7/24/2019 Basic Chemistry Notes

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Chemical bondsare n%t physica$ structures) ut a energy re$ati%nship that in%$es the e$ectr%ns %' the reacting at%!s" Che!ica$

%ning %ccurs in the %uter e$ectr%n she$$s %' an at%!" The !a(i!u! nu!er %' energy $ee$s 0e$ectr%n she$$s1 kn%*n s% 'ar is D"

These $ee$s are nu!er starting at the nuc$eus %ut*ar" The c$%ser the e$ectr%ns are t% the nuc$eus the str%nger the attracti%n

et*een the ? & - s% %ning %ccurs !%re reai$y in the %uter energy $ee$s" Each energy $ee$ can %n$y h%$ a certain nu!er %'

e$ectr%ns" ee$ %ne h%$s e$ectr%ns) $ee$ t*% h%$s F e$ectr%ns) $ee$ three h%$s up t% 7F e$ectr%ns an s% %n" I' an energy

$ee$ is n%t 'u$$ %r a$ance it *i$$ try t% gie) take) %r share e$ectr%ns *ith %ther at%!s t% %tain a a$ance" The !agic nu!er in a$$

$ee$s %ther than %ne is the nu!er F" 5hen the %uter she$$$ee$ has F e$ectr%ns it is inactie an there'%re inert" The %uter she$$ is

kn%*n as the a$ence she$$ an the e$ectr%ns it h%$s are kn%*n as a$ence e$ectr%ns" The a$ence e$ectr%ns eter!ine che!ica$

reactiity" 5hen at%!s gie) take) %r share e$ectr%ns they BON"

Ionic bonds'%r! *hen a c%!p$ete trans'er %' e$ectr%ns %ccurs) %ne at%! gies the %ther takes" This gies each at%! a charge)

these charge partic$es are ca$$e i%ns" The at%! that t%%k an e$ectr%n n%* has t%% !any e$ectr%ns c%!pare t% is pr%t%ns s% it

has a 0-1 charge" It is ca$$e an anion0AN-i%n1" The at%! that gae an e$ectr%n n%* has t%% 'e* e$ectr%ns c%!pare t% its pr%t%ns

s% it has a 0?1 charge" This is ca$$e a cation 0CAT-i%n1" 5hen an i%nic %n is create %th a cati%n an an ani%n are '%r!e"

Since %pp%site charges stick t%gether these t*% stay ery c$%se"

E(" NaC$

Covalent bonds'%r! *hen t*% at%!s share e$ectr%ns t% 'i$$ their a$ence she$$ at $east part %' the ti!e" Many at%!s share the

e$ectr%n e.ua$$y an are re'erre t% as n%np%$ar c%a$ent$y %ne !%$ecu$es" But s%!e at%!s ten t% =h%g> the e$ectr%n 'r%! the

%ther at%!0s1 in the !%$ecu$e *hich gies i''erent at%!s %n the sa!e !%$ecu$e s$ight charges" These are ca$$epolar molecules"

The =h%gging> %' the e$ectr%n !ay e ue t% the three i!ensi%na$ shape"

E(" HO

Hydrogen bondsare *eak an s%!eti!es re'erre t% as sticky %ns" They '%r! *hen a hyr%gen %un t% an e$ectr%n hungry

at%! 0N) O1 is attracte t% an%ther e$ectr%n hungry at%!" 5hen p%$ar !%$ecu$es such as *ater stick t% each %ther they are '%r!ing

hyr%gen %ns"

,,They are i!p%rtant intra!%$ecu$ar %ns) they he$p in i''erent parts %' the sa!e !%$ecu$e t%gether int% a three i!ensi%na$

shape" 0he$ping it t% ='%$> neat$y1

5hat i!p%rtant !%$ecu$e is epenent %n this type %' %ning

Types %' reacti%ns

ynthesis reactions!t*% %r !%re !%$ecu$es c%!ine t% '%r! a $arger !%re c%!p$e( !%$ecu$e" A ? B AB

This a$*ays in%$es %n '%r!ati%n" Energy !ust e as%re t% !ake %ns s% synthesis reacti%ns are energy-as%ring

reacti%ns"

,,Synthesis reacti%ns uner$ie a$$ ana%$ic 0c%nstructie1 actiities that %ccur in %y ce$$s" They are i!p%rtant '%r gr%*th) repair %'

tissue) an the '%r!ati%n %' pr%tein !%$ecu$es y +%ining a!in% acis int% $%ng chains"

"ecomposition reactions%ccur *hen a !%$ecu$e is r%ken int% s!a$$er !%$ecu$es) at%!s) %r i%ns" AB A ? B Thisis a synthesis reacti%n in reerse" B%ns are a$*ays r%ken" #r%ucts are a$*ays s!a$$er & si!p$er than the %rigina$ !%$ecu$e"

Energy is re$ease"

,,ec%!p%siti%n reacti%ns uner$ie a$$ cata%$ic 0estructie1 pr%cesses that %ccur in the ce$$s" These reacti%ns reak %*n '%%)

an reak %*n g$yc%gen int% g$uc%se *hen $%% sugar $ee$ r%p"

Exchange reactionsin%$e %th synthesis an ec%!p%siti%n reacti%ns" B%ns are !ae an r%ken) a s*itch is !ae et*een

!%$ecu$e parts 0change partners1"

AB ? C AC ? B %r AB ? C A ? CB

,,An e(change reacti%n %ccurs *hen AT# reacts *ith g$uc%se an trans'ers its en ph%sphate gr%up t% g$uc%se '%r!ing g$uc%se-

ph%sphate"

