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BASIC BUDDHIST TERMS AND CONCEPTS:A STUDENT’S GUIDE FOR

THE STUDY OF TIBETAN BUDDHISM

Basic Buddhist Termsand Concepts:

A Student’s Guidefor the Study of Tibetan Buddhism

compiled and edited by

Paul G. Hackett

from materials translated by

Jeffrey Hopkins, Elizabeth Napper, Daniel Perdue,Kathleen Rogers, and Paul G. Hackett

Snow Lion Publications-Ithaca, New York & Boulder, Colorado

Saturday, Nov. 15, 2003

© Copyright by Paul G. Hackett, 2004.

All rights reserved.

No portion may be reproduced by any means without written permission of the author.

Hackett, Paul Gerard (ed.)A Student’s Handbook for the Study of Tibetan Buddhism: A Companion Volume to The TranslatingBuddhism From Tibetan Reader / compiled and edited by Paul G. Hackett, from materials translated byJeffrey Hopkins, Elizabeth Napper, Daniel Perdue, Kathleen Rogers, and Paul G. HackettIncludes bibliographic references.

1. Tibetan Language — Grammar.2. Buddhism — Tibet — Doctrines.I. Title

CIP

Table of Contents

Foreword vii

Part I: Study Guides 1

Topic 1: Collected Topics on Valid Cognition (c#en-vf-y$r-r$-), including: 3

The Introductory Path of Reasoning (c#en-vf-y$r-r$-) 5

A. White and Red Colors, Etc. (w-[(e-[qc-[fc-n(en-) 7

B. Established Bases (el#-eC^d-) 13

C. Identifying Isolates (V“(e-a-r(n-zj‹]-) 26

i. Definitions and Divisions

ii. Different Types of Oneness

iii. Proving Things

iv. Coextensives

v. Important Points

D. Opposite from Being [Something] (x#]-v(e-f#]-v(e-) 31

E. Causes and Effects (‰X^-zdCn-) 32

i. Definitions and Divisions

ii. Different Types of Oneness

iii. [Phenomena which are] Mutually Inclusive

F. Generalities and Particulars (Nå≈#-dX*-dCe-) 36

G. Contradictory and Related (zev-d-[r-zdC*v-d-) 39

H. Proofs and the Eight Doors of Pervasion (∑d-a-N(-d‰X[-) 42

I. Substantial and Isolate Phenomena (Ôn-y(n-V“(e-y(n-) 42

Awareness and Knowledge (D√(-c#e-) 47

J. Definitions, Divisions, Etc. 49

K. Table of Pervasions (f$-) between types and categories of Awarenesses (D√(-) 78

L. Fifty-one Mental Factors (n*fn-dX^r-v-[dX*-]-N“*-h]-[}^e-x([-[*-) 79

Topics in the “Introductory Path of Reasoning”(rigs lam chung ngu)

w-[(e-[qc-[fc-n(en!

White and Red Colors, Etc

fh·]-dX- fh]-i#[- fh]-el#-

definiendum definition illustration

w-[(e f[(e-o^-c$r-d! [fc-a(!color that which is suitable as hue red

e;$en! e;$en-n$-c$r-d! e;$en-W#-Nœ≈*-fy*[!form that which is suitable as form form sense-sphere

e;$en-W#-Nœ≈*-fy*[! f#e-b*n-W#-e;$r-dX! w-[(eform sense-sphere object of apprehension by an eye

consciousnesscolor

[dX#dn! [dX#dn-n$-dNø]-[^-c$r-d! c#r-d!shape that which is suitable to be shown as a

shapelong

N´çz#-Nœ≈*-fy*[! ’-b*n-W#-i]-dX! ;#]-az#-zd^Xr-d-vn-Rc-az#-N´ç!sound sense-sphere object of hearing by an ear consciousness sound arisen from elements

conjoined with consciousness

[}#z#-Nœ≈*-fy*[! N‘-b*n-W#-N‘(f-dX! Vµ]-Nœ≈*n-QX#-[}#!odor sense-sphere object of experience by a nose

consciousnessnatural odor

c(z#-Nœ≈*-fy*[! V†*-b*n-W#-fX(r-dX! v]-h-d!taste sense-sphere object of experience by a tongue

consciousnesssalty

c*e-dXz#-Nœ≈*-fy*[! v$n-b*n-W#-fX(r-dX! n!tangible objectsense-sphere

object of experience by a bodyconsciousness

earth

n! nC-l#r-zpn-a! y(n-[^r-!earth that which is hard and obstructive religious conch

y$! c√]-l#r-eb*c-d! y$-frc-f(!water that which is wet and moistening soda pop

f*! h-l#r-nC*e-a! fc-f*!fire that which is hot and burning butter lamp

c√^r-! xr-l#r-ex(-d! z(e-el#-c√^r-!wind/air that which is light and moving the wind that is the lower basis [of

our world system]

d*f-a(! ”v-[^-eC^d-a! d$f-a!matter that which is atomically established pot

Ì-dz#-w-[(e Ì-dz#-f[(e-o^-c$r-d! N®(]-a(!primary color that which is suitable as a primary hue blue

N®(]-a(z#-w-[(e N®(]-a(z#-f[(e-o^-c$r-d! cn-N®(]-a(z#-w-[(eblue color that which is suitable as a blue hue the color of blue cloth

n*c-a(z#-w-[(e n*c-a(z#-f[(e-o^-c$r-d! en*c-dg(-fz#-w-[(eyellow color that which is suitable as a yellow hue the color of refined gold

[qc-a(z#-w-[(e [qc-a(z#-f[(e-o^-c$r-d! y(n-[^r-[qc-a(z#-w-[(ewhite color that which is suitable as a white hue the color of a white religious conch

[fc-a(z#-w-[(e [fc-a(z#-f[(e-o^-c$r-d! a[-f-cZ-ez#-w-[(ered color that which is suitable as a red hue the color of a ruby

x]-ve-e#-w-[(e x]-ve-e#-f[(e-o^-c$r-d! Nåç#]-[fc-n*c-R#-w-[(esecondary color that which is suitable as a secondary hue the color of an orange cloud

[dX*-d!

Divisions

basis of division divisions (illustrations)

e;$en! e;$en-W#-Nœ≈*-fy*[! Nçz#-Nœ≈*-fy*[! [}#z#Nœ≈*-fy*[! c(z#-Nœ≈*-fy*[! c*e-dXz#-Nœ≈*-fy*[! V®-x([!form there are five: form sense-sphere, sound sense-sphere, odor sense-sphere, taste

sense-sphere, and tangible object sense-sphere

e;$en-W#-Nœ*≈-fy*[! [dX#dn! w-[(e ei#n-x([!form sense-sphere There are two: shape and color

[dX#dn! d‰X[-x([-[*!shape There are eight:

c#r-d! (c#-‰Xv-Vµ^]-a(z#-[dX#dn-)long the shape of the king of mountains,

Meru

p%r-d! (”^v-sC]-R#-[dX#dn-)short the shape of a minute particle

fp(-d! (dnf-eo]-dl#-az#-elv-xn-wr-e#-[dX#dn-)high the shape of an inestimable mansion

in the Fourth Concentration

[fz-d! (z(e-el#-c√^r-e#-[W#v-zw(c-W#-[dX#dn-)low the shape of the sphere of wind that is

the lower basis [of our world system]

Vµf-a! (wr-a-eC^-dl#z#-[dX#dn-)square the shape of a rectangular house

:√^f-a(! (a(-v#z#-[dX#dn-)round the shape of a ball

sX-v*-dz#-e;$en! (r(n-fif-az#-[dX#dn-)level form the shape of an even surface

sX-v*-d-f-x#]-az#-e;$en! (r(n-f#-fif-az#-[dX#dn-)non-level form the shape of an uneven surface

w-[(e ei#n-x([-[*!color There are two:

Ì-dz#-w-[(e ([qc-a(-)primary color white

x]-ve-e#-w-[(e (]e-a(-)secondary color black

Ì-dz#-w-[(e N®(]-a(! n*c-a(! [qc-a(! [fc-a(! dl#-x([!primary color There are four: blue, yellow, white, and red

x]-ve-e#-w-[(e d‰X[-x([-[*!secondary color There are eight:

[*c-R^c-az#-Nåç#]-R#-w-[(e (Nåç#]-[fc-n*c-R#-w-[(e-)the color of a cloud which is that [i.e.,a secondary color]

the color of an orange cloud

[*c-R^c-az#-[^-dz#-w-[(e ([^-d-N®(-]e-e#-w-[(e-)the color of smoke which is that the color of blue-black smoke

[*c-R^c-az#-”^v-R#-w-[(e (”^v-R#-w-[(e-Nœ≈-d(-)the color of dust which is that the grayish color of dust

[*c-R^c-az#-w^e-N‘z#-w-[(e (bc-sX(en-W#-w^e-N‘z#-w-[(e-N®(-Nœ≈-)the color of mist which is that the bluish color of mist in the east

[*c-R^c-az#-N‘r-dz#-w-[(e (N‘r-dz#-w-[(e-[qc-Nœ≈-)the color of illumination the whitish color of illumination

which is that

[*c-R^c-az#-f$]-az#-w-[(e (f$]-]e-e#-w-[(e-)the color of darkness which is that the color of black darkness

[*c-R^c-az#-eC#d-fz#-w-[(e (b#r-e#-eC#d-fz#-w-[(e-)the color of shadow which is that the color of the shadow of a tree

[*c-R^c-az#-i#-fz#-z([-;*c-R#-w-[(e (i#-fz#-z([-[fc-n*c-R#-w-[(e-)the color of sunlight which is that the color of orange sunlight

N´çz#-Nœ≈*-fy*[! ei#n-x([-[*!sound sense-sphere There are two:

;#]-az#-zdX^r-d-vn-Rc-az#-N´ç!sound arisen from elements conjoined with consciousness

f-;#]-az#-zdX^r-d-vn-Rc-az#-N´ç!sound arisen from elements not conjoined with consciousness

or

d‰X[-x([-[*!There are eight:

;#]-az#-zdX^r-d-vn-dX^r-dz#-n*fn-t]-[-Nø(]-az#-N´ç-NI]-a!

