part of thepersonality (conscience, defence mechanisms,

automatic behaviours)


15/54

Psychic determinism

All mental activity is meaningful and is

connected with previous life experiences.

No mental activity is accidental or

meaningless.


16/54

Drives

Drives is the motivation behind mental processes

and behaviour

The manifestation of unconscious drives are:

wishes, fantasies, impulses

There are two major categories of drives: libido

(sexual drive) and thanatos (aggressive drive)

Drives press toward gratification and discharge. In the

infant and child the actions are more direct and overt

(primary process) then gradually meet social standards

(secondary process).


17/54

The importance ofpsychosexual

development

oral stage (primary drive satisfaction is

achieved by sucking)anal stage (primary drive satisfaction is

achieved by voluntary control of urinary and

anal expulsion and retention)


18/54

Oedipal stage

Genitals became the primary source of interest and

pleasure

Oedipus complex (child wishes to have an

exclusive relationship with the opposite sex parent)

and oedipal conflict (fear that the same sex parent

will be displeased and angry with the child for his

rivalrous wishes). The resolution is theidentification with the same sex parent.


19/54

Latency (primary interest on peers and

socialisation)Genital stage: Previous experiences are

integrated to primary genial sexuality.


20/54

Defence mechanisms:

Mental operations that function outside of

awareness to ward off anxiety and maintain

a sense of safety, self esteem, and well beingAlong with maturation emerge in a

developmental sequence

Some defences may emerge episodically

some may become habitual as the part of

the personality.


21/54

Structural model of mind:

Id the unconscious, psychic representation

of drives

Ego is a group of functions that provide foradaptation to the demand of the drives and to

the requirements of external (sociocultural)

reality.

Superego: represents the moral, ethical

values, judgements, conscience and the ego-

ideal


22/54

Psychoanalysis as treatment:

Main objective: Cope with fixation or

regression

Free association and dream analysisClarification: obtaining further associations about issues and

relationships

Confrontation: Pointing out the defences and other

unconscious actions by identifying connections, continuities

and inconsistencies

Interpretation: Conceptualisation the nature of the patient s

unconscious wishes and thought through clarification and

confrontation


23/54

Transference: Attitudes, feelings, thoughts and

wishes that involve important figures in the past are

unconsciously re-enacted with individuals (therapist,

medical staff, physician) in the present.

Counter-transference: The same process but

occurs on the part of the therapist toward the patient.


24/54

Behavioural and SocialLearning Psychology

Theory of Mind II.


25/54

All behaviours and personality development

represent the acquisition and organisation of

reactions, responses and (perceptual,cognitive and behavioural) patterns. These

originate in and are governed by learning

that are subject primarily to environmentalinfluence


26/54

Behaviourism

Subject of study the objectively measurable

behaviour

external behaviour - directly observable

internal behaviour - emotions and cognition

(could be monitoring with instrumentation)

empirism and experimentation

emphasis on learning


27/54

Classic or respondent conditioning (Pavlov)

stimulus: cue from an internal or external event

response: a behaviour provoked by a stimulus

unconditioned stimulus (UCS) e.g. food

unconditioned response (UCR)

conditioned stimulus (CS) e.g. bell ringing

conditioned response (CR)


28/54

acquisition phase: the period when the conditioned response is

learned

discrimination: some stimuli which similar to CS can elicit the CR

but others not

generalisation: (almost) all stimuli which similar to CS can elicit

the CR

extinction: CS loses the power to elicit CR (by no longer paired

with the CS) or response no longer follows the behaviour

aversive conditioning: an aversive stimulus (e.g. feeling nausea)

pairs an unwanted behaviour (e.g. drinking alcoholic beverages)


29/54

Operant conditioning (Skinner)

behaviour is determined by its

consequences

actions reward - one action (or some

actions) are reinforced others are extinct


30/54

+reinforcement: increasing the probability of anaction by a + stimulus (e.g. giving rewards)

-reinforcement: increasing the probability of an

action by removing an aversive event

+punishment: decreasing the probability of anaction by a negative stimulus

- punishment: decreasing the probability of an

action by removing a + stimulus


31/54

Problems with punishment:

reinforcements are much more

effective

punishment models aggressivebehaviour

negative emotional responses are

conditioned incidentally


32/54

Social learning (Bandura)

Modelling:

facilitate appropriate behaviour

can facilitate/inhibit behavioural preferences

from own repertoire

can influence emotional responses and

anticipatory arousal


33/54

Self regulation

self observation and monitoring

self evaluation and judgement

self reaction


34/54

Self efficacy

success experiences,

vicarious experiences

verbal persuasion

physiological state


35/54

Cognitive and behavioural therapies

well elaborated treatment protocols

collaborative relationships

aims/goals/models/explanations are

explicit for the patient

time limited

mainly self help


36/54

Comparison ofbehavioural

and psychoanalytic model:


37/54

Behaviour is

determined by

currentcontingencies,

reinforcement

history and geneticendowment

Intrapsychic

processes

determinebehaviour


38/54

Problem behaviour is

the focus of study and

treatment

Behaviour is

interpreted as a

symbol ofintrapsychic

processes and

symptoms of

unconscious conflicts.The underlying

conflict is the focus of

treatment


39/54

Contemporary

variables, such as

contingencies ofreinforcement, are the

focus of analysis

Historical variables,

such as childhood

experiences, are thefocus of analysis


40/54

Treatment entails

application of

learning principlesand cognitive

conceptualisation of

beliefs, attitudes and

behaviour

Treatment consists of

bringing unconscious

conflicts intoconsciousness


41/54

Objective

observation

measurement andexperimentation are

the methods employed

Subjective methods of

interpretation of

behaviour andinference regarding

unobservable events

(e.g. intrapsychic

processes) areemployed


42/54

Theory is based on

experimentation

Theory is

predominantly based

on case histories


43/54

Tenets can be

formulated into

testable hypothesesand evaluated through

experimentation

Many tenets cannot be

formulated into

testable hypotheses


44/54

Psychological assessment


45/54

Psychological interview I.

General description

Appearance

Overt behaviour and psychomotor activity

- Manierism

- Stereotyped behaviour

- Agitation

- Psychomotor retardation

Attitude

- Hostile

- Passive

- Complainant

- Co-operative


46/54

Mood and affectivity

Mood

- Depressed

- Euphoric

- Alternating

Affect

- Anger

- Anxiety- Euphory

Appropriateness of affects


47/54

Speech characteristics

Talkative

Unspontaneous

Voluble

Responsive/unresponsive

Bizarre


48/54

Perception

No perceptual disturbances

Illusions

Hallucinations

- Visual/auditory/olfactory/tactile

- Scenic/coomentatory/imperative


49/54

Thought process

Loosening of associations

Flight of ideas, racing thoughts

Incoherence

Neologisms

Thought blocking

Tenacity


50/54

Content of thought

Delusions

Paranoia

Preoccupaitons

Obsessions and compulsions

Phobias

Suicidal ideas

Poverty of content


51/54

Sensorium and cognition I.

Consciousness

Orientation (time, place, person, situation)


52/54

Sensorium and cognition II.

Memory

Remote

Recent past (months)

Recent (few days)

Immediate recall


53/54

Sensorium and cognition III.

Concentration and attention

Reading/writing

Abstract thoughts (proverbs)

Information and intelligence


54/54

Basic Concept of Psy Kn 2005

Documents

Transcript of Basic Concept of Psy Kn 2005