Basic Civil Defense Guide (1955)

8/14/2019 Basic Civil Defense Guide (1955)

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UN- ITEDSTATES C IV IL D E F E N S E

BAS IC COURSE FORC IV IL DEFENSE

FEDERAL CIVIL DEFENSE ADMINISTRATION(Instructor's Guide)

UNIT ED ST ATE S G OV ER NM EN T P RI~ lN G O FFIC E: FEB RUA RY 1955

For $Qle h y Ihe Superintendenl of Documenl$, U.s. Government Printing OfficeW(I$hJnglDn 25, D. C. ~ Pri


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CONTENT SIntroduction.

Page. . . . . . . . .. . " . . ;SessionI.Functions of civil defense . . . . . . . .Organization of civil defense. . . . .Operational functions of civil defense.Civil defense as a natural disaster agencyPersonal data . . . . .References . . . . . . . . . . . . ;. 11I

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II. Defense against atomic attack. . . . . . Summary of effects of nuclear explosion.General description of explosion . . ..Effects of the bomb . . . . . . . . .Physical defense against atomic weaponsPsychological defense against atomic weaponsLeadership . .Personal defenseSelf-protection.Warning signals . . Family protectionNeighborhood protectionConclusion . . . ..References .

. . .. .III. Fire "fighting and rescue workReferences . . . . . 1 1 1 , . . .

IV. Defense against biological, chemical, and other forms of attack .Biological warfare . . . . .Chemical warfareOther forms of attackReferences . . ~V. Selecting your civil defense job.Your place in civil defense.PlacementClosing exercises. . .

. . .. . .. . ..

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I NTRODUCT IONP-urposeThis guide presents a basic course in civildefense. Civil defense, which President Eisen-

hower has termed a "sheer necessity" in the dayof H-bombs and the other weapons of modernwar is based mainly on an early warning and the'. . .. . .planned, .orderly evacuation O f our target cities.Itencompasses many other defense measures aswell. It affects every man, woman, and child inthe Nation.This course covers information needed by all

civil defense workers. It describes the organiza-tion and operation of civil defense and explainscertain basic techniques for survival. Instructionin first aid has not been included in this guidesince the American National Red Cross hasagreed to give first-aid training to civil defenseworkers and the general public.The Red Cross will also :1. Give training inhome care of the sick and

injured, and in nurses' aide act~viti.es.. .2. Assist civil defense organizations illprovid-

ing food, clothing, and temporary shelter on amass care basis during an immediate emergencyperiod. . .3. Participate in supplying the national needs

for blood.4. Make available volunteers and resourcesfrom local chapters for civil defense.All civil defense workers should take. the Red

Cross Standard First-Aid Course, or the Bureauof Mines First-Aid Course, as well as this basiccourse. Complete civil defense training includesthis course, and specialized courses in the variousservices..Flexibility of UseThe needs of the local community will deter-

mine the most advantageous manner of usingthis course. It may be used to give general civildefense training to:i. Volunteer workers who are already inone ofthe civil defense services. This course may begiven either prior to or as part of their specialized

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training. In this plan job selection and essignment aspects of the course need not be emphasized2. Volunteer workers trained only in a specia

ized civil defense service. In a few isolated caseworkers might discover that their efforts woube more valuable if they were placed in somother service. .3. Groups of potential volunteer workers

Used in this way as an introduction to civil defense, it can serve asa means of motivationguidance, and placement., 4. Volunteer workers dissatisfied with theipresent assignments. For these persons thcourse should be given with special emphasis oguidance and placement. .It would thus bemeans of reviving their interest.5. Civic groups, school organizations, or othe

citizens in the community desiring informationoil civil defense. Used in this way the courswould help to insure a sympathetic public anprovide a source of potential volunteers.The course may be used in anyone or more o

the above ways, depending upon the needs thamay develop in the local training program.S u ggestion s fer th e In stru ctorWith this guide alone you can present the basi

course. However, if you use reference materialslisted in this guide and any other suitable materialso much the better. Your instruction will bmore effective ifyou use visual aids, such as bulletin boards, blackboards, charts, movies, slidesfilmstrips, dramatic skits, models, mockups, mapsand sand tables whenever applicable.You might arrange field trips for your group

to control centers, staff headquarters, or othecivil defense activities in your community .If members of the group have not already beegiven specific civil defense assignments, joselection guidance and placement should be emphasized during the. course. Proper placementshould be made upon the basis of the volunteerworker's interests, training, and experience.The material in this guide is divided into units

to be presented at five sessions, The length o


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-the- -seesions ~maybe-varied-caccording to-theneeds of_each group. G~P-~I:JtlIy,__~_ 4o:gI'fl isconsidered the maximum time. Each sessionshould have at least one short rest period orbreak. If necessary, the course may be reducedin length, or if the group requires it, some of thesessions might be extended over two or moremeetings. - _You may- wish to hold the first session with onelarge group rather than several smaller 'groups;

if several classes are being started at once. -Civildefense and official community leaders- can assist-in getting the training program off to a goodstart. The final session might also include severalclasses finishing within the same week. Formalcommencement exercises should be held if possibleand certificates of completion awarded by aleading community figure. _Use your own judgment on how best to presenteach part of this course. Don't memorize Orread it off. Master the material a s- thoroughlyas possible ahead of time, so that you can givethe course in your own words', with your ownillustrations, and your own questions. Be nat-ural; don't talk down or up to the group. Weara civil defense arm band or other insignia.- Im-press upon yourl:isteners the gravity of thesituation and the urgency of the training pro-gram.Do everything you canto draw out yourgroup, discuss points with them, rather _thansimply telling them. -The more group participation, questions, anddiscussion, the more successful the course willbe. Give members of the group- opportunities

to express their ideas, experiences, and opinions.IfY :O U .are asked a question you can't answer,don't beafraia to say-you don'n know the answer.You are not supposed to bean expert fu .eachphase of this co-urse. Ifsuch a situation arises,look up the information and bring- it hack to thenext session.Make a lesson plan for each session of this-course. Explained in the FCDA instructor'sguide How To IirAt:rud in (]ivil Defense is 8 > {our-step method o f instruction, T1riS method is

~-especially-effeetive. in-teaching- skills. An''Ou-tlineof the. four-step method is as follows:.. (a) M o t i -v ~ t i o n . - -- - -(1) Relate each session to previous sessionswhich contained material on the samesubject.(2) O~Jllnect this lesson with the experienceof the group members from your know-ledge of them.(3) State- your obiective---the purpose andscope of the lesson and how each g r Q U P 'member can personaliy benefit from theinformation in the. lesson. /

(bi: Presentation. -(1) Use the body of material presentedhere ,for the session, together With allthe visual and other aids available to you.(c ) Rehearsal (participation).(1) Get your group to practice their newlyacquired skill where possible. If this

is not possible or if the subject matteris primarily informational, use" g r Q U Pdiscussion and questions.

(d) Checkup.(1} When you think your group thoroughlyunderstands the material, ..you may closethe session with a written or performancetest, If written,,_ questions may be intrue-false, multiple choice,' matching, 'or completion form. .$llow" sufficienttime for the test. Read off the answersWhile each person eorrects.his oWIi paper.

If you have time discuss the test ques-tions.(2) If you prefer, the test may he, givenorally inthe form of discussion questions.(3) Another alternative would be' to - givethe test at the end, of the course,At the close; give anassignment for the fo l low-

ing S.eSsiOll"stressing any preparation you wishthe group, members to make,At various places throughout this guide willbe found material inboldface type. This materialis composed of suggestions for the instructor andi s not to be regarded as subject matter.

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Session 1FUNCTIONS OF CIVIL DEFENSEInstructor's objective: To develop an understanding of civil defense as itapplies to each member of the group, and to prepare each member of the groupfor the instruction to follow in other sessions.

Before beginning this session review the sugge-stions for ways of using thisinstructor's guide and determine whether you are going to emphasize jobselection and assignment. Learn ali you can about the members of the groupbeforehand, so that you can open the- session with remarks pertinent to thepersonal experiences of the group.Instead of giving the entire session yourself you might arrange to have the Spealeer fo rmayor, director of civil defense, orother. community leader give the first part Session of the instruction, covering the following:

(1) Oivil defense defined.(2) The need for civil defense (national and international situation).(3) Long-range civil defense.

Outline ahead of time the subject matter you would Iike the speaker to coverand tell him the approximate length of time- you would like him. to talk.If there should __be: an atomic. attack on the. United States, the civilianpopulation would p-rohablF come under attack immediately. Our principalcities would probably be:hil-sinmltaneously.Our survival will depend on the ability of our civilians to recover asrapidly as possible after the first blow.In most States civil defense forces have the additional' duty of combatingnatural disasters and consequently have acquired some practical experience.Whether an area has been devastated by a tornado or by a nuclear bomb,it presents similar urgent problems. Much of what you need to know and thetools you need are the same. For combating the effects o f a nuclear bombmore trained people are needed. That's why we are here now-to get thattraining.