(D√-fn-y(n-en$r-az#-N´ç-)

pleasant articulate sound arisen fromelements conjoined with consciousness

the sound of a lama teaching doctrine

;#]-az#-zdXr-d-vn-dX^r-dz#-n*fn-t]-[-Nø(]-az#-N´ç-f#-NI]-a!

([a(]-a(n-dqz-dW(]-e]r-dz#-N´ç-)

unpleasant articulate sound arisenfrom elements conjoined withconsciousness

the sound of being reprimanded byan official

;#]-az#-zdX^r-d-vn-dX^r-dz#-n*fn-t]-[-f#-Nø(]-az#-N´ç-NI]-a!

(:√(n-ec-dn-Nåc-y-eor-dz#-N´ç-)

pleasant inarticulate sound arisen fromelements conjoined with consciousness

the sound [of a blade of grass] playedbetween the thumbs by a musician

;#]-az#-zdX^r-d-vn-dX^r-dz#-n*fn-t]-[-f#-Nø(]-az#-N´ç-f#-NI]-a!

(a$-v#-n#z#-w^-h·c-d”*e-az#-N´ç-)

unpleasant inarticulate sound arisenfrom elements conjoined withconsciousness

the sound of the impact of apoliceman's fist

f-;#]-az#-zdX^r-d-vn-dX^r-dz#-n*fn-t]-[-Nø(]-az#-N´ç-NI]-a!

(V¨(]-b#r-c√^r-e#n-dNœ^v-d-v-dØ*]-]n-dX^r-dz#-f[(-)

pleasant articulate sound arisen fromelements not conjoined withconsciousness

a sÒtra that arises in dependence onthe wind rustling a tree

f-;#]-az#-zdX^r-d-vn-dX^r-dz#-n*fn-t]-[-Nø(]-az#-N´ç-f#-NI]-a!

(Nåç&v-dz#-er-;e-e#n-h‹e-Ì%d-Nƒç-dz#-N´ç-)

unpleasant articulate sound arisenfrom elements not conjoined withconsciousness

the sound of harsh words spoken byan emanated person

f-;#]-az#-zdX^r-d-vn-dX^r-dz#-n*fn-t]-[-f#-Nø(]-az#-N´ç-NI]-a!

(Nåç&v-dz#-er-;e-e#n-Q√#r-d$-dor-dz#-N´ç-)

pleasant inarticulate sound arisen fromelements not conjoined withconsciousness

the sound of a flute played by anemanated person

f-;#]-az#-zdX^r-d-vn-dX^r-dz#-n*fn-t]-[-f#-Nø(]-az#-N´ç-f#-NI]-a!

(y$z#-N´ç-)

unpleasant inarticulate sound arisenfrom elements not conjoined withconsciousness

the sound of a stream

[}#z#-Nœ≈*-fy*[! Vµ]-Nœ≈*n-W#-[}#! N∂≈c-dX^r-e#-[}#! ei#n-x([!odor sense-sphere There are two: natural odor and manufactured odor

or

dl#-x([-[*!There are four:

[}#-l#f-a! (g]-[]-R#-[}#-)fragrant odor the odor of sandalwood

[}#-f#-l#f-a! (f#-egr-dz#-[}#-)unfragrant odor the odor of excrement

[}#-fif-a! (zdCn-W#-[}#-)equal odor the odor of rice

[}#-f#-fif-a! (N´(e-az#-[}#-)unequal odor the odor of garlic

c(z#-Nœ≈*-fy*[! [}^e-x([-[*!taste sense-sphere There are six:

frc-d! (d$-cf-R#-c(-)sweet the taste of molasses

Nœ≈&c-d! (v#f-a$z#-c(-)sour the taste of lemon

w-d! (õ#-Q££z#-c(-)bitter the taste of gentiara chirettadNœ-d! (de-v*d-W#-c(-)astringent the taste of bread

h-d! (q-f(z#-c(-)pungent the taste of gingerv]-h-d! (V¨en-hz#-c(-)salty the taste of salt

c*e-dXz#-Nœ≈*-fy*[! ei#n-x([-[*!tangible object sense-sphere There are two:

zdX^r-dc-Rc-az#-c*e-dX!tangible object which is an element

zdX^r-zR^c-R#-c*e-dX!tangible object arisen from the elements

zdX^r-dc-Rc-az#-c*e-dX! n! y$! f*! c√^r-! dl#-x([!tangible object which is anelement

There are four: earth, water, fire, and wind

zdX^r-zR^c-R#-c*e-dX! d[^]-x([-[*!tangible object arisen from theelements

There are seven:

[*c-R^c-az#-zuf-a!smoothness which is that

[*c-R^c-az#-Ì%d-a!roughness which is that

[*c-R^c-az#-V†#-d!heaviness which is that

[*c-R^c-az#-xr-d!lightness which is that

[*c-R^c-az#-eCr-d!cold which is that

[*c-R^c-az#-dqC*n-a!hunger which is that

[*c-R^c-az#-Nœ(f-a!thirst which is that

el#-eC^d-!

Established Bases

el#-eC^d-[r-[*-[r-[(]-et#e-az#-y(n-Established Bases and Phenomena which are Mutually Inclusive with them


definiendum definition (illustration)

el#-eC^d! h[-fn-eC^d-a!established base that which is established by valid cognition

(d$f-a! z[n-f-dXn-W#-]f-fwz! q-d$f-ei#n-)pot; uncompounded space; the two – pillar and pot

b*n-dX! D√(z#-x$v-[^-dX-c$r-d!object of knowledge that which is suitable to serve as an object of an awareness

x([-a! h[-fn-[f#en-a!existent that which is observed by valid cognition

y(n! cr-e#-r(-d(-zj‹]-a!phenomenon that which holds its own entity

elv-dX! h[-fn-Ø(en-ac-dX-d!object of comprehension object realized by valid cognition

x$v! D√(n-c#e-ac-dX-d!object object known by an awareness

’f-f∑*]-R#-elv-dX! ’f-f∑*]-R#n-Ø(en-ac-dX-d!object of comprehension of anomnicient consciousness

object realized by an omniscient consciousness

Vœ(e-R^c! cr-zj‹]-Ø(e-an-Vœ(e-o^-R^c-az#-h$v-R#n-Ø(en-ac-dX-d!hidden phenomenon object realized in a hidden manner by the conceptual consciousness

apprehending it

—————————————————

Øe-a-[r-[*-[r-[(]-et#e-az#-y(n-Permanent Phenomena and Phenomena which are Mutually Inclusive with them



Øe-a! y(n-[r-Nœ[-t#e-f-f-x#]-az#-el#-fp%]-a!permanent phenomenon that which is a common locus of a phenomenon and the non-

momentary(b*n-dX! Øe-[r(n-ei#n! z[n-f-dXn-W#-]f-fwz-)object of knowledge; the two – permanent phenomenon and thing;uncompounded space

Nå≈#-fh]! Nç-Ø(e-e#n-doen-a-gf-x#]-R#-cr-fh]-[-f-eC^d-az#-y(n!generally characterizedphenomenon

a phenomenon that is merely imputed by terms or conceptuality and isnot established as a specifically characterized phenomenon

q^]-Ô(d-d[*]-a! [(]-[f-ac-[(]-dX*[-f#-]^n-az#-y(n!conventional truth a phenomenon that is unable ultimately to perform a function

