Personality

Does Personality include Eternal appearances and behaviour

The inner awareness of self as a permanent organizing force and

The particular organization of measurable traits, both inner and outer.

Definition of Personality It is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustments to his environment.

PersonalityThe sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others.Personality TraitsEnduring characteristics that describe an individuals behavior.

Major Determinants of Personality Biological FactorsHeredityBrainPhysical featuresCultural FactorsFamily FactorsSocial FactorsSituational Factors

Theories of Personality Intrapsychic TheoryType TheoriesTrait TheoriesSelf-Theory andSocial Leaning Theory

Intrapsychic Theory The components of Personality:- IdEgoSuperego

Intrapsychic Theory

(untamed passion, sex instincts, Biological urges, aggressive and destructive Impulses.Unconscious IdpreconsciousEgo(Conscience Ego ideal)consciousSuperego

Freuds conception of the Personality

StructureLevel of consciousnessCharacteristicsIdUnconsciousPrimitive component containing the sexual instincts, biological urges, aggressive and destructive impulses. Source of the libido. Operates according to the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification. Impulsive, amoral, and selfish.EgoLargely consciousPartly unconsciousLogical, rational component, which functions to satisfy the ids urges and carry our transactions in the real world. Acts according to the reality principleSuperegoBoth conscious and unconsciousThe morale component, consisting of the conscience and the ego ideal. Sets moral guidelines, which limit the flexibility of the ego.

Defence Mechanisms

RepressionProjectionDenialRationalizationRegressionReaction FormationSublimation

Type Theories Sheldons Physiognomy TheorySheldon identifies three body types EndomorphMesomorphEctomorph

Body typeBehavioural temperamentEndomorphySoftness and spherical appearance; highly developed abdominal area; underdevelopment of bone muscle etc.The endomorphic type of individual usually has a love for comfort, eats heavily, likes to be around people and desires affection. He is even tempered, shows a relaxed posture, reads showily, and is tolerant of others, and easy to get along with others. He prefers to be led than to lead.MesomorphyHard and rectangular physique with a predominance of bone and muscle; strong, tough and injury-resistant body; well equipped for strenuous physical demands.The mesomorphic individual likes physical adventure and risk-taking. He needs muscular and vigorous physical activity. He is aggressive and insensitive toward others. He tends to be noisy and courageous; he desires action, power, and domination. He is athletic and seeks outdoor activity. EctomorphyLinear and fragile; flat chest and delicate body; usually thin and light-muscled.He displays restraint, inhibition, and desire for concealment. He tends to be distrustful of people. He works well in closed areas. He reacts over quickly, sleeps poorly, and prefers solitude when his mind is troubled. Also he prefers not to attract attention to himself. Typically, he is anxious, ambitious, and dedicated.

The BIG FIVE Personality Traits or FIVE FACTOR MODEL (FFM)

Core TraitsDescriptive characteristics of High ScoresConscientiousnessDependable, hardworking, organized, self disciplined, persistent, reasonableEmotional stabilityCalm, secure, happy, unworriedAgreeablenessCooperative, warm, caring, good natured, courteous, trustingExtraversionSociable, outgoing, talkative, assertive, gregariousOpenness to experience Curious, intellectual, creative, cultured, artistically sensitive, flexible and imaginative

Those with extraversion are likely to be successful in sales and management as a whole. Those with high agreeableness become successful in public / customer relations and HR particularly in conflict handling.

Study indicates that those with high conscientiousness have high level of performance

Those with a strategic management style are characterized by conscientiousness and openness to experience.

Those with a strong interpersonal management style are characterized by extraversion and openness to experience.

In todays workplace, groups / team are becoming more important. The Big Five Traits are also predictive of team performance.

Higher the average score of team members higher is the performance of the team.

Carl Jungs Extrovert-introvert Theory:- He believed that a person can be typed into either 1. Extrovert Or 2. Introvert based on two mental processes:-Perception &Judgment

Jung then further divided perception into:-1. Sensing &2. IntuitionAND Judgment into:-1. Thinking 2. Feeling

Personality TypesExtroverted vs. Introverted (E or I)Sensing vs. Intuitive (S or N)Thinking vs. Feeling (T or F)Judging vs. Perceiving (P or J)

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)A personality test that taps four characteristics and classifies people into 1 of 16 personality types.

Where do you get your energy ?Extraversion (E)

OutgoingInteractingSpeaks, then thinksGregarious

Introversion (I)

QuietConcentratingThinks, then speaksReflective

Where do pay attention to and collect information on?Sensing (S)

PracticalDetailsConcreteSpecific

Intuiting (I)

GeneralPossibilitiesTheoreticalAbstract

How do you evaluate and make decisions ?Thinking (T)

AnalyticalHeadRulesJustice

Feeling (F)

SubjectiveHeartCircumstanceMercy

How do you orient yourself to the outside world ?Judging (J)

StructuredTime orientedDecisiveOrganized

Perceiving (P)

FlexibleOpen endedExploringSpontaneous

The combination in four major dimensions yield 16 types.