Find out what.the group thinks civil defense is. Then give them this definition:Civil defense is basically the voluntary efforts of people, individually andin groups, together with local, State, and national governmental departmentsand agencies, to protect themselves, their families, homes as well as commercialand industrial establishments and other community facilities such as schools

and recreational and social agencies against the effects of warfare and natural.disasters. '.'This concept of protection is not a new one in the American way of life. An old American,Jf!.,-colonial times our forefathers banded together to fight off their enemies; concept in action._~1t:~y.wentingroups to help each other clear land for a new farm in the wilder-~e!'l.s;they mutually solved their problems in the old town meeting. In moretimes this concept is exemplified in the mutual aid of the threshing crew,C;,9,gBisting'f neighboring farmers helping each other. The volunteer fire de-that many communities have is another form in which this idea is


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Civil defense as adeterrent toaggression.

Civil defense iseveryone*s business.

HoW'tefind yourp'lace in civildefense.

Self-p rolection.

Aid extends fromone community toanother.

Lons-Range Civil DefenseWE;,a;reyuJp~m.bl{3jC)g~YPf;lQ~:QSeor"klcP-#i9aldevelopments in warfare

since World War II. We may be more vulnerable tomorrow as these advance-ments in warfare continue. OUl' long-range Civil defense planning mustcontinue so long is the peace of the world is threatened. .

What is long-range civil defense? It is building a civil defense so strongand well-organized as to deter aggression. The program must be developednow-if we wait until we are attacked, it will be too late;Make an effort to put these thoughts in your own words. Talk to the group,don't preach.Individual Participation in Civil Defense

What is individual participation in civil defense? It is the contributioninterms of thought, time, and energy on the part of all of us to make ourcommunity so strong that we can survive the toughest treatment the enemycan deal out. .. .

Civil defense is each person's business. Regardless of whether we livein a large industrial city, in a medium-sized town; in a village, or on a farm,civil defense is our business. There is a job in civil defense for each of us.It is the duty of every citizen to find out what that jobis and how to do it;Determining Your Job in Civil Defense

To find your job you must first learn how civil defense operates and theaction you can take to protect yourselves and your families in case of attack.. This course is designed to give that information, which along with an

analysis of your qualifications should help each of you find your placein the.. .-program.Training for Civil Defense

The individual citizen is the basic unit in civil defense. The basi~ opera-tion is individual self-protection ... This consists of learning how "to takecertain protective pleasures, such as putting out small fires. This CO~l"Seteaches most of the individual self-protection measures.

When you work with your neighbors in protecting your home ang. coni-munity, you are carrying out the principle of extended self-protection. Thissame principle when applied to a community is calledorganized self-protection,Mutual Aid and ~obile Support

Civil defense does not stop when we have developed self-protection andextended self-protection with our neighbors and organized our community.If our community should be attacked, we will need help from neighboringcities and communities. By this same token, our neighboring cities andcommunities will need our help in case they are attacked.

One form of this assistance is fixed support. This is provided by fixedinstallations, facilities; and personnel for emergency' hospitalization, emer-gency housing and feeding of evacuees and homeless, emergency traffic control,and emergency bivouacking of mobile support forces.

By contributing "mutual aid" units or "mobile support" groups, a com-munityean extend aid to neighboring communities. Mutual aid is the ex-change of assistance, both mobile and fixed, between communities close to

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the same target area, and isgelierally 'given on iheeall"o theMobile support, .on the other hand, is rendered

a . single ~argetarea, and, may be'r;om outside the~ generally' State-directed until it reachesthe target area, when it.. the direction ofthe local civil defense authorities. Where mobile~S1JDD'l)rt j~.,tq be furnished interstate," preattack written agreements are u~u~Iiy;,".. the States jnvolved.

Goto the blackboard and write:"';!C"'I . ' individual self-protection .. " ! ~ L Ex;tended'self-protect ion.i;~~': . ~ . o 3. Organized self-protection.4. Fixed support.5~ Mutual aid.6. Mobile support.A.$k one or two questions to clarify these points before going ahead, such as:

1. "ilow do individual self-protection and extended self-protection differ?2. Mutual aid and mobile support are often mentioned together. Howdoes mobile support differ from mutual aid?

Total Civil DefenseFor total civil defense we must be aware of the types of attack againstwhich We will need defense, I n an attack upon' us anyone or combinationo]the following weapons could be used: nuclear, high explosive, incendiary,chemical, and biological. Every conuriunity should prepare for civil defenseto the fullest extent of its resources and capabilities on the principle" of vulner-;bility to all weapons. Every community will then be better able not only tocope with any type of attack on its own territory, but will also be able toprovide the greatest possible support to other communities.

Self-defense at homeand support forother communities.

~rsanization of Civil Defense. Ins truc tor 'e ob jec ti ve : To explain the organization of civil defense.

Adapt this material to your local civil defense organization, check the informa-tion with your local eivil defense office.The Fed~~al Civil Defense .Administration was established by the 81stCongress in Public Law 920,kD.oWnas the Federal Civil Defense Act of 195'0.." '". FODA's function is to prepare and coordinate civil defense plans and pro-

grams; provide basic civil defense research; give technical guidance and infer-mation to the States; develop and coordinate a program for educating andtraining the general public and volunteer workers; delegate, with the approvalof the President, appropriate civil defense responsibilities to the various Fed-eral departments and agencies;" share with the States the cost of approvedequipment; and stockpile certain emergency supplies.FCDA also assists States in working out interstate compacts and operat ..ing procedures for mutual aid and mobile support. In addition, FODAassists in the dissemination of attack warnings and the' coordination of civildefense operations in the event of a nationwide emergency. The organizationand operation of civil defense is primarily the responsibility of the States and-their political subdivisions. .FCDA, through its headquarters and: regional offices, provides guid-to the States. It also provides specialized assistance in'the fieldsof

What FCDA does.Civil Defense Act.


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State providesleadership.

State may followFederal plan.

Organize 10 fitlocal needs.

engineering, fire, police, rescue, tran s P6rtition, warden;mdustrial coordina-tion,public ~,du_eatiop:: r i Q t,f~@llg,hearth.,eme!gencY welfare, att~~k w a r D i n gand' communications, and supply. . . . -.- .Responsibility of the State . -If facilities and time permit, use a civil defense organization chart of yourState to point out the relationships arid aetivitles.

The State government provides leadership and supervision in planningfor civil defense and directs supporting operations in an emergency, _The primary purpose of the State organization is to advise, guide, andcoordinate local civil defense activities. During an emergency the State civildefense organization assumes active control overcivil. defenseoperations initsState. Should its facilities be inadequate, neighboring States, through pre-arranged plans, may be called on for assistance.

Generally,' the civil defense organizations are built ar01111dexisting State,county, or municipal departmenta. with new' civil defeiIse' functions addedwhere necessary. Functions within the State organization may follow theFederal organization plan where applicable. Other functions peculiar to theneeds of a State may be substituted or added. Although' each governor isresponsible for civil defense operations in his State, a. civil defense directorusually directs operations and coordinates his activities with those of otherStates, and with appropriate'FeDA representatives. .Local ..ResponsibilityDistribute copies of your local organization chart to the group.

The responsibility of the city or county is to: .LOperate its civil defense system and make necessary mutual aidpacts and arrangements with neighboring communities." .

2. Provide adequate staff and facilities for training.3.. Participate in the State p_l'ogr~mj)forganized mobile support.

The local civil defense organization coordinates anddirects local activities.and arranges mutual aid agreements with neighboring organizations.'

Within the local organization, divisions and functions may ingeneral fol-low the plan as outlined under Federal and State organization. However,divisions and functions peculiar to the needs of a municipality may' be sub-stituted or. added. Each mayor or chief executive is responsiblefor. civildefense in his city. The city civil defense director is in charge of civil defenseoperations and coordinates them with"other citiesas well a s 'with' the comity orState organization, . . . ,Our Local Civil Defense

Our local civil defense director, Mr. ~.:. , , and his stafforganize and direct our civil defense program. In doing this, they must findand train many volunteer workers. .,- - .

Throughout this course we should be-thinking about the work we wouldlike to do and.which would best serve the needsof the community.The Armed Forces Part in Civil Defense

Although civil defense i s not. the responsibility of the Armed Forces,their experts have worked with FeDA to determine which areas are mostlikely to be attacked, the kinds of attack to be expected, and what to do aboutthem. They cooperate and maintain continuous liaison with civil defense.


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The .Armed Forces, since they are trained for the job, will dispose ofI unexploded ordnance :suchas bombs and artillery shells. .Army teams totra'illCiv.il defense workersin recognition and reporting of unexploded bombsare available through the FCDA region.al offices. .

The Air Force operates the detection network and supervises the Ground The Air ForceObserver Corps composed of civilian volunteers recruited by civil defense. warns.These two make up the aircraft detection system whichwarns of the approachof enemy planes. As we shall s e e when we discuss communications, theAir Force will warn civil defense officials when enemy planes are sighted.

