Basic Chemistry 01

8/14/2019 Basic Chemistry 01

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CH1200 UNIT 1


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CH1200 UNIT 1College of the North Atlantic Qatar

CH1200 UNIT 1.0 CHEMICALTERMINOLOGY

1.1.1 DEFINECHEMISTRY

The study of thecomposition,properties andtransformations ofmatter.


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1.1.2 AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION

Analytical Chemistry

Organic Chemistry

Environmental Chemistry

Inorganic Chemistry

Engineering Chemistry


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1.1.3 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

Significant Figures apply to the

reporting of measurements taken inchemistry.

Significant figures include thecertaindigits of a measurement andthe first uncertain digit.


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1.1.3 RULES FOR SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

1.ALL NONZERO DIGITS ARE SIGNIFICANT.

2.3.LEADING ZEROS THAT BEGIN A

MEASURE ARE NEVER SIGNIFICANT.

4.

5.CAPTIVE ZEROS BETWEEN NON-ZERODIGITS ARE ALWAYS SIGNIFICANT

6.

7.TRAILING ZEROS ARE ONLYSIGNIFICANT IF THE MEASURE IS

WRITTEN WITH A DECIMAL POINT8.

9.EXACT NUMBERS ARE ALWAYSSIGNIFICANT


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1.1.3 ROUNDING OFF MEASUREMENTS

Sometimes it is necessary to Round Off

numbers in calculations to maintainthe correct number of SignificantFigures.

If the digit to be removeda) is less than 5, the preceding digit

stays the same. Ex: 1.33 rounds to 1.3

b)is equal to or greater than 5, thepreceding digit is increased by 1.Ex: 1.36 rounds to 1.4 Ex: 3.15rounds to 3.2

When using your calculator , round offthe finalanswer only.


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1.1.3 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES INMULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION

For multiplication and division, the number

ofsignificantfigures in the result is the sameas that in the measurement with thesmallest number of significant figures.

Ex: 4.56 x 1.4 = 6.384 or 6.4Since 1.4 has only 2 significant figures so must

the final answer.

Ex: 8.315 = 0.0279027 or 0.0279 298Since 298 has only 3 significant figures so

must the final answer.



1.1.3 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES IN ADDITIONAND SUBTRACTION

For addition and subtraction , the

number of significant figures in theresult is set by the measurement withthe least number ofdecimal places.

Ex: 12.11 18.0 1.013 31. 123 rounds off to 31.1

Since the second measure (18.0) hasonly 1 decimal place, this limits thenumber of digits in the final answer.



1.1.4 METRIC UNITS

The Metric System of Measurement uses

SI Units.Physical

Quantity

Basic Unit Abbreviat ion

M ass Kilogram Kg

Lengt h M et er m

Tim e Second s

Tem perat ure Kelvin K


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Figure 2.3: A 100-ml GraduatedCylinder


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1.1.4 Measuring Length

Most Commonly used Metric Units for

Length Unit Sym bol M et er Equiva lent

Kilom et er Km 1000 m or 10 3 m

M et er M 1 m

Cent imeter cm 0.01 m or 10 -2 m

M illim et er m m 0.001 m or 10 -3 m


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1.1.4 Measuring Volume

Most commonly used Metric Units for

Volume

Unit Sym bol Lit er Equivalent

Lit er L 1 0 0 0 m L = 1 0 3m L

M illilit er m L 1 /1000 L = 10 -3 L = 1 m L


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Figure 2.5: Measuring a Pin


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Figure 2.1: Comparison of English and metric units for length on a ruler


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Figure 2.6: Thermometers based on the three temperature scales in (a) ice water and(b) boiling water


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Figure 2.7: The three major temperature scales


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Figure 2.8: Converting 70C to units measured on the Kelvin scale


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Figure 2.9: Comparison of the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales


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Figure 2.10: (a) Tank of water. (b) Person submerged in the tank, raising the level ofthe water.


