Basic ChemistryBasic Chemistry

I. MatterI. Matter

Basic material of the universeBasic material of the universe

4 states4 states1. 1. 2. 2. 3.3.

4.4.

II. AtomsII. Atoms

that that have have their own distinct their own distinct properties and properties and are are classified on those properties classified on those properties

into CHEMICAL into CHEMICAL ELEMENTS.ELEMENTS.

ELEMENTS ARE ELEMENTS ARE REFERRED TO BY REFERRED TO BY THEIRTHEIR

Elements of Elements of the human the human body and body and their their Chemical Chemical SymbolsSymbols

A. Atom is composed of two A. Atom is composed of two partsparts

1. Nucleus1. Nucleus

a. of the atoma. of the atom

b. 100,000 X’s b. 100,000 X’s than the entire atomthan the entire atom

c. of the atoms c. of the atoms massmass

d. different d. different subatomic particlessubatomic particles

2. charged 2. charged particleparticle

ProtonsProtons

a. protons a. protons are are identicalidentical

b. Mass of a b. Mass of a Proton is Proton is 1 AMU (1.66 1 AMU (1.66 X 10-24)X 10-24)

3. particle3. particleNeutrons Neutrons

a. Neutrons a. Neutrons are are identicalidentical

b. Mass of a b. Mass of a Neutron Neutron close close to 1 AMUto 1 AMU

4. 4. Space at which Space at which electrons are electrons are

to be to be found.found.

a. a. the the nucleusnucleus

b. 1/1836 AMUb. 1/1836 AMU

c. c. charged charged particleparticle

d. d. whirl around the electron shell whirl around the electron shell randomlyrandomly

1. Located in 1. Located in based on the based on the electrons electrons . .

energy electrons are to the energy electrons are to the nucleusnucleus

energy electrons are energy electrons are awayaway

2. Energy levels can hold only a 2. Energy levels can hold only a of of electronselectrons

1st level can hold up to electrons1st level can hold up to electrons

2nd & 3rd level can hold up to 2nd & 3rd level can hold up to electronselectrons

B. Number of protons = number of electrons in an B. Number of protons = number of electrons in an atomatom

Number of protons in the atomNumber of protons in the atomHydrogen 1 Proton AN 1Hydrogen 1 Proton AN 1Carbon 6 Protons AN 6Carbon 6 Protons AN 6Oxygen Protons AN 8Oxygen Protons AN 8Nitrogen 7 Protons ANNitrogen 7 Protons AN

C.C.

Number of protons and NeutronsNumber of protons and Neutrons

D. All this information is on the periodic table of elements.D. All this information is on the periodic table of elements.

1. Family, columns = 1. Family, columns =

2. Period, rows =2. Period, rows =Each block tells specific informationEach block tells specific information

a. a. b. b.

c. c. d. d.

E. Atoms Combining to form large particlesE. Atoms Combining to form large particles

1. 1. 2 or more of the 2 or more of the

atoms that come together. atoms that come together. IE...O2, N2, H2IE...O2, N2, H2

2. 2.

Combination of 2 or more kinds of Combination of 2 or more kinds of atoms. ie....H20 CO2atoms. ie....H20 CO2

3. 3.

of 2 or more molecules & of 2 or more molecules & compounds.compounds.

Can be from each other.Can be from each other.

III. Chemical BondingIII. Chemical Bonding

3 Types of chemical bonds3 Types of chemical bonds

A. A.

Positive and negative ions are held together by the Positive and negative ions are held together by the forces forces that are exerted by particles of charges.that are exerted by particles of charges.

Opposite attract.- Opposite attract.-

- positive ions- positive ions

- negative ions- negative ions

B. Covalent Bonds -B. Covalent Bonds -

1. Share electron - single covalent bond1. Share electron - single covalent bond

2. Share electrons - double covalent 2. Share electrons - double covalent bondsbonds

C. Hydrogen Bonds - form between a atom C. Hydrogen Bonds - form between a atom and a molecule with a weak negative charge.and a molecule with a weak negative charge.

to ionic because the to ionic because the force is electrostatic but it is . force is electrostatic but it is .

IV. Chemical ReactionIV. Chemical Reaction2 types2 types

A. - Combination of A. - Combination of atoms, ions, or atoms, ions, or molecules to form a larger molecules to form a larger molecule.molecule.

A + B = ABA + B = AB

When this reaction occurs in When this reaction occurs in the the cell it is referred to as cell it is referred to as anabolism.anabolism.

B. - Breakdown of large B. - Breakdown of large molecules molecules into smaller ones.into smaller ones.

AB = A + BAB = A + B

When this occurs in the body When this occurs in the body it is it is referred to asreferred to as

V. Chemical Compounds of the CellV. Chemical Compounds of the Cell major groupsmajor groups

A. - do not contain A. - do not contain chain of chain of carbon atoms and are usually held carbon atoms and are usually held together by ionic together by ionic bonds.bonds.