Once the warning has been given to the civil defense authorities, however,it is their responsibility to transmit the warning to the public.Operationcd Functions o f C ivil Defense

. Instructor's ObjeCtive: To teach what civil defense workers do.Having examined briefly the purposes and structure of the civil defense

organization at Federal, State, and local level, let us consider some of theprincipal operational functions. . .In case of an enemy attack, communications arid transportation will betemporarily disrupted. It will ..be difficult to move fire-fighting. and rescueequipment, medical aid, and supplies where they are needed. How can damageand loss of life be minimized and a community restored to as near normalcondition as possible? The answer is found chiefly in the operational plansof the States and cities, a program of education for the public, and the trainingof a corps of volunteer workers.Control Centers

A control center is an operations headquarters for the direction and Civil defensecontrol of civil defense activities during an emergency. Itis the eommunica- operations.tions nerve center for operations, where attack warnings, damage reports,and other civil defense information are received. It goes into action themoment .the first attack warning is received and stays on the job until theemergency is over. "

The number of. control centers in a city will depend on the density ofpopulation and availability of communications facilities. However, everycity will have one mall control center which is the focal point for civil defensecommunications and command. Itshould be linked by wire and radio withthe various civil defense and community services, with other control centersinthe city and adjacent communities, and with the State control center.

Acont-rol center has three main functions-=to receive information, to Functions of controlissue instructions, and to maintain liaison with higher civil defense authorities. centers.It must be staffed and equipped to:

1. Receive attack warnings from the proper authorities.2. Relay attack warnings to civil defense authorities.3. Transmit warning signals to the public.4. Receive and evaluate damage reports.5. Dispatch operating units to damaged areas.6. Collect information, evaluate it, and disseminate its essentialelements to civil defense services during an emergency.

7. Maintain communications with other civil defense authoritiesfor reporting damage, receiving instructions, and requesting . re-inforcements when needed. "

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Communicationsrequirements.

Wire .

Radio.

Volunteers needed.

CONELRAD.

'." ~"rI'ha,n;min.,eq:ntr.oLcentel' is,J;h.aJ:.ec,ehring,.;poinAm : ,attack:warnmKmforma"tion from the aircraft warning system and is responsible fOl(passingthe war.n4:tgs.on to the public by sirens, hDrns~or{)therwarning.devices.If convenient, arrange a visit to the Iocalcontrol-eenter,

Once the civil defense machinery has been set inmotion by 1 1 . , warningfrom the control cen t e r , there are certain duties which We volunteers mustprepare to do. Some of these duties are: communications, warden, ]>011C9;fire, rescue, engineering, .health, welfare,. transportallon,iIidustrial protection;and supply. ,. '. ,. .Communications

The communications system is the nerve network through.which contactmust be maintained within and between Federal,' State, and local civil defenseorganizations. .A civil defense communications system requires facilities for:1. Communications between civil defense control centers.2. Attack warning networks.' ..3. Fire, police, ,transportation, rescue, warden, health, engineering;and reconnaissance communications. .Local communications will make use of telephone, telegraph, facsimile,radio, television, teletype,and messenger service: .. . . ..

The control center will be equipped with wire and radio communicationfor the use of key officials o f the services and for the officer who must .mahrtainliaison with key broadcasting stations. Operating positions 'within the controlcenter will be provided for these officials.Wire communications may include telephones and teletypewriter service-to supplement verbalco:!llmunicationshetween the main control center: andState center, andcthenee to .FeD:!. regionaLandnational headquarters.Radio may baused to ~1).inslire ,continuity of -communicatiens if r.wire~service should break .down: .and 1.(2) eommrmicatewith war.den eommsndposts,mobile reconnaissance teams,.mo bile units of the.radio .amateuneivil.emergencyservice (RAOES), and with the various peacetime' organizationa lalreadyequipped with radio. The latter Include the me and+police .deparements,public utilities, taxicab compeniesyand sheriff'seffice ..Arnateurradio .operators can. be valuable to.Civil siefenae :in '~ugmentingthe services Jcommunications faeilitiea, Persons [with technical training inradio, television, telegraph, or telephone-work.areneeded. WOlllen'volunteersespecially can be .nsefu! ina:nsw:eringphonesand~in .op:erating message centers;

Radio:BroadcGstingCommunications are needed not only for conducting civil defense opera-tions, but also for informing thepublicofwhat ishappening during an emergencyand for issuing necessary instructions; 'The 'broadcastlng ~industr.y and theFederal government, working together, 'have -devisedaspecial system of AM(standard) radio broadcasting to do ,this. 'The system is 'called "'Plan forCONtrol of ELectromagneticRADiation"----cCONELRAD for short.In a civil de1ense emergency, television and FM (freqneney 'modulation)radio will go off the air, because enemy bombers could home a n the station.an:ly AM (standard) radioprogrsms.at '640 or 1240 on the radio dial-will keepthe public informed throughouttheeme:r;gflil'cY. 13yalternate orintermittent


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beacon for enemy bombers.In accordance with the C01\TELRAD plan, 11 continuous p r og - r am . 'O f civildefense instruction and reports will he. on the ainateitheror .both of thesefrequencies. _I n a, few parts of the-country, the radio may be silent, because of technicallimitations and reduced transmitting power.If the power supply is cut off, a battery-operated portable radio is theonly means of obtaining information via CONELR.AD. '

Upon WARNING YELLOW (enemy attack probable), CONELRADwill go into operation. Designated AM {standard) radio stations will switch,in a matter of minutes, to the emergency broadcasting system on ,iof the 2officially designated CD frequencies-S4D or 1240 kilocycles (marked as 64 or124 on most radio dials). Normal broadcasting will resume on the WARNINGWHITE (all clear). The warning signals will be discussed in greater detailin Session II.The Conelrad leaflet -explaining this system ,o f broadeasting is for sale by theSuperintendent of Documents, U. S'-Govern~ent Printing Office, Washing~ton 25,. D: C. $2.25 per 100 copies, It ~ay be reproduced :and distributedfree or for 'sale. Obtain copies of this leaflet from your State Civll DefenseOffice and distribute them to the group.Wardens

The warden service works directly with 'persons, families, and neighbor- Link betweenhood and employee groups. Itis the connecting link between organized civil operations and thedefense operations and the public. Wardens .train people in self-protection, public.disseminate civil defense information, make rosters of neighborhood residents,and inventory buildings and equipment within their posts. Assistant neighbor-hood or block wardens train families in individual self-protection, and organizeneighborhood self-protection. teams such asneighborhood fire fighting, rescue,first-aid, comniunications,and welfare. When a WAR1fING YELLOW isreceived by civil defense authorities in a locality which hasnot yet adoptedau-evacuation plan, the chief neighborhood wardens and staff report to neigh-borhood post headquarters and await further instructions. If the locality hasan evacuation plan, the wardens ThSSUIll-e their. duties according to the plan.When c 9 . WAR,NING REP is received by civildefense authorities, the appro-priate signal-is immediately sounded on the public devices and wardens willdirect people to safe areas, and then take'cover themselves, Following anattack, wardens: '

. 1. Report casualties and general conditions. Warden emerserllCY2. Give first aid; fight small fires; assist in rescue work, welfare, duties. 'evacuation, crowd control, and panic prevention.

3. Report to the next highest authority when the situation in thearea is beyond the control of the self-protection forcesof theimmediateazea.

4. .Assist in unexploded ordn-ance reconneissance.5,. Assist organized civil defense teams inevacuation,poIice,fire,commnnica tions, .andofherservices.

, 6. Assist emergency weifazeservices in providing reception care.The wmdensand their assistants fornrfheJrackbone of civil defense . . CD backbonci

They must, therefore, be well-known, respected, and accepted as 'leaderabytheir neighbors and fellow workers. Generally, .each chief .neighborhocd

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Emersency p.roblems.

Auxiliary police.

Need for firemen.

warden is responsible for an area where about 500 people live or work and hasseveral assistant neighborhood wardens to help him.

Wardens will need comprehensive training, Setting up a neighborhoodwarden organization is a basic step in organizing civil defense, Men' a~dwomen able and willing to assume responsibility are needed as wardens. House-wives, since they know their' neighborhoods better and are home for longerperiods than men,are especially useful as wardens. .PoliceInan emergency more police will be' needed. Existing police services

will riot be numerous enough to cope with conditions caused by large-sealsdisasters or enemy attacks.

Police will be particularly needed to. control traffic. This will requireextensive planning and manpower.

The auxiliary police will operate under the supervision and direction ofthe regular police forces. Subject to the policy and procedures of localpolice authorities, auziliarieswill:

1. Assist the regular police in handling traffic.2. Insure emergency equipment and personnel priority to movewhere needed.

3. Maintain or restore order.4. Serve in antilooting patrols.5. Guard critical installations where normal security measures havebeen reduced because o f damage; or where additional securitymeasures are needed. -

6. Guard supplies and equipment.7. Assist other civil defense services.8. Give first aid when necessary.-9. Assist regular police in explosive ordnance reconnaissance and

establishment of safety measures.10. Assist inmaintairiing police communications,11. ASsist in evacuation.12. Assist regular police in special capacities such as photographer,

fingerprint technician, and communications technician.13. Undertake routine duties (for instance, as jailer, booking officer,wagon guard, or driver). .14. Take temporary charge of persons unable to care for themselves(For example: elderly people, ohildren.) -. .15. Assist iIi panic prevention and, control.16. Assist inguarding prisoners to be evacuated.17. Assist inother police work where necessary.