,, At the sa!e ti!e the AT# ec%!es A#" This reacti%n %ccurs *heneer g$uc%se enters a %y ce$$) this traps the g$uc%se 0'ue$1!%$ecu$e insie the ce$$"

BIOCHEMISTRY

A$$ che!ica$s 'a$$ are either %rganic %r in%rganic c%!p%uns"

Organic c%!p%uns are car%n c%ntaining !%$ecu$es" E(" Car%hyrates) $ipis) pr%teins) & nuc$eic acis" A$$ %rganic !%$ecu$es

are $arge c%a$ent$y %ne !%$ecu$es) *ith a 'e* e(cepti%ns such as car%n i%(ie"

In%rganic c%!p%uns $ack car%n) are si!p$er) an s!a$$er" E(" Sa$t) *ater) & !any acis & ases"

5ATER- the !%st aunant in%rganic c%!p%un in the %y 01" 5aters pr%perties !ake it s% i!p%rtant t% us"

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high heat capacity-preents suen changes in %y te!perature"

#%$arity- e(ce$$ent s%$ent

M%$ecu$es cann%t react che!ica$$y un$ess they are in s%$uti%n) !%st che!ica$ reacti%ns are epenent in the presence

%' *ater" 5ater can act as a transp%rt an e(change !eiu! in the %y"

Reactant- hyr%$ysis reacti%ns a *ater an reak %ns"

Base '%r a$$ %y $uricants"

#r%tectie 'uncti%n-cerer%spina$ '$ui-a!ni%tic '$ui"

SATS

The sa$ts %' !any !eta$ e$e!ents are c%!!%n$y '%un in the %y) ut the !%st p$enti'u$ sa$ts are th%se c%ntaining ca$ciu! an

ph%sph%rus) '%un chie'$y in %nes an teeth" iss%$e sa$ts are i%nic c%!p%uns *hich easi$y separate int% their i%nsJca$$e

iss%ciati%n" Because i%ns are charge partic$es) a$$ sa$ts are e$ectr%$ytes-

Nuc$eic AcisNuc$eic acis are 'una!enta$K

they !ake up genes) pr%ie the $ueprints '%r $i'e) irect gr%*th an ee$%p!ent) an ictate the structure %' the

pr%teins"

They are the $argest i%$%gica$ !%$ecu$e in the %y

Mae %' C) H) N) & # at%!s

Their ui$ing $%cks are Nuc$e%ties

Nuc$e%ties are !ae %ut %' three asic parts

7" a nitr%gen c%ntaining ase" a pent%se sugar 0L car%ns1" a ph%sphate gr%up

Nuc$e%ties c%!e in L arietiesK aenine 0A1) thy!ine 0T1) cyt%sine 0C1) guanine0G1) an uraci$ 031

A & G are $arge t*% ringe ases) the %thers are s!a$$er sing$e ringe structures"

THERE ARE T5O TY#ES O/ N3CEIC ACIS

7" e%(yri%nuc$eic aci 0NA1- genetic !ateria$ '%un *ithin the nuc$eus %' the ce$$"

It rep$icates it6s se$' e'%re the ce$$ iies) ensuring that eery ce$$ has the e(act sa!e genetic

!ateria$ insie" It a$s% pr%ies the instructi%ns '%r ui$ing eery pr%tein that y%ur %y nees"

NA is a %u$e chain %' nuc$e%ties *hich $%%ks $ike a t*iste $aer) it is ca$$e a %u$e he$i("

The ases it uses are A & T *hich a$*ays %n t%gether) an C & G *hich a$*ays %n t%getherJ

they are kn%*n as c%!p$e!entary ase pairs"

" Ri%nuc$eic aci 0RNA1-

$%cate %utsie the nuc$eus an it is the !%$ecu$ar s$ae %' the NA"

It carries %ut the %rers '%r pr%tein synthesis issue y NA"

Sing$e strane nuc$e%tie chains

The ases it uses are A & 3) an C & G) the 3 rep$aces the T an the sugar is ri%se instea %'

e%(yri%se"

There are three arieties %' RNA !essenger) ri%s%!a$) an trans'er RNA"

Messenger RNA carries the in'% '%r ui$ing pr%teins 'r%! the genes t% the ri%s%!es) the pr%tein-synthesis"

Trans'er RNA rings a!in% acis t% the ri%s%!es"

Ri%s%!a$ RNA '%r!s part %' the ri%s%!es) *here it %ersees the 0trans$ati%n1 %' the !essage an the ining t%gether

%' a!in% acis t% '%r! the pr%teins"

AT#

AT#Jaen%sine triph%sphate is a '%r! %' che!ica$ energy that is usa$e y a$$ %y ce$$s" G$uc%se is the !%st i!p%rtant ='ue$> '%r

the %y ce$$s) energy re$ease as g$uc%se is capture an st%re in the %ns %' AT# !%$ecu$es as s!a$$ packets %' energy"

Structura$$y AT# is a !%i'ie nuc$e%tie it c%nsists %' an aenine ase) ri%se sugar) & three ph%sphate gr%ups" The ph%sphate

gr%ups are attache y uni.ue che!ica$ %ns ca$$e high!energy phosphate bonds" 5hen they are rupture y hyr%$ysis energy

is i!!eiate$y aai$a$e" This trans'%r!s the AT# t% A# 0i-ph%sphate1" A# ui$s up an is rep$enishe ack int% AT#) y the

%(iati%n %' '%% supp$ies"