[r(n-f*[-W#-y(n! [(]-dX*[-]^n-Nø(r-e#-y(n!phenomenon that is a non-thing a phenomenon that is empty of the capacity to perform a function

z[^n-f-dXn-W#-y(n! Nœ≈*-[ee-e]n-en$f-f#-c$r-dz#-y(n!uncompounded phenomenon a phenomenon of which the three — production, cessation, and

abiding — are not suitable

or

f#-zu#e-az#-y(n!non-disintegrating phenomenon

f-dXn-az#-y(n! f-Nœ≈*n-az#-y(n!non-created phenomenon non-produced phenomenon

—————————————————

[r(n-a(-[r-[*-[r-[(]-et#e-az#-y(n-Functioning Things and Phenomena which are Mutually Inclusive with them



[r(n-a(! [(]-dX*[-]^n-a!thing that which is able to perform a function

(d$f-a! q-d$f-ei#n-)pot; the two – pillar and pot

f#-Øe-a! Nœ[-t#e-f!impermanent phenomenon momentary phenomenon

dXn-a! Nœ≈*n-a!product produced phenomenon

z[^n-dXn! Nœ≈*-[ee-e]n-en$f-c$r-d!compounded phenomenon that of which the three – production, cessation, and abiding – are

suitable

or

zu#e-a!disintegrating phenomenon

‰X^! Nœ≈*[-dX*[!cause producer

or

s]-z[(en-dX*[!helper

zdCn-d$! dNœ≈*[-dX!effect object produced

or

s]-e[en-dX!object helped

cr-fh]! Nç-Ø(e-e#n-doen-gf-f-x#]-ac-cr-e#-fh]-i#[-W#n-eC^d-az#-y(n!specifically characterizedphenomena

a phenomenon that is established by way of its own character withoutbeing merely imputed by terms or conceptuality

or

N´ç-Ø(e-e#n-doen-gf-f-x#]-ac-x$v-cr-e#-p%]-f(r-f-x#]-az#-N“([-v$en-W#-r(n-]n-eC^d-a!that which is established from its own side of its own uncommon modeof subsistence, without being merely imputed by terms or conceptuality

[(]-[f-d[*]-a! [(]-[f-ac-[(]-dX*[-]^n-az#-y(n!ultimate truth a phenomenon that is ultimately able to perform a function

fr(]-R^c! fr(]-n$f-R#-h[-fn-[r(n-n$-Ø(en-ac-dX-d!manifest phenomenon an object explicitly realized by valid perception

—————————————————

Other Definitions



d*f-a(! ”^v-[^-eC^d-a!matter that which is atomically established

sX#z#-d*f-a(! Nœ≈*n-d$z#-‰X^[-W#n-f-dN“^n-az#-”^v-[^-eC^d-a!external matter that which is atomically established and is not included within the continuum of

a person(q-d-)pillar

]r-e#-d*f-a(! Nœ≈*n-d$z#-‰X^[-W#n-dN“^n-az#-”^v-[^-eC^d-a!internal matter that which is atomically established and is included within the continuum of a

person(f#e-[dr-! ;e-dtn-i*c-v]-R#-e;$en-s$r-!)eye sense power; contaminated form aggregate appropriated [through the force ofactions and afflictive emotions]

f#e-e#-[dr-a(! cr-zdCn-f#e-e#-’f-b*n-W#-p%]-f(r-f-x#]-az#-d[e-ŒX*]-[^-R^c-az#-]r-e#-e;$en-t]-[r-d!eye sense power a clear internal form that is the uncommon empowering condition of its own

effect, an eye consciousness([f-dtz-dz#-‰X^[-W#-[dX#dn-;c-fz#-f*-o(e-Vø-d$z#-]r-e#-e;$en-t]-[r-d-)a shape in the continuum of the defender that is a clear internal form like a zar-ma flower

’-dz#-[dr-a(! cr-zdCn-’-dz#-’f-b*n-W#-p%]-f(r-f-x#]-az#-d[e-ŒX*]-[^-R^c-az#-]r-e#-e;$en-t]-[r-d!ear sense power a clear internal form that is the uncommon empowering condition of its own

effect, an ear consciousness(c#en-vf-az#-‰X^[-W#-[dX#dn-eC(-e-et$n-a-dt[-a-Vø-d$z#-]r-e#-e;$en-t]-[r-d-)a shape in the continuum of the challenger that is a clear internal form like a cutbundle of wheat

N‘z#-[dr-a(! cr-zdCn-N‘z#-’f-b*n-W#-p%]-f(r-f-x#]-az#-d[e-ŒX*]-[^-R^c-az#-]r-e#-e;$en-t]-[r-d!nose sense power a clear internal form that is the uncommon empowering condition of its own

effect, a nose consciousness([f-dtz-dz#-‰X^[-W#-[dX#dn-;rn-W#-f(-wd-i#n-db#d-Vø-d$z#-]r-e#-[;$en-t]-[r-d-)a shape in the continuum of the defender that is a clear internal form like twofine copper needles side by side

V†*z#-[dr-a(! cr-zdCn-V†*z#-’f-b*n-W#-p%]-f(r-f-x#]-az#-d[e-ŒX*]-[^-R^c-az#-]r-e#-e;$en-t]-[r-d!tongue sense power a clear internal form that is the uncommon empowering condition of its own

effect, a tongue consciousness(c#en-vf-az#-‰X^[-W#-[dX#dn-:√-ef-dt[-a-Vø-d$z#-]r-e#-[;$en-t]-[r-d-)a shape in the continuum of the challenger that is a clear internal form like a cuthalf moon

v$n-W#-[dr-a(! cr-zdCn-v$n-W#-’f-b*n-W#-p%]-f(r-f-x#]-az#-d[e-ŒX*]-[^-R^c-az#-]r-e#-e;$en-t]-[r-d!body sense power a clear internal form that is the uncommon empowering condition of its own

effect, a body consciousness([f-dtz-dz#-‰X^[-W#-[dX#dn-dX-c*e-]-zuf-R#-aen-a-Vø-d$z#-]r-e#-e;$en-t]-[r-d-)a shape in the continuum of the defender that is a clear internal form and whichis like the skin of a bird [called] “soft when touched”

b*n-a! env-l#r-c#e-a!consciousness that which is clear and knowing

(f#e-b*n-)eye consciousness

D√(! c#e-a!awareness a knower

[dr-b*n! cr-e#-p%]-f(r-f-x#]-az#-d[e-ŒX*]-[dr-a(-e;$en-t]-a-v-dØ*]-]n-Nœ≈*n-az#-c#e-a!sense consciousness a knower that is produced in dependence on its own uncommon empowering

condition, a physical sense power

x#[-b*n! cr-e#-p%]-f(r-f-x#]-az#-d[e-ŒX*]-x#[-[dr-v-dØ*]-]n-Nœ≈*n-az#-c#e-a!mental consciousness a knower that is produced in dependence on its own uncommon empowering

condition, a mental sense power

f#e-b*n! cr-e#-p%]-f(r-f-x#]-az#-d[e-ŒX*]-f#e-[dr-[r-[f#en-ŒX*]-e;$en-v-dØ*]-]n-Nœ≈*n-az#-c#e-a!eye consciousness a knower that is produced in dependence on its own uncommon empowering

condition – the eye sense power – and an observed-object-condition – a visibleform

’-b*n! cr-e#-p%]-f(r-f-x#]-az#-d[e-ŒX*]-’-dz#-[dr-a(-[r-[f#en-ŒX*]-N´ç-v-dØ*]-]n-Nœ≈*n-az#-c#e-a!ear consciousness a knower that is produced in dependence on its own uncommon empowering

condition, the ear sense power, and an observed-object-condition, a sound

N‘-b*n! cr-e#-p%]-f(r-f-x#]-az#-d[e-ŒX*]-N‘z#-[dr-a(-[r-[f#en-ŒX*]-[}#-v-dØ*]-]n-Nœ≈*n-az#-c#e-a!nose consciousness a knower that is produced in dependence on its own uncommon empowering

condition, the nose sense power, and an observed-object-condition, an odor

V†*-b*n! cr-e#-p%]-f(r-f-x#]-az#-d[e-ŒX*]-V†*z#-[dr-a(-[r-[f#en-ŒX*]-c(-v-dØ*]-]n-Nœ≈*n-az#-c#e-a!tongue consciousness a knower that is produced in dependence on its own uncommon empowering

condition, the tongue sense power, and an observed-object-condition, a taste

v$n-b*n! cr-e#-p%]-f(r-f-x#]-az#-d[e-ŒX*]-v$n-W#-[dr-a(-[r-[f#en-ŒX*]-c*e-dX-v-dØ*]-]n-Nœ≈*n-az#-c#e-a!body consciousness a knower that is produced in dependence on its own uncommon empowering

condition, the body sense power, and an observed-object-condition, a tangibleobject

