BASIC CHEMISTRY. ATOMIC STRUCTURE ATOM, NUCLEUS, PROTON, NEUTRON, ELECTRON ATOMIC NUMBER, ATOMIC...
-
Upload
lucinda-bruce -
Category
Documents
-
view
224 -
download
4
Transcript of BASIC CHEMISTRY. ATOMIC STRUCTURE ATOM, NUCLEUS, PROTON, NEUTRON, ELECTRON ATOMIC NUMBER, ATOMIC...
BASIC CHEMISTRY
BASIC CHEMISTRY
ATOMIC STRUCTUREATOM, NUCLEUS, PROTON, NEUTRON, ELECTRON
ATOMIC NUMBER, ATOMIC WEIGHT
CHEMCIAL BONDSCOVALENT, IONIC, HYDROGEN
FUNCTIONAL GROUPSHYDROXYL, CARBONYL, CARBOXYL, PHOSPHORYL,SULFHYDRYL, AMINO
CLASSES OF COMPOUNDALCOHOL, ALDEHYDE, KETONE, ACIDS (CARBOXYL& PHOSPHORYL), AMINE, THIOETHER, DISULFIDE,ANHYDRIDE, GLYCOSIDE, AMIDE PEPTIDES ARE AMIDES FORMED FROM AMINO ACIDS
NITROGEN
OXYGEN
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
CHEMICAL BONDS
COVALENT – SHARING ELECTRON PAIRSSINGLE, DOUBLE AND TRIPLE COVALENT BONDSE.G., CARBON-CARBON BOND
IONIC BONDS – ATTRACTION BETWEEN POSITIVELY AND NEGATIVELY CHARGED IONSE.G., SODIUM CHLORIDE
HYDROGEN BONDS – ATTRACTION BETWEEN PARTIALPOSITIVELY AND NEGATIVELY CHARGED REGIONSOF MOLECULESE.G., WATER
CHEMICAL BONDS - COVALENT
HYDROGEN BONDS
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS –
PORTION OF A LARGER MOLECULE WHICH CONSISTS OF A SMALL NUMBER OF ATOMS THAT HAVE A CHARACTERISIC CHEMICAL BEHAVIOR.
ALWAYS REACT THE SAME WAY
GIVE THE COMPOUND ITS CHEMICAL REACTIVITY
CLASSES OF COMPOUNDS – BASED ON PRESENCEOF FUNCTIONAL GROUP
GROUP CLASS
HYDROXYL ALCOHOL CARBONYL (END OF CHAIN) ALDEHYDE CARBONYL (INTERNAL) KETONE CARBOXYL ACID – CARBOXYLIC PHOSPHORYL ACID - PHOSPHORIC AMINO AMINE SULFHYDRYL THIOL AMINO AND CARBOXYL AMINO ACIDS
CLASSES OF COMPOUND – BASED ON THE GROUPS WHICH REACTED TO FORM THE COMPOUND
REACTING GROUPS COMPOUND
HYDROXYLS (ALCOHOLS) ETHER SULFHYDRYLS (THIOLS) THIO-ETHER CARBOXYLS, PHOSPHORYLS ANHYDRIDES (ACIDS) CARBON ONE OF SUGAR &
HYDROXYL OF ANOTHERSUGAR O-GLYCOSIDE
CARBON ONE OF SUGAR & O-GLYCOSIDIC BONDNITROGEN OF NUCLEIC
ACID BASE N-GLYCOSIDE N-GLYCOSIDIC BOND
CARBOXYLIC & AMINO AMIDE (PEPTIDE BOND)
CLASSES OF COMPOUND- BASED ON REACTION WHICH FORMED THEM
SAME CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONSAME FUNCTIONAL GROUPSHAVE DIFFERENT CONFIGURATIONS
ENANTIOMERS - ONE KIND OF STERIOISOMER
NON-IDENTICAL MIRROR IMAGES
E.G. D-GLYCERALDEHYDEL-GLYCERALDEHYDE
D - DEXTROROTATORY (ROTATES POLARIZED LIGHT TO RIGHT)L - LEVOROTATORY (ROTATES POLARIZED
LIGHT TO LEFT)
3STEREOISOMERS
WHAT? NATURE OF CHEMICAL BONDSFUNCTIONAL GROUPS/CLASSES OF COMPOUNDS
AND HOW THEY REACTNATURE OF ENANTIOMERS
WHY? ALL CREATURES MUST HAVE LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT PRECURSORS (AMINO ACIDS, MONONUCLEOTIDES,
FATTY ACIDS, MONOSACCHARIDES) WHICH WILL BE USED TO SYNTHESIZE HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGH MACROMOLECULES (PROTEINS, DNA, RNA, LIPIDS, POLYSACCHARIDES) WHICH FORM CELLS.
WHAT DISTINGUISHES THE PRECURSORS FROM EACH OTHER? DIFFERENT FUNCTIONAL GROUPS AND SHAPES