F i re F i gh ,i ngThe first line of defense in fire fighting is in the home and on the job,

Every industrial worker, householder, and housewife should be trained tofight small fires. Hundreds of small fires can start simultaneously followingattacks with nuclear weapons. .

The second line of defense in fire fighting is the local fire department.: Under attack conditionS,fires will become so great that regular firemen willneed considerable help. Auxiliary 'firemen will be needed to work with thelocal -fire department. The number of auriliaries required may be severaltimes that of the professional firefighters,

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No organization exiflts which can do rescue work on the scale required ifollQWilig, t' nucle,a.r attttck,. The 'civil defense rescue service has been es-tablished toprovjqean, adequate number of trained and equipped rescue'Ydrkers....

Rescue workers will remove trapped persons" many of whom may be Rescuing trappedinjured. In a large-scale emergency, organized rescue teams may not be persons.immediately available. Everyone should learn basic rescue work so he canhelp himself and others in such an emergency.

. Rescue work must be doneby skilled rescue workers. Untrained rescue Rescue teams.workerscan assist, but they must be supervised by experienced men. Withoutsupervision they could causeadditi()nalcollapse of damaged structures andinjure themselves and' others.' 'Rescue work requires some basic engineeringskills, such as shoring, rigging,anci construction,apii proper training, practicalexperience, andgood judgment. ' ,.. , '

EngineeringThe primary job of _th~engineers is to returnthe facilities and streets ofa stricken city to an operating condition a s soon as possible.T h i s will require: repair of damaged waterysewer, gas, and electricalpower systems; clearance of debris; construction of temporary hospitals andhousing for evacuees; and many other activities.Civil.deiense engineering workers should, be experienced in the buildingtrades, utilities, or the construction industry, Men who know how to operatespecial equipment such as cranes, bulldozers, dump trucks, and welding equip-ment are needed. In addition, there must be a labor force to help clear awaywreckage and reopen the streets."Lo~!ll civil defense organizations may use existing engineering groups intheir present form without reassigning them. For example, men now employedby public works departments, utility departments, and contracting firms woulddo work in their normal field following an enemy attack. They may workunder; their' regular supervisors, but at the direction of civil defense officials.Equipment and material dealers, labor unions, engineering schools, and othergroups that have skilled workmen, tools, and material are sources for this kindof assistance.

Engineerill'llgfunctions.

Engineerini vohin-teen must beexperienced.

Hea lth and M edica l S erv ices and Cas~alty CC; lr ePersonnel in this category render necessary civilian health and medical

services ina civil defense emergency. They detect the presence and minimizethe effect of atomic, radiological, chemical, and biological agents: Some oftheir more important functions are:

1. Operating afirst-oid. 8Ystem.-A complete system of first-aid stationswill be set up in areas designated byState and local civil defenseauthorities. Emergency equipment and supplies will be stored atfringe areas ready for prompt transportation to the stations. (Ifsuitable buildings are not available, vans may serve as first-aidstations.) , ,

Physicians, dentists, nurses, osteopaths, pharmacists, veteri-narians, first-aid workers, litter bearers, nurse's aides; orderlies, andclerks will be assigned to these stations. Emergency life-savingmeasures and screening of casualties for further treatment will be

11


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First-aidstafion sand emergencyhospital

EmersencJ sanifationmeasures

done at these stations. A dispatching service will be needed troute casualties to advanced treatmentcenters,2; Operating emergencilhospitiil8.:=Irrip:roVised~oremergericy hosplta:tmay be established on the outskirts of target cities. .Space available for conversion to hospitals may be determined by an inventoryof facilities. Emergency equipment will be readied for shipmenfrom storage points. Staffs for improvised hospitals will be drawnfrom nearby areas.

Patients who can be transported will be sent to hospitals ineighboring communities. ..Since trucks and buses may be useas emergency ambulances, close cooperation with the transporta-tion services is necessary.

Casualty care in hospitals is provided primarily by surgicateams, shock-treatment units, and burn-treatment units. Thesshould be organized locally. Supplemented by teams and unitfrom other cities, they will formafiiliated hospital units.3. Stockpiling medical 8upplies.-To augment existing medical supplies, the Federal Government is stockpiling them as moneymade available by Congress. Stockpiles are located outside targetareas .and readily available for shipment to target areas.4. Sanitation.-The preservation of the health of the survivingpopulation after a disaster requires:

(a) Regulation or restoration of water sanitation, plus saftreatment of emergency water supplies.(b ) Safe handling of food, especially in emergency kitchensand canteens. .. .(c) Emergency methods for sanitary protection and distribution

of the milk supply. This will necessitate modification or revisionof local milk sanitation regulations, particularly In areas wherethe pasteurization plants have been disabled. '. "

C d ) Emergency sanitation measures for disposal ~f Innnanwastes to lessen epidemic hazards.' "

(e ) Emergency methods for handling garbage and refuseincluding insect and rodent control. .. .,(f) Regulation of sanitation in shelters and temporary housing(g ) Decontamination measures made necessary by radio-

logical, biological, or chemical warfare.5 . P ro vid in gmol'g u e ja c ili tie s ...; .; .:_ T emp o ra r ymorgues where the deadmay be identified prior to burial will be established. Theengi~neering services will prepare thegraves and complete interment.

Many volunteer workers will be nedeed for the health services, such as:1. Professionals in the fields of medicine, nursing, hospital care, andhealth. , .2. Laboratory technicians and persons with similar experience ortraining. .'

3. First-aid workers, nurse's aides, and persons trained in homenursing.

4. Hospital orderlies; ambulancepersonnel, litter (stretcher) bearers,supply handlers, maintenance workers. : ,

5. Science teachers and students, radio and TV" repairmen; forradiological monitoring.

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i Emer9'en~y WelfareThe functions of the emergency welfare services are:

1. Mas 'S eme.-For people who are hungry! homeless, and in need of; clothing.2. Family rehabilitation se1'Viees.-Individualized help to persons Aid to familiesand families, in the form of: financial assistance for-thereestab-lishment of family living; temporary rehousing; protective servicesfor children, handicapped, aged and others, including those in

., institutions; Iegal.: insurance, employment, religious and personalcounsel; and the referral of long-term problems to appropriateorganizations.3. Registration and information."'-Registering the dead, hospitalized,and: those not living at their preattack address: Reuniting sepa-rated families. Answering inquiries regarding the whereaboutsand well-being of persons. Supplying "Safety Notification"cards. Disseminating authorized information about neighborhoodconditions to speed the return. of people to self-care.

Persons trained in such fields as social work, feeding, h O U S I D g 1 manage-ment, and the manufacture and distribution of clothing are needed. Experi-enced persons should serve as leaders, directing, supervising, and training theother volunteers.Transportation

The transportation serVices provide facilities to the various civil defenseservices for-the emergency movement of personnel, material, and equipment.All existing commercial transportation facilities and personnel in the com-munity Willb e needed to carry out trus function. Local planning and surveysmay reveal the need for additional personnel endvehicles. . Such personnelWill be trained and assigned duties"

The transportation services must coordinate their operations with thoseofthe engineerUlgand police serVices.- . .Industrial ProfeCtion

The industrial protection program is designed to relate the resources ofindustry to national civil defense operations; Industry covers all activityhaving to do with the production and distribution of goods and commodities." This program- includes facility self-protection organization, the integration

of. this organization into the community civil defense organization, and theemergency restoration of industrial facilities after attack,

The facility self-protection organization is the means by which steps aretaken in a facility to safeguard its occupants.and property from the effectsof an enemy attack: In this program a facility is considered to be any es-tablishment or building having sufficient personnel to organize fa-r its self-protection. Industrial plants, hotels, department stores, schools, and otherinstitutions are considered Iacilities; .

Each organized facility has a civil defense director or coordinator. Plans.are. developed and explained to the employees at the start. arid their active.~upportrequested. It has been recommended that a joint management-employee committee foJ.'civildefense be organized. .

3 2 1 8 6 4 - - 5 5 - - - - 3

Facilities self..protection and localcivil defense.


17/47

1. Attack wa'l'ning.~A system is set up for alerting the employ-ees asso on a~ the -wal'iiliig is received f rom the Iocalcivildefenseoffioe,2. Shelter.-P.lans are made for the protection of both personnel andequipment. Where preattack evacuation is nota part of thelocal civil defense plan, personnel move into shelter areas uponWARNING RED.3. Protection o f bueiness records.-8uch measures protect assets, sus-tain the equity of stockholders or depositors, and assure continuedoperation of the facility. _ .. .4. Emergency operation8.-The emergency operations unit integrates_existing protective services and such civil defense services as areneeded into the overall plan. A facility control room is set up.Personnel of the civil defense services within the facility do nothave emergency responsibilities in the local community civildefense organization that would conflict with their facility assign-ments. However, facility employees can participate in localactivities during off-duty hOUTS, .