V“]-f#]-z[^-dX*[! d*f-b*n-er-c$r-f-x#]-az#-[r(n-a(!non-associatedcompositonal factor

a [functioning] thing that is neither matter nor consciousness

or

e;$en-b*n-er-c$r-f-x#]-az#-[r(n-a(!a [functioning] thing that is neither form nor consciousness

or

d*f-b*n-er-c$r-f-x#]-az#-z[^n-dXn!a compounded phenomenon that is neither matter nor consciousness([r(n-a(! Ø! d-e√r-)thing; horse; ox

er-;e s$r-a(-V®-a(-er-c$r-v-dØ*]-]n-doen-az#-Nœ≈*n-d$!person a being who is imputed in dependence upon any of the five aggregates

n(-n(z#-Nœ≈*-d(! p*e-a-en$f-er-c$r-e#-zsen-vf-f-p(d-az#-er-;ecommon being a person who has not attained a Superior's path of any of the three vehicles

et#e n(-n(-d-f-x#]-az#-y(n!one phenomenon that is not diverse

(b*n-dX! q-d-)object of knowledge; pillar

p-[[! n(-n(-dz#-y(n!different phenomena that are diverse

(Øe-[r(n-ei#n! b*n-dX-[r-x([-a-ei#n! q-d$f-ei#n!)the two – permanent phenomenon and thing; the two – object of knowledge andexistent; the two – pillar and pot(el#-eC^d-[r-h[-fn-eC^d-a-ei#n-)the two – established base and that which is established by valid cognition

x#]-a-nC#[-az#-b*n-dX! ∑([-W#-x#]-a-x([-a-xr-x#]-D√(z#-x$v-[^-dX-c$r-d-xr-x#]-az#-el#-fp%]-ac-[f#en-a!object of knowledge ofwhich being it ispossible

that observed as a common locus that is (1) something of which being it existsand (2) also is suitable to be an object of an awareness

x#]-a-f#-nC#[-az#-b*n-dX! ∑([-W#-x#]-a-f*[-a-xr-x#]-D√(z#-x$v-[^-dX-c$r-d-xr-x#]-az#-el#-fp%]-ac-[f#en-a!object of knowledge ofwhich being it is notpossible

those observed as a common locus of being (1) [phenomena] of which beingthem does not exist and (2) also being suitable as objects of awareness

[ee-a! cr-zj‹]-Ø(e-an-cr-e#-[ee-dX-[r(n-n$-dt[-az#-h$v-R#n-Ø(en-ac-dX-d!negative phenomenon an object realized by the conceptual consciousness apprehending it in the manner

of an explicit elimination of its object of negation(Øe-a-f-x#]-a! d$f-a-f-x#]-a-vn-v(e-a-)non-permanent phenomenon; opposite from not being pot

N´ç&d-a! cr-zj‹]-Ø(e-an-cr-e#-[ee-dX-[r(n-n$-dt[-az#-h$v-R#n-Ø(en-ac-dX-d-f-x#]-az#-y(n!positive phenomenon a phenomenon that is not an object realized by the conceptual consciousness

apprehending it in the manner of an explicit elimination of its object of negation(d$f-a-)pot

[e*-d! v$r-[^-dNø]-a-er-l#e-cr-zdCn-’f-Nƒ#]-d[*-d-zdX#]-dX*[-W#-c#en-n$-e]n-a!virtue that which is indicated in scripture and abides as a type that issues forth happiness

as its fruitional effect(h$v-„#fn-)ethics

f#-[e*-d! v$r-[^-dNø]-a-er-l#e-cr-zdCn-’f-Nƒ#]-N“^e-dN®v-zdX#]-dX*[-W#-c#en-n$-e]n-a!non-virtue that which is indicated in scripture and abides as a type that issues forth suffering

as its fruitional effect(nC(e-et([-a-)killing

v$r-[^-f-dNø]-a! [e*-f#-[e*-er-[-v$r-[^-f-dNø]-a!neutral (not indicated inscripture)

that which was not indicated in scripture as either virtuous or non-virtuous

d-vr-! / d-e√r-! ](e-n(en-z[n-az#-e(r-d$!ox a mass that includes a hump and so forth

V¨(]-b#r-! xv-e-v(-z[d-[r-V“]-a!tree that which has branches and leaves

d$f-a! Vø(-V“#c-ldn-lf-y$-Nœ≈(c-R#-[(]-dX*[-]^n-a!pot a bulbous splay-based phenomenon able to perform the function of holding water

—————————————————

[dX*-d!

Divisions

basis of division divisions

el#-eC^d!established base

Øe-a-[r-[r(n-a(-ei#n!the two – permanent phenomenon and thing

or

et#e-[r-p-[[-ei#n!the two – one and different

or

x#]-a-nC#[-az#-b*n-dX-[r-x#]-a-f#-nC#[-az#-b*n-dX-ei#n!the two – object of knowledge of which being it is possible and objectof knowledge of which being it is not possible

or

fh]-fh·]-ei#n!the two – definition and definiendum

or

[ee-Nç&d-ei#n!the two – negative phenomenon and positive phenomenon

or

[e*-d-f#-[e*-d-v$r-[^-f-dNø]-a-en$f!the three, virtuous, non-virtuous and neutral

or

cr-fh]-[r-Nå≈#-fh]-ei#n!the two – specifically characterized phenomenon and generallycharacterized phenomenon

ord[*]-a-ei#n! ([(]-[f-d[*]-a-[r-q]-Ô·d-d[*]-a-)the two truths (ultimate truth and conventional truth)

basis of division divisions (illustrations)

Øe-a!permanent phenomenon

[^n-dØ]-az#-Øe-a-[r-c*n-zez-dz#-Øe-a-ei#n!the two – permanent phenomenon that is stable in time and permanentphenomenon that is occasional

or

x#]-a-nC#[-az#-Øe-a! (b*n-dX-)permanent phenomenon of whichbeing it is possible

object of knowledge

x#]-a-f#-nC#[-az#-Øe-a! (Øe-[r(n-ei#n-)permanent phenomenon of whichbeing it is not possible

the two – permanentphenomenon and thing

[r(n-a(! d*f-a(! b*n-a! V“]-f#]-z[^-dX*[! en$f-x([!thing There are three: matter, consciousness, and non-associated

compositional factor

d*f-a(! sX#z#-d*f-a(! ]r-e#-d*f-a(! ei#n-x([!matter There are two: external matter and internal matter

sX#z#-d*f-a(! e;$en! Nç! [}#! c(! c*e-dX! V®-x([!external matter There are five: form, sound, odor, taste, and tangible object

([(]-V®! x$v-V®! Nœ≈*-fy*[-V®-)[the five objects; the five objects; the five sense-spheres]

]r-e#-d*f-a(! f#e-e#-[dr-a(! ’-dz#-[dr-a(! N‘z#-[dr-a(! V†*z#-[dr-a(! v$n-W#-[dr-a(! V®-x([!

internal matter There are five: eye sense power, ear sense power, nose sense power,tongue sense power, and body sense power

b*n-a! [dr-b*n! x#[-b*n! ei#n-x([!consciousness There are two: sense consciousness and mental consciousness

[dr-b*n! f#e-b*n! ’-b*n! N‘-b*n! V†*-b*n! v$n-b*n! V®-x([!sense consciousness There are five: eye consciousness, ear consciousness, nose consciousness,

tongue consciousness, and body consciousness

(f#e-b*n- n*fn-[r-n*fn-dX^r-ei#n-q-)(eye consciousnesses are both minds and mental

factors)(f#e-e#-’f-b*n- n*fn-w(-]-)(eye perceivers are only [main] minds)

V“]-f#]-z[^-dX*[!non-associated compositionalfactor

er-;e-x#]-ac-Rc-az#-V“]-f#]-z[^-dX*[! (Ø-)non-associated compositional factorwhich is a person

horse

er-;e-f-x#]-ac-Rc-az#-V“]-f#]-z[^-dX*[! ([r(n-a(! cr-fh]! [(]-dX*[-]^n-a-)non-associated compositional factorwhich is not a person

thing; specifically characterizedphenomenon; that which is ableto perform a function

er-;e n(-n(z#-Nœ≈*-d(! zsen-a! ei#n-x([!person There are two: ordinary being and Superior

n(-n(z#-Nœ≈*-d(!ordinary being

[fXv-dz#-Ø*]-t]-R#-n(-n(z#-Nœ≈*-d(!ordinary being having the life-support of a hell-being

x#-[˚en-W#-Ø*]-t]-R#-n(-n(z#-Nœ≈*-d(!ordinary being having the life-support of a hungry ghost

[^[-zeC(z#-Ø*]-t]-R#-n(-n(z#-Nœ≈*-d(!ordinary being having the life-support of an animal

f#z#-Ø*]-t]-R#-n(-n(z#-Nœ≈*-d(!ordinary being having the life-support of a human

Vµ-f-x#]-az#-Ø*]-t]-R#-n(-n(z#-Nœ≈*-d(!ordinary being having the life-support of a demigod

Vµz#-Ø*]-t]-R#-n(-n(z#-Nœ≈*-d(! [}^e-x([!ordinary being having the life-support of a god

