Basic Cell Structure. Cells Basic building blocks of life Understanding of cell structure is...
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Basic Cell Structure
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CellsBasic building blocks of lifeUnderstanding of cell structure is critical to the study of biotechnology
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CellSmallest living unit of an organismGrow, reproduce, use energy, adapt, respond to their environment
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CellMany cannot be seen with the naked eyeA cell may be an entire organism or it may be one of billions of cells that make up the organism
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CellsDivided and classified in many waysOne common classification method is the presence or absence of a cell necleus
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NucleusRelatively large structure with a cellDirects cell activitiesSome simple single celled organisms lack a nucleus
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Common structuresOrganelles – smaller parts of the cell with specific funtionsCell membrane – acts as a gatekeeper
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Cell membraneControls what enters and leaves the cellPlants, algae and bacteria typically have a tough outer structure known as a cell wall
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Cell wallProvides additional structure and protects the cell from pressure caused by movement of waterAnimal cells do not have walls
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CytoplasmOrganelles are surrounded by a jelly like substancePrimary component is water
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NucleusLargest and most identifiable part of the cell
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Other organellesRibosomesMitochondriaGolgi bodiesEndoplasmic reticulum
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Other organellesLysosomesVacuolesChloroplasts in plants
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NucleusBrain of the cellSite of much of the manipulation done in biotechnology
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NucleusControls activity of the cellRound or oval structureTypically found in the middle of the cellAppears darker than surrounding material
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NucleusSurrounded by a membrane that controls passage of materials in and out of the area
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NucleusContains DNADNA is located on chromosomesMost organisms are diploid – have tow chromosomes for each trait
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DiploidHumans – 23 pairGoldfish – 90 chrms, 45 pair
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Cytoplasmic Organelles
Organelles are required for proper cell functionRibosome – make proteins for cellular use and communicationMay be attached to endoplasmic reticulum
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Endoplasmic reticulum
Layered membraneous Make and transport proteins
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VacuoleLarge organelle, without specific shapeStore waste or raw materials used in synthesis of proteins
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Golgi BodiesGolgi apparatusSimilar to endo. Ret.Look like a thick elastic band that has been folded several times
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Golgi BodiesAdds modifications to unfinished proteinsMakes lysosomes
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LysosomeSmall roundStore enzymes that break down food into chemical compoundsDestroy cell organelles and the cell itself
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MitochondriaEnergy factoriesRod shapedChange food into molecules that can be used for energy
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MitochondriaContain DNACan replicate themselves
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ChlorplastFound in plants and some other organismsContain chlorophyll
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Cellular processesRespirationOsmosisDiffusionPhotosynthesis
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RespirationCells break down carbohydrates and other molecules to produce energyOxidation of glucose is one of most common forms
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RespirationBreaking down of sugar into water, carbon dioxide, and energyEnergy is used to do the work of the cell
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Osmosis & DiffusionTransport of raw materials, wastes, and synthesized materials out of the cell
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DiffusionMovement of molecules, especially gases and liquids from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
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OsmosisSpecific type of diffusionMovement of water through a membrane from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
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EquilibriumDiffusion and osmosis happen to enable a cell to reach equilibrium
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Cellular reproductionThree waysFissionMitosisMeiosis
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FissionProkaryotesCell grows larger and makes a second copy of its DNAAt some point the cell membrane divides the cell by the growth of a transverse septum
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FissionTwo new cells are formed as the division grows inward from either side of the cellTwo cells now called “daughter cells”Sometimes known as “binary fission”
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MitosisEukaryotesRequires 6 stagesInterphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
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MitosisCreates cells that are identical to the original cell.Have the entire compliment of chromosomes existing in pairs - diploid
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MeiosisDivision of sex cellsStages of Meiosis I: Interphase I, prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, cytokinesis I
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MeiosisMeiosis IIInterphase II, prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II, cytokinesis II
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MeiosisEach cell receives one chromosome from each pair randomlyResulting cells have half the normal number of Chromosomes - haploid