1. - most inorganic compound 1. - most inorganic compound in the in the body 60 - 70%body 60 - 70%

a. - desired a. - desired medium for medium for chemical reaction in the chemical reaction in the body.body.

b. - small size b. - small size makes makes it able to transport tiny it able to transport tiny solutes and solutes and larger compounds.larger compounds.

c. - regulate c. - regulate internal internal body temperature.body temperature.

d. - reduces d. - reduces friction in friction in the body.the body.

2. Salts -2. Salts -

3. Acids & Bases3. Acids & Basesa. - molecule releases 1 or more hydrogen a. - molecule releases 1 or more hydrogen

ions.ions.Strong - ionizes completelyStrong - ionizes completely - ionizes partially- ionizes partially

b. - Molecules reduces the hydrogen ion b. - Molecules reduces the hydrogen ion concentration.concentration.

When it ionizes in water it binds with the When it ionizes in water it binds with the hydrogen ions to naturalizedhydrogen ions to naturalized

- ionizes completely- ionizes completelyWeak - ionizes partiallyWeak - ionizes partially

Our bodies have a system that Our bodies have a system that makes makes strong acids and bases into weaker strong acids and bases into weaker ones to have ones to have less effect.less effect.

c. pH Scalec. pH Scale

Ranges Ranges

Measures Measures

the number of the number of in a in a

volume of volume of water.water.

B. Organic CompoundsB. Organic Compounds

Molecules that serve as the of most living Molecules that serve as the of most living structures and control most functions.structures and control most functions.

They each contain carbon atomsThey each contain carbon atoms

4 Major Categories4 Major Categories

1. - sugars & Starches & account for 2% of the 1. - sugars & Starches & account for 2% of the bodies mass.bodies mass.Contain carbon, hydrogen, & oxygenContain carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen

Hydrogen & Oxygen in a 2:1 ratio C6H12O6Hydrogen & Oxygen in a 2:1 ratio C6H12O6

Types of carbohydrates based on the number of carbons Types of carbohydrates based on the number of carbons present.present.

A. - simple sugars -lowest number of A. - simple sugars -lowest number of carbohydrates (3 carbohydrates (3 - 7)- 7)

IE.. Glucose, Fructose. GalactoseIE.. Glucose, Fructose. Galactose

B. - formed when 2 monosaccharides are B. - formed when 2 monosaccharides are joined together. joined together. (Dehydration synthesis)(Dehydration synthesis)

C. - long chains of simple sugars that are C. - long chains of simple sugars that are chemically chemically bonded.bonded.

IE...glycogenIE...glycogen

2. Lipids - do not dissolve in 2. Lipids - do not dissolve in waterwaterComposed of carbon, Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen , but hydrogen, and oxygen , but not a 2:1 ratio.not a 2:1 ratio.

IE...fats, phospholipid, & IE...fats, phospholipid, & steroidssteroids

A. Fats( ) - A. Fats( ) - composed of fatty acids & composed of fatty acids & glycerol that are in a ratio glycerol that are in a ratio of 3:1.of 3:1.

fat - fat - animal animal proteins, long proteins, long carbon carbon chain with single chain with single bonds.bonds.

- - short short chain with double chain with double bonds, bonds, plants.plants.

B. - B. - similar to fats but have similar to fats but have only fatty acids only fatty acids chains, used in cell chains, used in cell membranes.membranes.

C. - ring C. - ring structures, hormonesstructures, hormones

3. Proteins - 10 - 30% of the mass of the cell3. Proteins - 10 - 30% of the mass of the cell Basic structure material of the body. Basic structure material of the body.

Composed of Carbon, hydrogen, Oxygen, Composed of Carbon, hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, & Sulfur.Nitrogen, & Sulfur.

(A.A.) 20 essential A.A.(A.A.) 20 essential A.A.

bond bond ( bond) forms between them ( bond) forms between them when A.A. comes together.when A.A. comes together.

- more then - more then AAAA

- more than - more than A.A.A.A.

Each protein has a Each protein has a sequence.sequence.

- catalysts for body - catalysts for body activities: they a chemical activities: they a chemical reaction without undergoing permanent reaction without undergoing permanent change themselves.change themselves.

- alteration of protein - alteration of protein by external factors.by external factors.

4. Nucleic Acids (N.A.) - long organic 4. Nucleic Acids (N.A.) - long organic molecules that hold information.molecules that hold information.

Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, & Phosphorus.Nitrogen, & Phosphorus.

- building block of - building block of N.A.N.A.

Each nucleotide is arranged into Each nucleotide is arranged into basic groups basic groups

1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.

3 types of N.A.3 types of N.A.

1. DNA1. DNA

A. carbon sugar A. carbon sugar

B. 4 nitrogen basesB. 4 nitrogen bases1. 1. 3. 3. 2. 2. 4. 4.

2 Strands are held together by hydrogen bond that twist 2 Strands are held together by hydrogen bond that twist together together like a twisted ladder, double helix.like a twisted ladder, double helix.

Contains - genetic material of life.Contains - genetic material of life.

2. RNA2. RNAA. 5 carbon sugar A. 5 carbon sugar B. 4 nitrogen basesB. 4 nitrogen bases

1. 1. 3. 3. 2. 2. 4. 4.

3. (ATP)3. (ATP)Holds in its Holds in its

phosphate bondsphosphate bonds

Produce from Produce from