[fXv-d! h-[fXv-d! eCr-[fXv-d! i*-zw(c-[fXv-d! i#-h°-dz#-[fXv-d!hell-being being of the hot hells, cold hells, neighboring hells, and trifling hells

x#-[˚en! Nç#d-a-sX#-]-x([-a! Nç#d-a-]r-]-x([-a! Nç#d-a-sX#-]r-ei#n-qc-x([-a! en$f-x([!hungry ghost There are three: having external obstructions, having internal

obstructions, having both external and internal obstructions

[^[-zeC(! dX#r-]-e]n-a! w-zp(c-d! ei#n-x([!animal There are two: abiding in the depths and scattered about [the surface]

f#! e√#r-dl#z#-f#! e√#r-sC]-d‰X[-W#-f#!human humans of the four continents, humans of the eight sub-continents

e√#r-dl#!four continents

bc-v$n-zsen-a(!to the east, Great Body (videha)

Vµ(-zjf-d$z#-e√#r!to the south, the Land of Jambu (jambudvıpa )

]^d-d-vr-Nå≈([!to the west, Using Oxen (god›nıya)

dXr-N´ç-f#-NI]!to the north, Unpleasant Sounds (kuru)

e√#r-sC]-d‰X[!eight sub-continents

v$n-[r-v$n-zsen!deha and videha

Â-xd-[r-Â-xd-el]!c›mara and aparac›mara,

ex(-V“]-[r-vf-fy(e-zeC(!Ÿ›th› and uttaramantri˚a

N´ç-f#-NI]-[r-Nç-f#-NI]-R#-:√!kuru and kaurava

[ee-a! f-x#]-[ee f*[-[ee ei#n-x([!negative phenomenon There are two affirming negative and non-affirming negative

—————————————————

[(]-et#e

[Phenomena which are] Mutually Inclusive

el#-eC^d-[r-[(]-et#e-az#-y(n! b*n-dX! x([-a! y(n! elv-dX! x$v! ’f-f∑*]-R#-elv-dX! Vœ(e-R^c!phenomena that are mutuallyinclusive with established base

object of knowledge, existent, phenomenon, object of comprehension,object , object of comprehension of an omniscient consciousness, andhidden phenomenon

Øe-a-[r-[(]-et#e-az#-y(n! Nå≈#-fh]! q]-Ô·d-d[*]-a! [r(n-f*[-W#-y(n! z[n-f-dXn-W#-y(n! f-dXn-az#-y(n!phenomena that are mutuallyinclusive with permanentphenomenon

generally characterized phenomenon, conventional truth, phenomenonthat is a non-thing, uncompounded phenomenon, and non-producedphenomenon

[r(n-a(-[r-[(]-et#e-az#-y(n! f#-Øe-a! dXn-a! z[n-dXn! ‰X^! zdCn-d$! cr-fh]! [(]-[f-d[*]-a! fr(]-R^c!phenomena that are mutuallyinclusive with thing

impermanent phenomenon, product, compounded phenomenon,cause, effect, specifically characterized phenomenon, ultimate truth, andmanifest phenomenon

[ee-a-[r-el]-n*v-ei#n!the two – negative phenomenonand other-exclusion

V“(e-a-r(n-zj‹]!Identifying Isolates



fh]-i#[! Ôn-x([-y(n-en$f-hr-d! ([(]-dX*[-]^n-a-)definition triply qualified substantial existent that which is able to

perform a function

fh·]-dX! doen-x([-y(n-en$f-hr-d! ([r(n-a(-)definiendum triply qualified imputed existent thing

fh]-el#! fh]-i#[-W#n-Nœdn-n$-dd-az#-fh·]-dX-fh·]-az#-el#c-R^c-a!

(d$f-a-)

illustration that which serves as a basis for illustrating theappropriate definiendum by way of its definition

pot

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[dX*-d!

Divisions

V“(e-a! Nå≈#-V“(e cr-V“(e [(]-V“(e el#-V“(eisolate(terminological division)

general-isolate, self-isolate, meaning-isolate, illustration-isolate

[r(n-a(z#-cr-V“(e-l(e [r(n-a(-Posit the self-isolate of thing: thing

[r(n-a(z#-Nå≈#-V“(e-l(e [r(n-a(-Posit the general-isolate of thing: thing(cr-V“(e-[r-Nå≈#-V“(e-ei#n-[(]-et#e)

The two, self-isolate and general-isolate, aremutually inclusive.

[r(n-a(z#-[(]-V“(e-l(e [(]-dX*[-]^n-a-Posit the meaning-isolate of thing: that which is able to

perform a function

([r(n-a(z#-fh]-i#[-x#]-]-[r(n-a(z#-[(]-V“(e-x#]-an-∑d-)Whatever is the definition of thing is necessarilythe meaning-isolate of thing.

[r(n-a(z#-el#-V“(e-l(e d$f-a-Posit the illustration-isolate of thing: pot([r(n-a(z#-fh]-el#-x#]-]-[r(n-a(z#-el#-V“(e-x#]-an-∑d-)Whatever is an illustration of thing is necessarilyan illustration-isolate of thing.

—————————————————

Proving that something is an illustration:

d$f-a-[r(n-a(z#-fh]-el#-x#]-o*-d$f-a-h[-fn-r*n-]n-[r(n-a(-h[-fn-f-r*n-a-x([-az#-sX#c!Pot is an illustration-isolate of thing because there are [persons] who, having ascertainedpot with valid cognition, have not ascertained thing with valid cognition.(en*c-d$f-d$f-az#-fh]-el#-f-x#]-)Golden pot is not an illustration of pot.(en*c-vn-eCd-az#-Vø(-V“#c-ldn-lf-y$-Nœ≈(c-R#-[(]-dX*[-]^n-a-d$f-az#-fh]-el#-x#]-)Bulbous splay-based phenomenon made from gold that is able to perform the function ofholding water is an illustration of pot.

Proving that something is a triply qualified imputed existent:

[r(n-a(-y(n-t]-doen-x([-y(n-en$f-hr-d-x#]-ac-pv-It follows that the subject, thing, is a triply qualified imputed existent because

cr-i#[-fh·]-dX-x#]-a-(1) it is a definiendum,

cr-e#-fh]-el#z#-Nø*r-[^-eC^d-a-(2) it is established in terms of its illustrations,

[(]-dX*[-]^n-a-vn-el]-az#-y(n-er-e#-xr-fh·]-dX-f#-dX*[-az#-sX#c!(3) it does not serve as the definiendum of any phenomenon other than that which is ableto perform a function.

Proving that something is a triply qualified substantial existent:

[(]-dX*[-]^n-a-y(n-t]-Ôn-x([-y(n-en$f-hr-d-x#]-ac-pv-It follows that the subject, that which is able to perform a function, is a triply qualified substantial existentbecause

cr-i#[-fh]-i#[-x#]-a-(1) it is a definition,

cr-e#-fh]-el#z#-Nø*r-[^-eC^d-a-(2) it is established in terms of its illustrations,

[r(n-a(-vn-el]-az#-y(n-er-e#-xr-fh]-i#[-f#-dX*[-az#-sX#c!(3) it does not serve as the definition of any phenomenon other than thing.

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Coextensives

[r(n-a(z#-V“(e-a-[r-x#]-∑d-fif-dl#!The four phenomena that are coextensive with the isolate of thing:

1 [r(n-a(-[r-et#e-one with thing

2 [r(n-a(-[r-et#e-o^-R^c-az#-[r(n-a(-thing which is one with thing

3 [(]-dX*[-]^n-az#-fh·]-dX-the definiendum of that which is able to perform a function

4 [(]-dX*[-]^n-az#-doen-x([-y(n-en$f-hr-d-the triply qualified imputed existent of that which is able to perform a function

Øe-a-x#]-fw]-en$f! ([r(n-a(-[r-et#e [(]-dX*[-]^n-az#-fh·]-dX! [(]-dX*[-]^n-az#-doen-x([-y(n-en$f-hr-d-)

three are permanent: one with thing; the definiendum of that which is ableto perform a function; and the triply qualifiedimputed existent of that which is able to perform afunction

[r(n-a(-x#]-fw]-et#e ([r(n-a(-[r-et#e-o^-R^c-az#-[r(n-a(-)one is a thing: thing which is one with thing

fh]-i#[-x#]-fw]-et#e ([(]-dX*[-]^n-az#-fh·]-dX-)one is a definiendum: the definiendum of that which is able to perform a

function

fh·]-dX-x#]-fw]-et#e ([(]-dX*[-]^n-az#-doen-x([-y(n-en$f-hr-d-)one is a definition: the triply qualified imputed existent of that which is

able to perform a function

[(]-dX*[-]^n-az#-V“(e-a-[r-x#]-∑d-fif-dl#!The four phenomena that are coextensive with the isolate of that which is able to perform a function:

1 [(]-dX*[-]^n-a-[r-et#e-one with able to perform a function

2 [(]-dX*[-]^n-a-[r-et#e-o^-R^c-az#-[(]-dX*[-]^n-a-able to perform a function that is one with able to perform a function

3 [r(n-a(z#-fh]-i#[-definition of thing

4 [r(n-a(z#-Ôn-x([-y(n-en$f-hr-d-triply qualified substantial existent of thing

[r(n-a(z#-V“(e-a-l(e [r(n-a(-Posit the isolate of thing: thing

[r(n-a(-[r-et#e-l(e [r(n-a(-Posit one with thing: thing

[r(n-a(-[r-et#e-o^-R^c-az#-[r(n-a(-l(e [r(n-a(-posit thing-which-is-one-with-thing: thing

[(]-dX*[-]^n-az#-fh·]-dX-l(e [r(n-a(-Posit the definiendum of that which is able to perform afunction:

thing

[(]-dX*[-]^n-az#-doen-x([-y(n-en$f-hr-d-l(e [r(n-a(-Posit the triply qualified imputed existent of that which is ableto perform a function:

thing

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IMPORTANT POINTS

[r(n-a(z#-V“(e-a-[r-x#]-∑d-fif-[r-! [r(n-a(z#-V“(e-a-[r-[(]-et#e-[(]-et#eCoextensive with isolate of thing is mutually inclusive with mutually inclusive with isolate of thing.

