LECTURER: CHONA ARAGA ,MD

1. Matter- occupies space and has mass

- No mass but can be measured- Drives the chemical process- Ultimate source of energy is the sun- Plants convert the energy into high energy

bonds through the process of photosynthesis

- Fundamental substance composing of matter

- Building block of elements- Contain inner core called nucleus- Nucleus contains proton and neutrons- Surrounding the nucleus is a region

containing a negatively charge particles called electrons

- Combination of 2 or more atoms of the same element held together by chemical bonds

- 2 or more atoms of different elements bound together

- 2 or more components physically mixed together

1. solution- homogenous mixture of 2 or more components- solute and solvents

2. Colloids- heterogeneous mixture that appear milky or translucent. Ex gelatin, cytosol

3. Suspension- heterogeneous mixture with large visible solutes. Ex: blood

- Charged particles- Cation- Anion- Ions dissolved in a solution are called

electrolytes ex: Na+, K+, Cl -, PO4 -

- Chemical union of 2 or more atoms . 1. Ionic

- electrons are completely transferred from 1 atom to anotherex: Na+ + Cl¯ NaCl

2. Covalent bond- sharing of electronsex: 02

3. Hydrogen bond- hydrogen atoms are already linked to one electronegative atom is attracted to another electronegative atom

1. Synthesis- A + B ----- AB- bigger compound is formed by union of 2 or more atoms. Also called anabolic- requires energy, chemical bond is formed

2. Decomposition- AB---- A + B- large molecule is broken down into smaller - also called catabolic

- energy is released, chemical bond is destroyed

- AB + C AC + B / AB+CD AD+ CB- Synthesis and decomposition

- Negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration

- Measurement of H ion conc- Acidity and basicity of a subst- Acid is a proton donor- Base is a proton acceptor- Neutral pH- 7- Normal pH of the body is 7.35-7.45

- Anything that will resist any change in pH- Ex: blood

pH and BUFFERpH and BUFFER

pH = - pH = - log [ H + ]

ACID – donates H+

BASE – accepts H+

ACIDOSIS - high [ H+] , low pH

ALKALOSIS – low [ H+] , high pH

BUFFER - BUFFER - contains an acid and its conjugate base- resists ph changes

- e.g. BICARBONATE BUFFER SYSTEMH2CO3

HCO3¯

1. Simple diffusion- movement from area of

greater concentration to area of lesser concentration

- With carrier- Moves bigger particles like glucose

- Movement of water from area of lesser to area of greater concentration

- Movement against conc gradient- From lesser to greater- Uses energy- Ex: Na-K pump

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF LIVING MATTERCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF LIVING MATTER

A. CARBOHYDRATES - mono-, di-, polysaccharides - Functions: structural, energy storage, transport,

regulatory, catalytic, antigen-antibody reaction,cell lubrication, supportive

B. LIPIDS- simple, complex, derived lipids- Functions: structural, energy storage, transport form

of metabolic fuel, receptors, determinants ofimmunologic specificity, enzyme cofactors

C. PROTEINS- simple, compound- fibrous, globular- Functions: structural, catalytic, contraction, gene

regulation, transport, protection, regulatory

D. NUCLEIC ACIDS- DNA, RNA

A. Carbohydrates- consist of Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen1. monosaccharide- glucose, fructose, mannose and galactose2. Disaccharide-

lactose = glucose + galactosemaltose = glucose + glucose

sucrose = glucose + fructose3. Polysaccharides- long chain of monosaccharides. Starch, glycogen, cellulose

1. Structural- cellulose, chitin2. Energy storage- starch, glycogen3. Transport – glycoprotein4. Regulatory- glycoprotein5. Catalytic- ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease6. Antigen-antibody rxn- interferon, Rh factor7. Cell lubrication- supportive8. Component of cell membrane9. Component of protective cellular coat

- Compounds with diverse chemical structure and composition

- Classified according to their solubility

1. Simple lipids- esters of fatty acids with alcohol. Ex: neutral fat, TAG, waxes

2. Complex lipids- esters of fatty acids with other groups aside from alcohol. Ex: phospholipids(lecithin), glycolipid- sphingomyelin, ceramides, ganglioside

3. Precursor and derived Lipids- ex: steroids, ketone bodies, prostaglandins

1. Membrane structure2. Metabolic fuel3. Transport4. Receptors5. Determinants of immunologic specificity6. Enzymes cofactor

- Polymer of amino acidsClassificationA. Composition

1. Simple protein2. compound protein- lipoprotein, glycoprotein

B. Conformation1. Fibrous- collagen, elastin, keratin2. Globular- enzymes, albumin

1. Catalytic role- enzymes2. Contraction- actin and myosin3. Gene regulation- histones, 4. Transport- transferrin5. Protection- immuneglobulin6. Regulatory- protein hormones7. Structural- collagen

- Made up of nucleotides, a molecule composed of nitrogenous base, phosphate and pentose sugar

- DNA- central storage of information- carrier of genetic material

- RNA- needed in protein synthesis- Ex: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA