Diapositiva 1

Starting with The Name of Almighty ALLAH, The Most Beneficent and The Most Merciful.

Transportation EngineeringSir Ahmed Faraz AbroGroup Leader: Ali Hyder ChandioL-13CE-56 GROUP MEMBERS Kashif Morio L-13CE-45 Shahroz Bhatti L-13CE-51 Waqas Soomro L-13CE-55 Muhammad Ibrahim L-13CE-57 0rangzeb Chandio L-13CE-66 Widad Kaka L-13CE-73

3ContentsBasic Components of a Railway TrackTypes of RailsUsage of Different Types of RailsBasic Components of a Railway TrackFirst of all defining a railway track, A railway track is a permanent way for the movement of trains or locomotives. It enables trains to move by providing a dependable surface for their wheels to roll.There are mainly five components on which a railway track is based. They are..FormationSleepersRailsBallastFittings and Fastenings

DIAGRAM1.FormationIt is the base or foundation of the track.It provides a level surface, where ballast rests.It takes the total load of the track.

2.SleepersSleepers hold the rail together in a proper position.Help in maintaining and providing proper gauge.It also transfers the load of locomotive to the ballast load.It also helps in enhancing the correct line and level of railThey are of 4 types; Wooden, Steel, Concrete, Cast Iron Sleepers

Wooden SleeperConcrete Sleeper

Steel Sleeper

3.RailThese are steel girders.They are placed end to end to provide a level and continuous surface for movement of locomotive.These are basically shaped as I-beam.They give smooth movement to the wheels.They also transmit the wheel load over sleepers.Rail

4.BallastBallasts forms a track bed of broken stones, gravel, sand etc; over which the sleepers are laid.They hold sleepers in position.They also provide a uniform level surface.They also facilitate drainage of water.They also transfer loads to a larger area of formation.They are of 7 types; Broken stone, Gravel, Ash, Moorum, Kanker, Broken brick Ballasts.Ballast

5.Fittings and FasteningsThe devices used to connect rails with sleepers in order to form a track.They provide a grip between rails and sleepers.These absorb vibrations and shocks generated when the locomotive moves on the rail.These hold the rail in a correct position, level and alignment.Fitting and fastenings types are..1. Fish Plates2. Fish Bolts3. Chairs4. Keys5. Bearing platesAll in one Diagram

Bearing plate

TYPES OF RAILSRails are the steel girders placed end to end to provide a leveled and continuous surface for the easy movement of the locomotive.There are 3 types of rails1. Double Headed Rail2. Bull Headed Rail3. Flat Footed Rail

1. Double Headed RailIn late 1830s, double headed rail was used. The supposed advantage behind this rail was that when the head became worn, the rail could be turned over and re-used. (because of having the same dimensions)This in practice, was not very successful because the chairs caused dents in lower surface.Normal Sketch of a Double headed rail

2. Bull Headed RailBull headed rail is similar to double headed rail except that the profile of head of the rail is not the same as that of foot.Heavy amount of metal is used in the head of bull-headed rail.It was a very expensive method of laying track. Heavy cast-iron chairs were needed to support it.

Cross section of BullHeaded Rail

3. Flat Footed RailIt is basically T-Section Rail.To remove the drawback of other two types, Charles Vignoles introduced this rail in Britain in 1839.It is also known as Vignoles Rail.Flat footed Rail

USAGE OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF RAILSDOUBLE HEADED RAILAs rails were mainly on the head, it was thought that double headed rail could be inverted after one side head had worn out as the dimensions of both the head and foot were of same profile.In late 1830s, this type of rail was used by United Kingdom (London and Birmingham Railway).In practice, this form of recycling was not very successful as the chair caused dents in lower surface.BULL-HEADED RAILIt was the standard for the British railway system for mid-20th Century.Bullhead rail is similar to double-headed rail except that the profile of head is not as same as that of foot. It was not possible to flip use it so, there was no longer benefit of reusability.Heavy cast iron chairs were needed to support it because, head had much bigger profile than the foot.FLAT-FOOTED RAILCharles Vignoles introduced this rail to the Britain (London and Croydon Railway) in 1836.It has a wider base than the head.They have more lateral strength.The no. of fastenings is few.The most world widely used rail is the flat-footed rail.