[r(n-a(-[r-et#e-y(n-t]! [r(n-a(z#-V“(e-a-[r-x#]-∑d-fif-x#]-[*!The subject, one with thing, is coextensive with isolate of thing because

∑([-[r(n-a(z#-V“(e-a-[r-p-[[-er-l#e ∑([-x#]-]-[r(n-a(z#-V“(e-a-x#]-an-∑d-(1) it is different from isolate of thing, (2) whatever is it is necessarily the isolate of thing,

[r(n-a(z#-V“(e-a-x#]-]-∑([-x#]-an-∑d-az#-sX#c!and (3) whatever is the isolate of thing is necessarily it.

[r(n-a(z#-V“(e-a-[r-[r(n-a(z#-V“(e-a-[r-x#]-∑d-fif-R#-el#-fp%]-f*[-ac-pv!There is no common locus of the isolate of thing and those phenomena coextensive with the isolate of thingbecause

[r(n-a(z#-V“(e-a-x#]-]! [r(n-a(-[r-et#e-x#]-an-∑d!whatever is the isolate of thing is necessarily one with thing

[r(n-a(z#-V“(e-a-[r-x#]-∑d-fif-x#]-]! [r(n-a(-[r-p-[[-x#]-an-∑d-az#-sX#c!and whatever is coextensive with the isolate of thing is necessarily different from thing.

d$f-a-[r-et#e-y(n-t]! d$f-a-[r-p-[[-x#]-ac-pv! Øe-a-x#]-az#-sX#c!It follows that the subject, one with pot, is different from pot because of being permanent.

d$f-a-[r-et#e-o^-R^c-az#-d$f-a-y(n-t]! d$f-a-[r-p-[[-x#]-ac-pv-It follows that the subject, pot which is one with pot, is different from pot

d$f-az#-dX*-dCe-x#]-az#-sX#c!because of being a particular of pot.

x#]-v(e-f#]-v(e-

Opposite From Being [Something] andOpposite From Not Being [Something]

f-x#]-a-vn-v(e-a-[r-x#]-a-ei#n-[(]-et#e-Opposite from not being [something] and being [something] are mutually inclusive.

x#]-a-vn-v(e-a-[r-f-x#]-a-ei#n-[(]-et#e-Opposite from being [something] and not being [something] are mutually inclusive.

[r(n-a(-x#]-a-vn-v(e-a-[r-[r(n-a(-f-x#]-a-ei#n-[(]-et#e-Opposite from being thing and not being thing are mutually inclusive.

[r(n-a(-f-x#]-a-vn-v(e-a-[r-[r(n-a(-ei#n-[(]-et#e-Opposite from not being thing and thing are mutually inclusive.

‰X^-zdCn-

Causes and Effects



‰X^! Nœ≈*[-dX*[! (d$f-a-)cause producer pot

or

s]-z[(en-dX*[!helper

zdCn-d$! dNœ≈*[-dX! (d$f-a-)effect produced pot

or

s]-e[en-dX!object helped

[r(n-a(! [(]-dX*[-]^n-a! (d$f-a-)thing that which is able to perform a function pot

[r(n-a(z#-‰X^! [r(n-a(z#-Nœ≈*[-dX*[! ([r(n-a(z#-‰X^-R^c-az#-er-;e-)cause of thing producer of thing person who is a cause of thing

[r(n-a(z#-[r(n-‰X^! [r(n-a(z#-[r(n-n$-Nœ≈*[-dX*[! ([r(n-a(z#-N®-v(en-n$-dX^r-d-)direct cause of thing direct producer of thing prior arising of thing

[r(n-a(z#-d‰X^[-‰X^! [r(n-a(z#-d‰X^[-]n-Nœ≈*[-dX*[! ([r(n-a(z#-N®-v(en-n$-dX^r-dz#-N®-v(en-n$-dX^r-d-)

indirect cause of thing indirect producer of thing prior arising of thing's priorarising

[r(n-a(z#-i*c-v*]! [r(n-a(-cr-e#-Ôn-‰X^]-[^-eg·-d(c-Nœ≈*[-dX*[! ([r(n-a(z#-‰X^c-R^c-az#-dXn-a-)substantial cause of thing that which is the main producer of thing

as a continuation of its own substantialentity

product which is thing's cause

[r(n-a(z#-Vµ]-t#e-dX*[-ŒX*]! [r(n-a(-cr-e#-Ôn-‰X^]-f-x#]-ac-Ôn-n$-eg·-d(c-Nœ≈*[-dX*[!cooperative condition ofthing

that which is a main producer of thing as a substantial entity which is not acontinuation of its own substantial entity

([r(n-a(z#-‰X^c-R^c-az#-er-;e-)person who is a cause of thing

[r(n-a(z#-zdCn-d$! [r(n-a(z#-dNœ≈*[-dX! ([r(n-a(z#-sX#-v(en-n$-dX^r-d-)effect of thing that produced by thing subsequent arising of thing

[r(n-a(z#-[r(n-zdCn! [r(n-a(z#-[r(n-n$-dNœ≈*[-dX! ([r(n-a(z#-sX#-v(en-n$-dX^r-d-)direct effect of thing that produced directly by thing subsequent arising of thing

[r(n-a(z#-d‰X^[-zdCn! [r(n-a(z#-d‰X^[-]n-dNœ≈*[-dX! ([r(n-a(z#-sX#-v(en-n$-dX^r-dz#-sX#-v(en-n$-dX^r-d-)

indirect effect of thing that produced indirectly by thing subsequent arising of thing'ssubsequent arising

—————————————————

[dX*-d!

Divisions

basis of division divisions

[r(n-a(z#-‰X^! [r(n-a(z#-[r(n-‰X^-[r-[r(n-a(z#-d‰X^[-‰X^-ei#n!cause of thing the two, direct cause of thing and indirect cause of thing

or

[r(n-a(z#-i*c-v*]-[r-[r(n-a(z#-Vµ]-t#e-dX*[-ŒX*]-ei#n!the two, substantial cause of thing and cooperative condition of thing

[r(n-a(z#-zdCn-d$! [r(n-a(z#-[r(n-zdCn-[r-[r(n-a(z#-d‰X^[-zdCn-ei#n!effect of thing the two, direct effect of thing and indirect effect of thing

or

[r(n-a(z#-i*c-zdCn-[r-[r(n-a(z#-Vµ]-t#e-dX*[-zdCn-ei#n!the two, substantial effect of thing and cooperative effect of thing

—————————————————

ŒX*]! hetur ›lamba˚am anantaram tathaiv›dhipateya˙ ca pratyaya¯

(pratyaya¯) ‰X^-ŒX*]! [f#en-ŒX*]! [*-f-pe-ŒX*]! p%]-f(r-f-x#]-az#-d[e-ŒX*]!conditions the uncommon empowering condition, an observed-object-condition, the

immediately preceding condition, and the causal condition.

—————————————————

Different Types of Oneness

fh]-i#[-



et#e n(-n(-d-f-x#]-az#-y(n! (d$f-a-)one phenomenon that is not diverse pot

cr-V“(e-et#e cr-V“(e-n(-n(-d-f-x#]-az#-y(n! (d$f-a-[r-d$f-a-)one self-isolate phenomena that are not diverse self-isolates pot and pot

r(-d(-et#e r(-d(-n(-n(-d-f-x#]-az#-y(n! (dXn-a-[r-f#-Øe-a-)one entity phenomena that are not diverse entities product and impermanent

phenomenon

Ôn-et#e fr(]-n$f-v-N‘r-d-er-l#e n(-n(c-f#-N‘r-dz#-y(n!one substantial entity phenomena that (1) appear to direct perception and (2) do not appear

separately

V“(e-a-c#en-et#e er-;e-er-[r-er-e#n-x#[-eo[-an-fp(r-gf-i#[-]n-z[#-[r-z[#-z[}z(-NIf-az#-D√(-rr-e#n-Nœ≈*-]^n-az#-y(n!

one isolate type phenomena that are able naturally to produce an awareness thinking, “Thisand that are alike,” upon merely being seen by whosoever directs the mind[toward them]

Ôn-c#en-et#e cr-e#-[r(n-W#-i*c-v*]-et#e-vn-Nœ≈*n-az#-p-[[-az#-z[^n-dXn!one substantial type different compounded phenomena that are produced from their own same

direct substantial cause

(cr-e#-i*c-v*]-zu#f-a-et#e-vn-Nœ≈*n-az#-Ô-d$f-[qc-a(-[r-Ô-d$f-N®(]-a(-ei#n-)the two, a white clay pot and a blue clay pot that are produced from onelump of clay which is their substantial cause

eC^d-d[*-et#e eC^d-a-[n-fif-e]n-a-[n-fif-zu#e-a-[n-fif!one in establishment andabiding

those which are established simultaneously, abide simultaneously, anddisintegrate simultaneously

(d$f-az#-w-[(e-[r-d$f-az#-[dX#dn-)the color of a pot and the shape of a pot

eC^d-d[*-Ôn-et#e [no definition available, the meaning is:]

one substantial entity inestablishment and abiding

phenomena that are the same substantial entity in terms of establishment andabiding

(dXn-a-[r-f#-Øe-a-)product and impermanent phenomenon

—————————————————

[dX*-d!

Divisions

basis of division divisions (illustration)

et#e V“(e-a-et#e (d$f-a-[r-d$f-a-)one one isolate pot and pot(terminological division)

r(-d(-et#e (dXn-a-[r-f#-Øe-a-)one entity product and impermanent phenomenon

c#en-et#e (Ø-[qc-a(-[r-Ø-]e-a(-)one type white horse and black horse

c#en-et#e V“(e-a-c#en-et#e (Ø-[qc-a(-[r-Ø-]e-a(-)one type one isolate type white horse and black horse

Ôn-c#en-et#e (i*c-v*]-et#e-vn-Nœ≈*n-az#-]n-zdC^-y*-y$r-ei#n-)one substantial type the two, a large grain and a small grain

of barley that are produced from onesubstantial cause

—————————————————

[(]-et#e

[Phenomena which are] Mutually Inclusive

r(-d(-et#e-cr-dl#]-et#e-[r-d[e-i#[-et#e-[(]-et#e

One entity, one nature, and one selfness are mutually inclusive.

Ôn-et#e (one substantial entity) is mutually inclusive with the above three in terms ofimpermanent phenomena; it does not apply to permanent phenomena.

Nå≈#-[r-dX*-dCe-Generalities and Particulars



Nå≈#! cr-e#-env-d-v-Ë*n-n$-zeC(-dz#-y(n! ([r(n-a(-)generality a phenomenon that encompasses its instances thingor

∑d-dX*[!pervader

c#en-Nå≈#! cr-e#-c#en-t]-[-f-v-Ë*n-n$-zeC(-dz#-y(n! (b*n-dX-)type-generality a phenomenon that encompasses the many which

have its typeobject of knowledge

[(]-Nå≈#! cr-zj‹]-Ø(e-a-l*]-Nørn-er-v-len-az#-[(]-[r-et#e-f#]-Wr-et#e-Vø-d$c-N‘r-dz#-N´ç(-do(en-W#-y!meaning-generality that superimposed factor which, although not one with the object which the mode

of apprehension of the conceptual consciousness apprehending it engages, appears tobe one with it

d$f-az#-[(]-Nå≈#! d$f-zj‹]-Ø·e-a-v-d$f-a-f-x#]-dl#]-[^-d$f-a-Vø-d$c-N‘r-dz#-N´ç(-doen-W#-y!meaning-generalityof pot

that superimposed factor which, although it is not pot, appears to the conceptualconsciousness apprehending pot to be pot

(d$f-zj‹]-Ø(e-a-v-d$f-a-f-x#]-a-vn-v(e-ac-N‘r-d-)the appearance to a conceptual consciousness apprehending pot as opposite fromnot being pot

b*n-dXz#-[(]-Nå≈#! b*n-dX-zj‹]-az#-Ø(e-a-v-b*n-dX-[r-et#e-f-x#]-dl#]-[^-b*n-dX-[r-et#e-Vø-d$c-zj‹]-az#-N´ç(-doen-W#-y!meaning-generalityof object ofknowledge

that superimposed factor which, although not one with object of knowledge, isapprehended — by the conceptual consciousness apprehending object of knowledge— to be one with object of knowledge

h·en-Nå≈#! cr-e#-y-bn-[-f-z[n-az#-e;$en-cen-a! (d$f-a-)collection-generality a gross form that is the composite of its many parts pot

dX*-dCe ∑d-dX*[-[^-zu$e-az#-cr-e#-c#en-x([-a-t]-R#-y(n! (d$f-a-)

particular a phenomenon which has the its own existent typeengaging it as a pervader

pot

or

∑d-dX!that which is pervaded

or

cr-i#[-y(n-[*-x#]! cr-i#[-y(n-[*-[r-d[e-et#e-o^-zdC*v! cr-i#[-f-x#]-l#r-y(n-[*-xr-x#]-az#-el#-fp$]--[^-f-eC^d-a-xr-x#]-az#-el#-fp$]-[^-[f#en-a-[*!that which is observed as a common locus such that:(1) it is that phenomenon, (2) it is related with thatphenomenon as the same essence, and (3) manycommon locuses of not being it [i.e., the particular]and also being that phenomenon are established

—————————————————

[dX*-d!

Divisions

Nå≈#! c#en-Nå≈#! [(]-Nå≈#! h·en-Nå≈#!generality: type-generality meaning-generality collection-generality(terminological division)

Proving that something is a particular of thing ([r(n-a(z#-dX*-dCe-):d$f-a-y(n-t]! [r(n-a(z#-dX-*dCe-x#]-o*! ∑([-[r(n-a(-x#]!The subject, pot, is a particular of thing because (1) it is a thing

∑([-[r(n-a(-[r-d[e-et#e-o^-zdC*v! ∑([-f-x#]-l#r-[r(n-a(-(2) it is related as one entity with thing and (3) many common

xr-x#]-az#-el#-fp%]-a-[-f-eC^d-az#-sX#c!loci of not being it and being a thing are established.

—————————————————

Only being something ( w(-]- ):dX*-dCe-w(-]- [r(n-a(-[r-et(e-only a particular one with thing

(dX*-dCe-w(-]-x#]-]-Nå≈#-f-x#]-an-∑d!)whatever is only a particular is necessarily not a generality

Nå≈#-w(-]- x([-a-only a generality existent

(Nå≈#-w(-]-x#]-]-dX*-dCe-f-x#]-an-∑d!)whatever is only a generality is necessarily not a particular

zev-d-[r-zdC*v-d!

Contradictory and Related



zev-d! p-[[-er-l#e-el#-fp%]-f#-nC#[-a! ([qc-a(-[r-[fc-a(-)contradictory those which are different and of which a common

locus does not occurwhite and red

or

∑([-p-[[-Wr-x#]! ∑([-x#]-a-f#-nC#[-a-xr-x#]-az#-fp%]-[^-[f#en-a!those observed as a common locus of (1) their being different and (2) a being ofthem not occurring

∑([-[r(n-a(-[r-zev-d! ∑([-[r(n-a(-[r-p-[[! ∑([-Wr-x#]-[r(n-a(-xr-x#]-az#-el#-fp%]-f*[!

(Øe-a-)

it is contradictorywith thing

it is different from thing and a common locus ofbeing it and also being a thing does not exist

permanent phenomenon

∑([-[r(n-a(-[r-f#-zev-d! ∑([-[r(n-a(-[r-p-[[! ∑([-Wr-x#]-[r(n-a(-xr-x#]-az#-el#-fp%]-x([!

(d$f-a-)

it is not contradictorywith thing

it is different from thing and a common locus ofbeing it and also being a thing exists

pot

s]-h$]-Når-zev! ’f-dt[-x(rn-et([-W#-N´(-]n-f#-fp%]-ac-e]n-a! (w-[(e-[r-w-[(e-f-x#]-a-)mutuallycontradictory

those which abide discordantly from the viewpointof excluding each other

color and non-color

[r(n-zev! s]-h$]-[r(n-n$-f#-fp%]-ac-e]n-a! ([r(n-a(-[r-[r(n-f*[-)directly contradictory those which explicitly abide as mutually discordant thing and non-thing

‰X^[-zev! [r(n-n$-e]([-dX-e]([-dX*[-f-x#]-l#r-! el#-f#-fp%]-ac-e]n-a!