As example: An ESTJ personality is Extraverted, Sensing, Thinking and Judging.

This type of person will interact with others (E), sees the world realistically (S), make decisions objectively and decisively (T) and likes structures, schedules and order (J) he is a good manager.

MBTI is used by numerous companies such as AT &T, Exxon, Honeywell, HP and others in selection as well as MDP.

Myers-Briggs Sixteen Primary Traits

Locus of ControlLocus of ControlThe degree to which people believe they are masters of their own fate.InternalsIndividuals who believe that they control what happens to them. ExternalsIndividuals who believe that what happens to them is controlled by outside forces such as luck or chance.

Self-Esteem and Self-MonitoringSelf-Esteem (SE)Individuals degree of liking or disliking themselves.Self-MonitoringA personality trait that measures an individuals ability to adjust his or her behavior to external, situational factors.

Risk-TakingHigh Risk-taking ManagersMake quicker decisionsUse less information to make decisionsOperate in smaller and more entrepreneurial organizationsLow Risk-taking ManagersAre slower to make decisionsRequire more information before making decisionsExist in larger organizations with stable environments

Personality TypesType AsAre always moving, walking, and eating rapidly;Feel impatient with the rate at which most events take place;Strive to think or do two or more things at once;Cannot cope with leisure time;Are obsessed with numbers, measuring their success in terms of how many or how much of everything they acquire.

Type BsNever suffer from a sense of time urgency with its accompanying impatience;Feel no need to display or discuss either their achievements or accomplishments;Play for fun and relaxation, rather than to exhibit their superiority at any cost;Can relax without guilt.

Personality TypesProactive PersonalityIdentifies opportunities, shows initiative, takes action, and perseveres until meaningful change occurs. Creates positive change in the environment, regardless or even in spite of constraints or obstacles.

ValuesValuesBasic convictions that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end-state of existence.Value SystemA hierarchy based on a ranking of an individuals values in terms of their intensity.

Importance of ValuesProvide understanding of the attitudes, motivation, and behaviors of individuals and cultures.Influence our perception of the world around us.Represent interpretations of right and wrong.Imply that some behaviors or outcomes are preferred over others.

Types of Values - Rokeach Value SurveyTerminal ValuesDesirable end-states of existence; the goals that a person would like to achieve during his or her lifetime.Instrumental ValuesPreferable modes of behavior or means of achieving ones terminal values.

Trait Theories

A. Gordon Allports Personality TraitsAllport identified two main categories of traits:-Common traits andIndividual traits.Cardinal TraitsCentral TraitsSecondary Traits

B. Raymond Cattells 16 Personality FactorsCattell identified two typesSurface TraitsSource Traits

Self-Theory Self-theory rejects both psychoanalytic and behaviouristic conceptions of human nature as too mechanistic portraying people as creatures helplessly buffeted about by internal instincts or external stimuli.

Carl Rogers is most closely associated with his approach of self-theory.

Rogers and his associates have developed this personality theory that places emphasis on the individual as an initiating, creating, influential determinant of behaviour within the environmental framework.

Social Learning Theory Four processes have been found to determine the influence that a model will have on an individualAttentional ProcessesRetention ProcessesMotor reproduction processesReinforcement ProcessesDirectVicariousSelf-administered

Personality Characteristics in Organizations Locus of ControlMachiavelleanismSelf-esteemSelf-efficacySelf-monitoringPositive / Negative AffectRisk TakingType A Personality

Measuring Personality The Projective TestsBehavioural MeasuresSelf-report questionnaireMinnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MPTI)

Matching Personalities and Jobs

TypePersonality CharacteristicsSample OccupationsRealistic: Prefers physical activities that require skill, strength and coordinationShy, genuine, persistent, stable, conforming, practicalMechanic, drill, press operator, assembly line worker, farmerInvestigative: Prefers activities involving thinking, organizing, and understanding Analytical, original, curious, independentBiologist, economist, mathematician, news reporterSocial: Prefers activities that involve helping and developing othersSociable, friendly, cooperative, understandingSocial worker, teacher, counsellor, clinical psychologistConventional: Prefers rule-regulated, orderly, and unambiguous activitiesConforming, efficient, practical, unimaginative, inflexibleAccountant, corporate manager, bank teller, file clerkEnterprising: Prefers verbal activities where there are opportunities to influence others and attain powerSelf-confident, ambitious, energetic, domineering business managerLawyer, real-estate agent, public relations specialist, smallArtistic: prefers ambiguous and unsystematic activities that allow creative expressionImaginative, disorderly, idealistic, emotional, impracticalPainter, musician, writer, interior decorator.

Our personality shapes our behaviour.We can better understand people if we know something about his or her personality.Personality is the sum total of ways in which an individual interacts and reacts with other people or groups. Managers need to know about personality and personality tests because they are useful in making hiring decisions.It is important that employees personalities fit with the overall organisations culture and with the characteristics of the specific job which they have to perform.