5. Facility mutual a8sistance.-In many industrial areas a number ofindustrial plants in close proximity to each other, pool theirprotection resources for mutual assistance. Where 'Suchorganiza-tion exists, local civil defense equipment is freed for use in otherareas.

6. Industmalsecurity.-Industrialsecurity in so far as-it pertains tophysical protective measures, such as guard systems, flood lighting,and fencing, is part of industrial civil defense_. .. .

The facilities self-protection organization .is developed lncooperationwith the local "civildefense organization .. In many places, an industry defensecouncil composed of local business and industrial leaders assists in,coordinatingactivities of the two organizations. _

The local civil defense director has on hissta:tf- an industrial coordinator.He is responsible for development of the local ind~strial defense program. Thisprogram includes emergency plans at individual plants, mutual assistanceplansbetween and among neighboring facilities, and integrationof s u c h . : plans i n t othe emergency plans of .the community. During emergency operations, heaesists the local civildefense director by coordinating the emergency use ofavailable emergency squads based at facilities, .

The iridustrialprotection program includes plans for restoration 'of vitalproduction following an enemy attack. These plans cover such subjects asprecise damage assessment, and allocation of personnel, raw materials, andcritical equipment.

are:

;.

Emergencyrestoration.

Specific measures taken by facilities in organizin~ for sel~iI?f()t~cti()n

SupplyThe civil defense supply system has five major functions:'

1. Dete rm in in g r egu ir ement s. -- -- -: -A f te r availabi~.::r;es?ur~es have beendetermined locally and items in short supply identified, overallrequirements are reported to the State for:(a)Ohecking requirements for critical materials with nationalproduction and defense needs. _


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. "-.{h'JmateriaL Unloading;is, a responsibilityof officials receiving the supplies.5:. Aceo'Unting~-SineC'civiLdefense, equipment. is, obtained, by: publicfunds, accurate records of procurement, storage, and distribution'must be kept by responsible officials.Shelter

Shelter. is largely a tedllueal problem. requiring, the' services of architects,engineers, and others,ha;vffig know:ledg;e.~olhuilding.construction",Trained personnel are, required to - make. shelter s:urveys: t@ determine the:nuruher of people for. whom- sheltel'ttmst he, prosided. They: -also.are ..needed,to. select: suitable shelter areas within existing, buildings, Builders, construc-tion; men, m e - marshals, building inspectors" Sind.others familiarr with buildingoonstruC.tioll are qualified for thiS. work. .

15 .


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Red Cross aq u a s i ' : : o f f i C i c dorsanization.Civil Defense as a Natural Disaster Agency

In l!JQpQ9P.g:r~$El@aJ:'t~l'~(lt_h.~Ame;ri_~nNatjQnaJRed Cross as a quasi-official organization, to provide disaster victims with food, clothing, medicalcare, shelter,and rehabilitation. ..

In addition, Congress from time to time has given limited authority tovarious Federal agencies to function in certain phases of relief-e-prinoipallyrestoration of essential Government services.

When the Surplus Property Disaster Act of 194'1became ineffective, Con-gress enacted the Federal Disaster -Act of 1~50.

A division of functions which had been developing between local RedCross chapters and Federal agencies having special responsibilities indisaster;was written into the act. Section 4 reads: "Nothing contained in this act shallbe construed to limit or in any way affect the responsibilities of the AmericanNational Red Cross under the (charter) act approved January 5, 1905, asamended."

The responsibility for Federal relief under this act was given temporarilyto the Housing and Home Finance Agency until January 1953, when theFCDA took it over. .As of June 1954,40 States, the District of Columbia, and 5 ofour Territories

and possessions had made their civil defense directors responsible for controlof emergencies arising from natural disaster as.well as those caused by enemyattack. The remaining States had similar legislation under consideration;Civil defense natural disaster action can involve all levels of civil defense,from local to Federal, depending on the extent of the disaster and the abilityof communities or States to cope with it.,Local

The nucleus of local community services needed in an emergency is thelocal civil defense force. Auxiliary civil defense firemen, rescue crews; andpolicemen, trained in civil defense against the weapons of modern ' W f lX areequally prepared to deal withnatural disaster. ..

Auxiliaries are trained by the regular services, and usually the officers ofthe regular services are officers of the auxiliaries. . .

Where there is a civil defense force in readiness, emergency operationscan be expanded rapidly and efficiently without the handicap of willing butuntrained volunteers who often get in each other's way and instead of helpingmay actually hinder operations.If local resources ate insufficient to meet the need, outside assistance isinvoked.State

The request for outside assistance is made by the mayor ofa stricken cityto the governor of his State .. Heretofore the governor's resources were, inmany cases, limited to the National Guard, the State militia, the State police,and small detachments of the regular governmental services of the State,assisted by the Red Cross. Now his capacity to render disaster assistance ismultiplied many times by the civil defense forces of the State, provided theState has granted authority to the civil defense organization to handle naturaldisaster operations. Moreover, thegovernor has direct command of mobilesupport groups organized specifically to supplement local civil defense forces.

5 :

,1 6


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III the event a 'govemor- ca:rillot emobilize';gUffidimt:!o:mesWItbfu hi~~o~nState, tocope with an emergency he can call on the regional office of FODA.foreh~p from neighborillgStatesand the F~deraI Go~er~~nt, or he can godirectly to neighboring States with whom his State has mutual aid compacts.Resio~al

FCDA regional officescoordinate the immediate actions of Federal agencieswhich have. standing authorization to intervene in natural disasters withoutwai ting for the President to declare.a condition-of-a-vmaj o-rdisaster!' Regionaloffices also keep FCDA headquarters informed of the nature of a disaster andits development.FCDA Headquarters

The Federal Disaster Act goes into effect only after the governor of astricken State applies to the President for aid and certifies that the Statecannot cope with the situation, and when the President declares it a "majordisaster." Of 400 to 500 disasters per year in the United States, about 20 aredeclared "major. H .

The President's determination is guided bya formal recommendation F CDA d isC liste rwhich he requests from the Federal Civil Defense Administrator. In turn the action.FCDA is guided by recommendationsof its regional offices and appropriateFederal agencies concerning the relief and funds required. Federal reliefsupplements, not supplants, State and local measures. .:The Disaster Act limits Federal action to emergency protection of life

and property. Permanent restoration is left for special legislative action afterthe disaster has been brought under emergency control.

Declaration by the President of a "major disaster" makes available theresources of all Federal agencies for disaster relief. These resources includematerial, equipment, and the services of professional and skilled personneL. A ll appropriate Federal agencies have named-Iiaison officers to F'CDA.When any ageneyis called on by FCDA to furnish disaster assistance, it super-vises jts_owneffort. It is reimbursed from Federal Disaster funds for disasteraction beyond its statutory duties that,FCDA may order.

FCDA has agreements with theprincipal governmental agencies, coveringtheir disaster responsibilities, procedures for bringing them into action.

The Nation has had considerable experience in dealing with naturaldisasters. Each natural disaster is a relatively smallakirmish compared tothe effects of a nuclear bombing. .It is through suchskirmishes, however, thatwe move toward ~effective civil defense.

~.

Personal DataIf data on each member in yoUr group has not already been furnished youby the local civil defense office. have the group : 6 . l l out personal data sheets.These will serve to: .

1. Help you .fit your instruction to the group.2. Mdyou in advising. the volunteer on his choice of service if he has notalready made a choice.

3. Advise the head of the service selected by the volunteer.4. Inform you of the volunteer's obligations and the time he can give tocivil defense.S.. Acquaint you With the volunteer's education and skills useful in civildefense.

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Colledingpersonal data.

After completing the course,persoilal data should besenttm1. The volunteers'next instructor; .. . . .2 .T lle lo ca lC i ~ i 'd e f e i i S e o f f i c e . - . . . ..Distribute an information sheet for eolleeting the personal data you will need.

In closing, Iam asking each of you to supply personal data for our usethroughout the course,for your benefit as well as that of the service advisorand myself. We would like to have all the information yon Can give US~eventhough you may wish to omit some. Mrs.;,.. -"'---"_----.-'.,..-ft_~--~)!.Miss____________________, Mr. -'"_-_-_.---..,---,.- ... and I willasaist youandanswer any questions you may have.References 1Federal Civil Defense AdmipistrationOioilDefense in Industry and Institutions, AG-16-1, August 1951 (Government

Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 25 cents).Oontrol Oen iere , Bulletin,' April 1951 (Federal Civil Defense Administration,Washington, D. C.).Emergency Welfare Services, AG-12-1, July 1952 (Government Printing Office,Washington, D. 0.,20 cents).Engineering Seroicee, AG-13-1, February 1952 (Government Printing Office,Washington, D.O., 15 cents).