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Table 2.2: The Commonly used Prefixes in the Metric System


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Table 2.3: The Metric System for Measuring Length


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Figure 2.2: Cubes


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CH 1200 UNIT 2College of the North Atlantic Qatar

2.5.1 PROPERTIES OF METALS

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS

1. All metals are solid (except forMercury)

2. Metals conduct Heat

3. Metals conduct electricity 4. Metals have a shiny appearance 5. Metals are malleable can be

hammered into thin sheets

6. Metals are ductile can be drawninto thin wires


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2.5.2 PROPERTIES OF NON-METALS

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF NON-METALS

1. Non-metals can be solids, liquidsor gases.

2. Non-metals do not conduct heat.

3. Non-metals do not conductelectricity

4. Non-metals do not have a shinyappearance.

5. Non-metals are not malleable. 6. Non-metals are not ductile.


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2.5.3 PROPERTIES OF METTALOIDS

Metalloid: An element which has both

metallic and non-metallic properties.

The list of metalloids includes: Silicon

Germanium Arsenic Antimony Tellurium These elements have some metallic

properties and some metallicproperties.


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2.5.3 PROPERTIES OF METALLOIDS

METALLIC PROPERTIES OF METALLOIDS:

- All metalloids are solids at roomtemperature - Most metalloids are shiny in

appearance

NON-METALLIC PROPERTIES OFMETALLOIDS:

- Metalloids are brittle and notmalleable

- Metalloids are not good conductorsof Heat or Electricity

2.5.4 CHEMICAL SYMBOLS FOR ELEMENTS


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2.5.4 CHEMICAL SYMBOLS FOR ELEMENTS

Symbols are used to represent Chemical

Elements. Symbols may be 1 or 2letters. The symbol may come from the

English name or from the Latin or Greekname.

SYMBOLS FOR ELEMENTS 1 - 10Hydrogen - H Carbon - C

Helium- He Nitrogen - NLithium - Li Oxygen - OBeryllium- Be Fluorine - FBoron - B Neon - Ne


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2.5.4 SYMBOLS FOR ELEMENTS

SYMBOLS FOR ELEMENTS 11

20

Sodium - NaMagnesium - Mg

Aluminum - AlSilicon - SiPhosphorus - PSulfur - SChlorine - ClArgon - ArPotassium - K Calcium - Ca


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2.5.4 SYMBOLS FOR ELEMENTS

The symbols for some elements comefrom ancient Latin or Greek names.Knowing the ancient name helps usremember the symbol.

Elem ent OLD NAM E SYM BOL

SODIUM Nat rium Na

POTASSIUM Kalium K

GOLD Aurum Au

SILVER Argent um Ag

IRON Ferrum Fe

LEAD Plum bum Pb

COPPER Cuprum Cu

M ERCURY Hydragyrum Hg

2 5 5 DEFINE MOLECLAR FORMULA


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2.5.5 DEFINE MOLECLAR FORMULA

Molecular Formula: The exact formulaof a molecule, giving the types ofatoms present

and the numbers of each type.

The type of atom is indicated by thesymbol.

The number of each atom is indicated by

the subscripts.

2 5 5 SAMPLE MOLECULAR FORMULAS


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2.5.5 SAMPLE MOLECULAR FORMULAS

Water H2O contains 2 atoms of

Hydrogen (H) and 1 atom of Oxygen(O).

Carbon Dioxide CO2 contains 1 atom of

Carbon(C)and 2 atoms of Oxygen (O)

Sucrose or sugar C12H22O11contains 12

atoms of Carbon (C) , 22 atoms ofHydrogen (H) and 11 atoms of Oxygen(O).

2 5 6 NAMING ELEMENTS IN A MOLECULE


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2.5.6 NAMING ELEMENTS IN A MOLECULE

Elements in a molecule can be named byhaving a knowledge of the Symbols onthe Periodic Table.

NaCl - Sodium Chloride

MgBr2- Magnesium Bromide

Al2O3 - Aluminum Oxide

NO2 - Nitrogen Dioxide

2 5 7 LIST ATOMS IN A MOLECULE


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2.5.7 LIST ATOMS IN A MOLECULE

Consider Ammonium Carbonate

Molecular Formula (NH4)2CO3

Element # Atoms Present

Nitrogen 2

[There is only one N visible but the 2on the round brackets doubles allatoms inside]

Hydrogen 8 [There are only 4 Hydrogen visible but

the 2 on the round bracket makes it8]

Carbon 1 Oxygen 3

[The s bscript 3 on the O gen

Basic Chemistry 01

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