Federal Oontributions, M-25-1 Revised, October 1954 (Government PrintingOffice, Washington, D. C., $1.25).Fire Seroices, AG-9-1, October 1951 (Government Printing Office,Washington,D. C., 15 cents). .Health Services and Special Weapons Defense, AG-ll-1, December 1950 (Gov-

ernment Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 60 cents).How t o Instruct inOivil Defense, IG, 1953 (Federal Civil Defense Administra-tion, Washington, D. C.).Police Services, AG-10-1, May 1951 (Government Printing Office,Washington,D. C., 20 cents).Principles of Oivil Defense Operations, AG-8-1, July 1951 (Government Print-ing Office,Washington, D. C., 20 cents).The Olergy in O i V i l Defense, AG-25-1i October 1951 (Government PrintingOffice,Washington, D. C., 10 cents). ~ .The Rescue Service, AG_:_14_1, May 1951 (Go-vernment Printing Office, Wash-ington, D.C., 15 cents).The Supply Service, .AG-6-1,June1952 (Government Printing Office,Washing~ton, D. C., 20 cents).The Warden Service, AG:-7-1, August 1951 (Government Printing Office,Wash-ington, D. C., 20 cents). .Women in Civil Defense, VM-2, June 1952 (Government Printing Office;Washington, D, C., 15 cents).

Training Bulletins (Training Officer Series) 1"': '23~Warden 'Training Series Filmstrips.

1A 25-percent discount is allowed by the Government Printing Office f o r 1irdexsofover 100 on all publications excepting leaflets. On leaflets the discount is allowed fororders of over 1,000.

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> B 1J1letins:.. :;.35,-How States May Invoke Federal Disaster Assistance.l3S-.Agreement on Disaster Assistance with American National Red. Cross.

.143-"-U. S.Coast Guard,144~Use of Surplus Federal Property inNatural Disasters.147-,Departmeb.t of Commerce, Bureau of Public Roads.i51~General Services Administration.154- Types of Federal Assistance.155~Housing and Home Finance Agency.I57-Federal-State Agreements for the Administration and Accounting

of Disaster Assistance.I7l-FODA Planning A.ssumptions for Fiscal Year 1955.

Public Law 920, "Federal Civil Defense .Act of 1950," 31st Congress.

--~" .

1 . 9


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Air burst.

Surface burst.

Underground andunderwater burst.

Fcillout.

Flash of lighf.

Sess i01li IDEFENSEAGAINST ATOMIC ATTACK

Instructor's objective: To develop an understanding of nuclear warfarand how we can protect ourselves against a nuclear attack.

Summary of Effects of Nuclear Explosion"Atomic attack" refers to attack by any of the nuclear weapons, specificall

the atomic bomb and the hydrogen bomb. .Nuclear bombs might be exploded high in the air (airburst), at the earth'

surface (surface burst), or under the surface (subsurface burst-undergroundor under water).

With the air burst, the blast damage is the most widespread. Immediate(initial) radiation will be a definite personal h~zard for 1 or 2 minutes. Manypeople will be severely burned by the heat from the bomb unless they arprotected. The greatest number of injuries and damage when the bomb burstwill result from .blasteffects.

In a surface burst, the extent of damage and number of casualties fromblast and fire effects would be less than with an air burst, but the radiationhazard would be increased because of fallout.

With the underground or underwater burst, the area of intensive damagwill be smaller but the "fallout" of radioactive dust or moisture would be furtherincreased. In an underwater burst, blast damage would be less than in aair, surface, or underground burst. 0

Recent tests have shown that the danger from radiological contaminationis considerably increased with the larger nuclear weapons. Whether the bursis high in the air, at the earth's surface, underground, or under water, "fallout"(clouds of radioactive dust or moisture) will extend for many miles. Whenthis fallout settles on the earth's surface it can be fatal to unprotected persons

The fallout consists of dust and tiny particles made radioactive by thexplosion and unfissioned materials from the bomb. This "induced" radia-tion hazard in the fallout is especially dangerous since it cannot be seen, tasted,or felt, and the effects do not show up until hours or days after exposureGeneral Description of Explosion

When a nuclear weapon explodes in the air, a huge ball of fire resultsFrom this a dazzling flash of light, intense heat, and nuclear radiation shootsout inall directions, followed by blast and sound waves. The light, heat,Oandnuclear radiation effects arrive at the target area on the ground almost instantaneously, and the slower moving blast and sound waves some secondlater. The radioactive byproducts, formed by the explosion of the bombarrive still later in the "fallout." 0

The ball of fire, quickly losing brilliance.rrises.into the air. The hot gaserise ina column, first multicoloredythen white. This column rises toa heightO f many thousands of feet and then billows out. On the surface below, theScene is obscured by a cloud of dust and smoke.


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Effecfsof the BombThe extent of damage caused by an air burst varies with the size and type

of bomb, distance from ground zero (point on the ground directly under theburst) type of building construction, terrain, and the climatic conditions atthe time of the burst.

In the area surrounding ground zero people would be killed by al).yone or Blast.all of the effects of the bomb. The farther away from ground zero, the lessdangerous are the effects. The closer to ground zero, the better the sheltermust be to provide adequate protection. The greatest number of injuriesand deaths from a nuclear explosion is likely to be caused by collapse of build-ings due to blast, with the survivors possibly being trapped and exposed tofire. Many injuries will be caused by falling masonry, broken glass, and flyingdebris.

The farther from ground zero, the less are the possibilities of receiving Heat and fireefatal burns. The effects of heat flash on unprotected people are severe.Secondary fires-e-firea caused by electrical andheating facilities damaged bythe blast-would be extensive, .

The immediate radiation danger is from initial radiation-rays and Initial radiation.particles which travel at the speed of light and are given off in all directionsfrom the bomb at the time of the explosion. Most-of these are emitted inthe first few seconds; after- I"minute there is little danger from them. Thefarther from ground zero, the less is the iritensity of initial radiation. -

An important radiation danger is from the byproducts of the bomb and Induced radiation.from- the materials maderadioactive by the neutrons released at_the time ofburst. These would be in the huge cloud formed high in the air and mightdrift for many miles over an appreciable period of time before settling toearth. Weather conditions would have an effect on this cloud, possibly causingit to settle to earth near the target area or carrying it many miles away andthinning it out before it settles. However, even though thinned out, it isstill hazardous when it settles. .. -_. -

I~ underwate~ explosions radioacti~e materials will be present ill the Underwater burst.water and mist thrown up, and can cause contamination over a wide area,Because many different elements may he involved in causing radioactive con-tamination, and because the intensity -othe d-anger will also ~aryaccordingto height of explosion, meteorological conditions, and the nature and com-position of the ground, it is not possibie to say in advance how long an areathus contaminated will remain dangerous, .Ifyou have time you mig1}.tat this point show the motion picture r 'OperationIvy" (running time, 28 minutes). You can' obtain it through your State orregional office. .

Any illustration of the effects of a nuclear.ezplosion would have to takeinto consideration the power of the bomb. The bombs .used at Hiroshimaand Nagasaki are known as leX) bombs, equal to 20,000 t o n s of TNT. Abomb twice as powerful is designated a 2(X), etc. The radius of. damage,however, would not increase in direct proportion to the size of the b o : m : b : f o rexample, a 25EX)bomb causes a radius of destruction not25 times as great asa 1(X), but about three times as great:, Rather than describe the destruction from anyone specific size bomb,let's establish concentric zones of blast damage that can be adapted to any size

The zones .might be called zone A, nearly complete destruction;B, severe damage; zone 0, moderate damage; and zone D, partial damage,

2 1 ,


25/47

This table shows the radii from ground zero of the zones for different sibombs.

Zone 2%(X) 8(X) 25 (X) 50(X)

A 0.0-0.7 mi 0.0-1.0 mi_~------ 0.0-1.5 mL 0.0-1.8 miB_ _ 0.7-1.4 mi;, 1:0-2.0 m i______ __ 1.5-,2.9 mi; , 1..8-3.7 miC~ 1.4-2.0 mi 2.0-3.0 mi 2.9--4.4 mi 3:7-5.5 miD 2.0-2.7 mL 3.0-4.0 mi 4.4-5.8 mi 5.s-:.7.4 mi

Although this table lists only bombs through 50(X) in power (equalone million tons of TNT--one megaton), we know that devices several megtons in power have already been exploded experimentally. This does not meathat our present planning is outmoded, but our preparation must be extendeand intensified inanticipation of wider areas of destruction.With sheets of transparent material you might make four overlays of concentriccircles showing the zones of blast damage for four different size bombs. Placthe overlays over a map of your city. centered on the most likely target inyouarea. Be sure the overlays are to the same scale as the map.

These figures are not absolute, as the conditions under which a bombdropped might give some variation in the degree and types of damage. However, this table should give you a general idea of the power of the bomb.

Types of proteclivcconstruction.

PhY5ic '~1Defense Against Atomic WeaponsOispersal of Facilities

The best defense against attack would be dispersal of population anfacilities. A national policy for industrial dispersion was announced in Augus1951 to assure greater protection of the Nation's industrial production fromA-bomb attack.

This policy provides that new defense-supporting production facilities b.Iocated 10 or more miles from highly industrialized or densely populated sections or major military installations. -

The Federal Government assists new facilities to meet the requirementsof thispolicy, by issuing them certificates of necessity (accelerated tax amortization privilege) and defense loans. The Office of Defense Mobilizationadministers this program.

Where plants are already situated in target areas or where dispersion onew plants is impractical, the Office of Defense Mobilization allows up t100 percent accelerated tax amortization OVera 5-year period on money spenfor protective construction (above the ordinary cost of construction). To beligible, an industrial plant must meet standards established by FCDA .

. In addition' to special construction for the protection of a plant'soccu-pants, equipment, and contents, bomb shelters are eligible for Federal assistance. -However} protective construction is not a substitute for dispersion.

Personnel and equipment in plantsin target areas 'may be given an effective degree of -proteetion against blast and fire by strengthening the walls androots, improving the fireproofing, and similar measures. . Fuel storage tanks.containers of chemicals and gases, steam plants, and electric power supplyequipment need special consideration


26/47

0 ' ' P,ersonsgiving this session, find out from your local civil defense authorities

~'~t&u:~gofIcealevacuatlon plans and give that information to your class here.Another form of dispersal which should do much to reduce the numbercasualties from enemy air attack is the preattack tactical evacuation of

,.nerE!OIl.Srom target areas.Plans should be prepared to carry out evacuation of people by foot and

::bYprivate and public transportation if sufficient warning time is given. AiI:-attack warning time at present will probably be, at a minimum, one hour incoastal or border areas, and two hours or more in the interior of the country.

All the civil defense services will be involved in such evacuation. Provi-sion of transportation, traffic control, feeding and' other welfare problems,attention to special groups such as the aged, the handicapped, and children,and provision of shelter for those who are not evacuated are some of the detailsthat local civil defense organizations must consider inplanning.

Until a workable evacuation plan in your city has been adopted and l'~-hearsed, the current plan of going to the nearest shelter when public warningis given should be followed.

Mteran enemy all' attack, some areas will have to be emptied of peoplebecause of the extent of damage or because the areas have been made hazardousby the attack. This postattack movement of people again will involve manyof the civil defense services, especially the police and warden services. Manyof the details will be the same as those for preattaek tactical dispersal.Psychological Defense Against Atomic' Wea.ponsAsk your group: "How many of you have been in disaster or crisis situationswhere many persons exhibited panic behavior?"If there are n o replies to this question, try this approach: "Do you rememberthe newspaper accounts ofthe behavior of people inthe Hindu pilgrim stampedeof 1954?" . ..' .A possible grave danger from atomic attack is panic. The effects of panic Panic.on large groups of persons have been illustrated by a number of events such asthe Hindu pilgrim stampede in India in1954 involving 3,000,000 persons, theTexas Oity Disaster of1947, the "Men From Mars" radio broadcast in 1938,and other such occurrences.

Panic is irrational behavior due to uncontrolled fear. Fear in itself is notpanic; it's a natural, even healthy reaction. When channeled along the rightlines, L e., motivated to constructive action, fear can be an asset.

Effective civil defense action depends upon the prevention of panic, rather h~fermin9' fhe:than suppression after it has begun. Three basic steps must be taken now. to people.prevent panic in civil defense emergencies. They are:1. Informing the public beforehand of what is possible and what to

do about it.2. Training civil defense leaders, down to the. family level, to preventpanic where it starts.

3. Establishing emergency information facilities to give the people aquick, full account of what is happening-before, during, andafter attack.

To carry out the first step, a widespread program of public education,all of the media of communications, is being-undertaken by FCDA, asas State and local organizations.

23

Tactical dispersalrequires sufficientWG rninstime.

Postattack movementof people fromdamased areas.


27/47

Training leaders ine:!viJdefense.

Emergeni:Yinformationfacilit;es. '

Everyone trained.

People shoult;i beedu~afedin atomicwarfare defeinse.

Leadership isneeded;n anemerSency.

Newspaper and magazine articles, booklets and pamphlets, public:appeances by civil defense officials, and radio and television shows, national alocal,are getting the information to the people. Telecasting to the Nationa test atomic explosion in the spring of 1953 and release in1954 of the f"Operation Ivy" are outstanding examples of how people are being giveninformation they should have. ..

The second step-s-training civil defense leaders-is being carriedthrough the Federal civil defense schools and through local COlLl'8eS of instrtion such as this. More than 200,000 persons have been trained in State acity civil defense schools by instructors who received their training atFederal schools.

Civ-ildefense leadership is being tested regularly in exercises varyingmagnitude from block warden operations to those covering entire regioIn 1953about 2,000 tests were held involving 2,000,000 .civil defense workeIn June of 1954, a national test exercise, operation "alert" was beld.

Emergency information facilities-the third step-are being developrapidly on national, State, and local levels. CONELRAD-which we dcussed in out first session-will provide officialcivil defense information topublic when the first warning of impending attack is given and will continto give information until after danger of further attack is over. Many loorganizations are preparing plans for dissemination of emergency informatithrough newspapers and radio. Such plans include publishing newspapeditions outside a target area if the local newspaper facilities are destroyeIn the Niagara Falls area such arrangements are on an international basis.

Each person must make his own preparations for defense and survivEvery person must have some specific job to do in relation to other personshis neighborhood or community. Last and most important, everyone musttrained in the things he is to do in time of disaster so he will automaticalperform those tasks regardless of'whatever obstacles may confront him in temergency.

Everyone should know the facts about the probable destruction wrougby atomic attack, the number of casualties to be expected, and the protectivmeasures to be taken. They should know whom to look to for leadershipwhether to the block warden, the apartment house warden, or-e-if they beloto a 'team-vthe team leader. Some knowledge of what to expect will comethe people through, the newspapers, radio, and television-but the majresponsibility for this training should be assumed by the local civil defenoffice.Leadership

There must be authoritative leadership-persons who will come forwawith direct orders and who have the authority to see that their orders acarried out. Leaders must understand panic behavior. They must know tpeople with whom they work.

Oivil defense volunteers are trained to carry out specific jobs. They adrilled to perform their jobs under all types of conditions. They mow theleaders and are trained to carry out the instructions of those leaders. Yoas volunteers, have the responsibility for assuming leadership when the occasiarises. In a disaster situation you should be able to take. the lead and direpeople in the work to be done until the designated leader arrives. .,At this point you may wish to review and have a brief discussien of the materiacovered in the session so far.


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this part of the session We are going to discuss personal defense ino f self-protection, family protection, and neighborhood protection againstweapons. .Defense against other types of weapons' will. he discussed

later session.On September 23, 1949, the President of the United States announced _Russia eltplodes..'.tan atomic device had been exploded in Russia. On August 20, 1953, the atomic device.'::~UV_LUV Energy Commission confirmed the explosion of a thermonuclear' (hydro-gen) device by the Russians. From these dates you and Iwere faced withthe question'; Can we survive a nuclear attack?As a matter of fact, we can survive-most of us-just as most of us expectto escape traffic hazards, 'heart 'disease, cancer, and death by drowning. .Self ..Pr@tection

. Let us examine the necessary precautions and defenses against nuclear 'We must faceattack which w e must learn to increase our chances of survival: re~:dity.

1. Know the bomb's true dangers.2. Know the steps you can take to escape them.

in 1953, 38,300 people were killed and 1,350,000 injured in traffic accidents.B,:owever,we still cross streets and drive cars.- Similarly, we must go on livingand working-nuclear bomb or no nuclear bomb. But Wedo need informationij,nd training in civil defense. . .

Evacuation of people from target areas when there is sufficient warningof impending attack is one of the best civil defense measures that can be taken.By learning what to do when evacuation is called for and giving their completecooperation in local evacuation drills, citizens can help make evacuationplanning successful, We have already discussed this subject earlier in thissession,

Where there is insufficient time for evacuation, shelter is the only remainingmeans of protecting people against nuclear attack.

The problem of providing shelter protection against nuclear weapons ismore complicated than for high explosives. In addition to blast it is necessaryto take into account heat and radiation. Shelters must be readily accessibleand offer quick means of entrance and exit Under attack conditions.

One hundred and ninety-three areas in the United States and Territories.have been selected as target areas upon which attack is most likely. Withinthese areas, it is impossible to forecast accurately zones of damage from anenemy attack, because O f the many variable factors such as bombing error,size of bomb, number of bombs; and iayout of cities. Thus shelter should beprovided over an entire target area, even if a policy of ti:LCticaldispersal isadopted.' .. Even if you have only a second's warning, there is one important thing

. you can do to lessen your chances of injury by blast: Fall fiat on your stomach.More than half of all wounds from blast effects are the result of personsbeing tossed about bodily or being struck by falling and fiyillg objects. If..you lie down fiat, you are less likely to be thrown about. If you have time topick a good spot, there is less chance of your being struck by flying glass andother missiles.If you are inside a large office building when the warning sounds, look fora designated shelter area. If one is not available,get as low in the building~3;ndas near to the center as possible. . In private homes and similar buildings,the cellar is usually the best place. A.void exposure to hazards from-utilities.

~f . - ,

Need for shelterprotection.

Shelters eJcccl'din,to calculated risks

Seek cover ..


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Guard your eyes.

Flash burns causecasualties.

P ra di< l:.e :c !lf home.

Intermiss ion.

If you are in a building with no cellar, lie down along an 'iinsidewall, or dunder a bed or table. Follow instructions of building wardens if there iemergency plan in effect... .- liyon areouid6ors and have to fall :fiatto protect yourself tram a bomb

don't look up to see what is coming. Even during the daylight hours,flash from a bursting nuclear weapon can cause several moments of blindnBury your face in your arms and keep it there for 10 to 12 seconds afterexplosion. That will also help to protect yourface from flying glass and oobjects. -If possible, demonstrate what you mean+show them how to cover.

Any shelter that provides protection from the explosive effects ofatomic bomb will protect against heat flash. A little bit of solid matewill provide flash protection even close to the explosion. Farther out,thinnest sort of material-s-even cotton cloth-will give reasonable protectiIf you are at horne when warning ofimminent enemy attack is givento your home shelter or shelter area. Stay there until you hear the all-csignal. It may be a half hour or more. Start right now to havefanillyraid drills. Talk over the facts with all members of the family t,o'be sure eunderstands .. Children old enough to understand can be taught to doright things. Younger children will have to depend on their parents.If children in your family are in school at time of attack, do not tryreach them. You endanger yourself and them. The school will take cartheni.If you are in another part of the neighborhood or city, do not try tohome. There may not be time, and you will only cause COllusion onstreets.Wenning SignalsBecause of the increased emphasis on evacuation as the best solution toproblem of survival from nuclear attack FCDA has been developing a modifsystem of public warning signals. As soon as the new system is adoptnotification will be given. Revisions in the instructions should then be maUntil that time the following information is official.

The Federal Civil Defense Administration has recommendedfor natiwide use a set of public signals for warning of impending enemy attack. Ois the "WARNING RED" (formerly called Red Alert) signal, indi~ati!lg tenemy air attack is imminent:- Another is the "WARNING WHITE"clear), indicating that attack or further attack by hostile aircraft is improbabFCDA recommends that these signals be given by siren or whistle. Anotis the "WARNING YELLOW" (formerly called Yellow Alert)tindicatingthat enemy air attack is probable. Civil defense officials will be givenwarning through official communications channels, and the public throuConelrad on the radio. .

Most localities have adopted the FCDA warning signals, but regardlof what type your community hastyou should learn and be able to recognthem immediately. Upon the WARNING RED signal you should go rigto shelter. -The FCDA ''AirRaid Instructions" card can be purchased in quantity frthe Government Printing Office, Washingtion 25, D. C. -You might wantpass out copies here.At this point it would be well.to have a lO-minuteintermission.

26


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!,-(i"".,.t:,nO' right now, you should go in for "fireproof housekeeping." Don't CJe~!'!gyf cdfic!pile up around your house and always keep it in covered containers and cellars.

disposed of.Several other household precautions should be taken promptly. Nuclearset off high above ground seldom cause breaks in underground gas ormains. However, shaking and twisting of the buildings by the blastsometimes snaps off household inlets at the point where they enter the

."~~'10.ll.'V.ut.his may allow gas or oil to flow into your cellar.," If you have a coal-burning furnace or wood stove, be sure to . close all Prevent fires.)Iltake and indraft doors. The outdrafts may have to be left open to.prevent.t4e accumulation of ashes, trapped gases, and explosive coal dust, and mini-.mize the danger of suffocation from gases known as blackdamp. Try toprevent sparks and do all you canto put out or cover open flames.

Should attack come without warning, take these same precautions rightafter the raid. Don't strike a match to light your way down into. a darkenedbasement; gas or oil fumes may be present and an explosion or fire could result.Use a flashlight.Home Shelters and Shelter Areas

The basement is the safest place to. be. Upon WARNING RED go to.the basement, lie flat along the wall nearest the direction from which youexpect the blast to come. You would be even safer under a cellar work benchor heavy table. Stay away from the middle of the floor where falling beamsand other objects are most likely to strike you.

Naturally, you run a risk of being trapped in the wreckage, but youroverall chances of escape from the bomb in most cases are many times greaterthan they would be upstairs. If your basement has two exits, you will be inless danger of being trapped.

Besides protecting you from blast and heat, basements also provide Basementsprofecishielding from initial radiation. The lower you get, the more barriers against from radiation.radiation there are likely to be between you and the bursting bomb. In thecellar you will be shielded not only by other buildings, but also by earth andthe cement foundations of your house. Earth and concrete in quantity axegood radiation barriers.

One of the best protections you can provide for yourself and your family Build a shelter inis a home shelter. FCDA has prepared a manual telling how to 'construct a your home.shelter either in the basement or the yard. The manual is entitled HomeShelters for Family Protection in an Atomic Attack and can be p-urchased fromthe Government Printing Office for 30 cents.

These shelters can be built by the average householder and are relativelyinexpensive. The cheapest, a wooden lean-to built in the basement at a costof about $40, provides protection. More comfortable shelters offering evengreater protection can be built at higher cost. All of the shelters in the manualhave been tested under actual nuclear explosion.

Shelters are becoming increasingly important as protection against radio-active fallout.If you live ina State where there is danger from sudden storms like torna-does orliu:rricanes, you may have a storm cellar or something similar. Suchforms of shelter may give protection against nuclear bombs.If you have no. basement, select the strongest part of your house for ashelter area. This might b e the space under the stairway, or a corner awayfrom windows, where two walls join. .

2 1 1


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Prepare shelfer.

Keep first~aidmaterials on hand.

"A stitch in timesaves nine.U

Other emergencysupplies.

Precooked foods.

~If possible, provide two exits from your shelter area. ..Nail wire screor heavy cloth across any glass area such as windows, French doors, amirrors. In or near your shelter area keep a sup-ply of canned {QQd,clri .nkmwater insealed jars, and first-aid supplies.' '. -

Also store in or near the shelter area a portableradio, shovel, rope, hoaxe, flashlight, and afire extinguisher or a bucket of sand. -Let's discuss a few of these items.First-aidkit.-The injuries that YOJl'l1have to care for are the usual typsuch as burns, breaks, bumps, and cuts. Unless you are able to take carethe minor injuries of your own family ..they may go unattended. Itis wto take the American 'National Red Cross Standard First-Aid Course andkeep the :first-aid manual and first-aid supplies on hand. The Red Cross hpublished a civil defense supplement to the American National Red 'CroFirst-Aid testbook. .Pass out copies of the FeDA leaflet "Civil Defense Heushold First-Aid KitThe leaflet can be obtained in quantity from the Government Printing OffiOr, you might have the list of first-aid kit items in it mimeographed for distribtion here. Ifavailabie, it would be well to have a typical first-aid kit on displaFind out froIII the local Red Cross about first-aid classes. Know whererefer students who wish to take the course.

Flashlights.-Get at least two. They may be your only light for awhiGet extra bulbs and keep fresh batteries available, . '

F{reextingui8hers.- You can't do much against big :fires,but you willable to control a small fire in your own house before it has time to spreaMake sure everybody in the family knows how the fire extinguishers worThis subject will be taken up more completely at the next session.Sheets of vinyl film, heavy paper, cardboard, or doili.- You will need somthing to put over the windows after an explosion to keep out cold, sparks, anpossibly radioactive dust.

Radio~-Aportable battery radio will prove useful. Itmay be your masource of information on what is going on in your city or what you are supposeto do. This should be kept where you can pick it up on the way to yoshelter area,Bucket.-It is quite possible that water mains may be broken or sewadisposal plants hit. A pail with cover, for toilet use, should be availablecase the plumbing is damaged.Food 8upplies.-You should keep a 3-day supply of emergency rationshand. Canned foods, canned milk, and other things that can be eaten withoubeing heated, are especially desirable, A good idea is to start buying a fethings at a time and store them for an emergency. .

Drinking water.-It is a good idea to keep on hand several covered eotainers of water for emergency use. In addition, it may be advisable to clothe main water valve leading from the street immediately after attack so thathe water in the household pipes and the hot-water tank will continue to bsafe for drinking. This amount should tide you over the immediate posattack period. Be sure to turn off t he heat to the hot-water tank, whethethe main water valve is turned off or not. .

Even if the water service continues in your area, don't use tap water fdrinking purposes until you have received official information that the cisystem is safe. This is primarily because disease carriers such as typhoigerms can enter from damaged water systems. Boiling will kill most germthat get into damaged water mains, but will not affect radioactivity.


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is a.good-place.to stop-for a summary. List points-on the blackboard as Summary.get them inanswer .toyour questions.' Asksuch questions as:What d o yo u "do'if y o n a re o u t d o o r s an d a nuclear 'bomb explodes 'without_ - .: - _ . _ - - -.' -- .

(2)"Wha t do you do i fy -ou are in your h om e '? ,(3) What things wor i . Idyou do w hen yo u hear warning red?(4) How do you select a shelter area?(5) ~owdo you prepare a sh~lter area?The home after attack.---:Keep all windows and doors closed for several Keep windows and

hours after a nuclear attack, In fact, better leave them shut until you receive doors dosed.official information that there is no lingering radiation in your neighborhood.Should you get an officialreport that there is serious radiological contaminationin the vicinity, better cover all broken windows with blankets, vinyl film,heavy paper, or cardboard. '

,Should you have reason to believe that you have been radiologically con- Per

Basic Civil Defense Guide (1955)

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Transcript of Basic Civil Defense Guide (1955)