([r(n-a(-[r-Øe-a-)

indirectlycontradictory

those which are not explicitly harmed and harmerand abide as discordant bases

thing and permanentphenomenon

Vµ]-t#e-f#-e]n-zev! ‰X^]-dt[-dX-et([-dX*[-W#-N´(-]n-f#-fp%]-ac-e]n-a- (ei*]-a(-[r-Når-dX-)contradictory in thesense of not abidingtogether

those which abide discordantly from the point ofview of being that whose continuum is cut off andthat which cuts off [the continuum]

antidote and object to beabandoned

y(n-[*-[r-d[e-et#e-zdC*v- ∑([-y(n-[*-[r-d[e-i#[-et#e-az#-N´(-]n-p-[[! y(n-[*-f*[-]-∑([-f*[-[e(n-az#-y(n!related as one entity with aparticular phenomenon

a phenomenon that (1) within being different from a particular phenomenon,is one entity with it and (2) if that phenomenon did not exist, it wouldnecessarily not exist

[r(n-a(-[r-d[e-et#e-zdC*v-

[r(n-a(-[r-d[e-i#[-et#e-az#-N´(-]n-p-[[-[r(n-a(-f*[-]-∑([-f*[-[e(n-a!

(d$f-a-)

related as one entitywith thing

that which (1) within being one entity with thing isdifferent from it, and (2) if thing did not exist, itwould have to not not exist PH: "not not exist" ?

pot

y(n-[*-[r-[*-dX^r-zdC*v- y(n-[*-[r-Ôn-p-[[-az#-N´(-]n-y(n-[*z#-zdCn-d$z#-c#en-n$-e]n-a!

([r(n-a(z#-sX#-v(en-n$-dX^r-d-’fn-[r(n-a(-[r-[*-dX^r-zdC*v-x#]-)

causal relationshipwith thatphenomenon

that which within being a different substantial entityfrom a particular phenomenon abides in the type ofbeing the effect of that phenomenon

thing's subsequent arisingsare causally related withthing

—————————————————

[dX*-d!

Divisions


zev-d- s]-h$]-Når-zev-[r-Vµ]-t#e-f#-e]n-zev-ei#n-contradictory the two, mutually contradictory and contradictory in the sense of not abiding

together

s]-h%]-Når-zev- [r(n-zev-[r-‰X^[-zev-ei#n-mutuallycontradictory

the two, directly contradictory and indirectly contradictory

Vµ]-t#e-f#-e]n-zev-contradictory in the sense of not abiding together

b*n-ac-Rc-az#-Vµ]-t#e-f#-e]n-zev- (d[e-zj‹]-[r-d[e-f*[-Ø(en-az#-b*n-cd-)contradictories in the sense of not abiding togetherthat are consciousnesses

the conception of self and thewisdom realizing selflessness

d*f-a(c-R^c-az#-Vµ]-t#e-f#-e]n-zev- (h-eCr-)contradictories in the sense of not abiding togetherthat are matter

hot and cold

nC(e-yen-n$-R^c-az#-Vµ]-t#e-f#-e]n-zev- (dX-c(-[r-z$e-a-)contradictories in the sense of not abiding togetherthat are living beings

crow and owl

NOTE:

Vµ]-t#e-f#-e]n-zev-x#]-]-s]-h%]-Når-zev-x#]-an-∑d-o*! zev-d-x#]-]-s]-h$]-Når-zev-x#]-an-∑d-az#-sX#c!whatever are contradictory in the sense of not abiding together are necessarily mutuallycontradictory because whatever are contradictory are necessarily mutually contradictory

also:

[r(n-a(-[r-[*-dX^r-zdCv-x#]-]-[r(n-a(-[r-d[e-et#e-zdC*v-f-x#]-an-∑d!whatever is causally related with thing is necessarily not related as one entity with thing

[r(n-a(-[r-d[e-et#e-zdC*v-x#]-]-[r(n-a(-[r-[*-dX^r-zdC*v-f-x#]-an-∑d!whatever is related as one entity with thing is necessarily not causally related with thing

∑d-a-N´(-d‰X[-!

Proofs and the Eight Doors of Pervasion

Proving definitions, equivalence, and contradiction:

(1) Proving that something is the definition of something else:

f[(e-o^-c$r-d-y(n-t]! w-[(e-e#-fh]-i#[-x#]-o*! ∑([-w-[(e-[r-fh]-fh(]-R#-∑d-a-N(-d‰X[-r*n-a-er-l#e fh]-fh(]-R#-zdC*v-d-xr-eC^d-az#-sX#c!The subject, suitable as a hue, is the definition of color because (1) it and color areascertained as having the eight approaches of pervasion [that exist between] adefinition and a definiendum and also (2) it and color are established in therelationship of definition and definiendum.

for example,

f[(e-o^-c$r-d-y(n-t]! ∑([-w-[(e-[r-fh]-fh(]-R#-∑d-a-N(-d‰X[-r*n-a-x#]-o*!(1) f[(e-o^-c$r-d-x#]-]-w-[(e-x#]-an-∑d! (2) w-[(e-x#]-]-f[(e-o^-c$r-d-x#]-an-∑d! (3)

f[(e-o^-c$r-d-f-x#]-]-w-[(e-f-x#]-an-∑d! (4) w-[(e-f-x#]-]-f[(e-o^-c$r-d-f-x#]-an-∑d! (5)

f[(e-o^-c$r-d-x([-]-w-[(e-x([-an-∑d! (6) w-[(e-x([-]-f[(e-o^-c$r-d-x([-an-∑d! (7) f[(e-o-c$r-d-f*[-]-w-[(e-f*[-an-∑d! (8) w-[(e-f*[-]-f[(e-o^-c$r-d-f*[-an-∑d-az#-sX#c!With respect to the subject, that which is suitable as a hue, it and color areascertained as having the eight doors of pervasion [that exist between] a definitionand a definiendum because (1) whatever is suitable as a hue is necessarily a color;(2) whatever is a color is necessarily suitable as a hue; (3) whatever is not suitable asa hue is necessarily not a color; (4) whatever is not a color is necessarily not suitableas a hue; (5) if suitable as a hue exists, color necessarily exists; (6) if color exists,suitable as a hue necessarily exists; (7) if suitable as a hue does not exist, colornecessarily does not exist; and (8) if color does not exist, suitable as a huenecessarily does not exist.

f[(e-o^-c$r-d-y(n-t]! ∑([-w-[(e-[r-fh]-fh(]-R#-zdC*v-d-xr-eC^d-Nø*! w-[(e-h[-fn-r*n-a-v-f[(e-o^-cr-d-h[-fn-r*n-a-N®(]-o^-zeC(-[e(n-az#-sX#c!With respect to the subject, that which is suitable as a hue, it and color areestablished in the relationship of definition and definiendum because in order toascertain color with valid cognition, one must first ascertain that which is suitableas a hue with valid cognition.

(2) Proving that two things are mutually inclusive:

for example,

dXn-a-[r-f#-Øe-a-ei#n-y(n-t]! [(]-et#e-x#]-o*! p-[[-x#]-a-er-l#e ∑d-a-N(-d‰X[-hr-dz#-sX#c!The subjects, the two, product and impermanent phenomenon, are equivalent because(1) they are different and (2) the eight approaches of pervasion are complete.

dXn-a-[r-f#-Øe-a-ei#n-y(n-t]! p-[[-x#]-o*! x([-a-er-l#e et#e-f-x#]-az#-sX#c!The subjects, the two, product and impermanent phenomenon, are different because of(1) being existents and (2) not being one.

dXn-a-[r-f#-Øe-a-ei#n-y(n-t]! ∑d-a-N(-d‰X[-hr-d-x#]-o*! dXn-a-x#]-]-f#-Øe-a-x#]-an-∑d! f#-Øe-a-x#]-]-dXn-a-x#]-an-∑d! dXn-a-f-x#]-]-f#-Øe-a-f-x#]-an-∑d! f#-Øe-a-f-x#]-]-dXn-a-f-x#]-an-∑d! dXn-a-x([-]-f#-Øe-a-x([-an-∑d! f#-Øe-a-x([-]-dXn-a-x([-an-∑d! dXn-a-f*[-]-f#-Øe-a-f*[-an-∑d! f#-Øe-a-f*[-]-dXn-a-f*[-an-∑d-az#-sX#c!The subjects, the two,product and impermanent phenomenon, have all eight approachesof pervasion because (1) whatever is a product is necessarily an impermanentphenomenon, (2) whatever is an impermanent phenomenon is necessarily a product, (3)whatever is not a product is necessarily not an impermanent phenomenon, (4) whateveris not an impermanent phenomenon is necessarily not a product, (5) if a product exists,then that which is an impermanent phenomenon necessarily exists, (6) if that which is animpermanent phenomenon exists, then a product necessarily exists, (7) if a product doesnot exist, then that which is an impermanent phenomenon necessarily does not exist, and(8) if that which is an impermanent phenomenon does not exist, then a productnecessarily does not exist.

(3) Proving that two things are contradictory:

for example,

fh]-i#[-[r-fh(]-dX-ei#n-y(n-t]! zev-d-x#]-o*! p-[[-x#]-a-er-l#e [*-ei#n-W#-el#-fp%]-f#-nC#[-az#-sX#c!The subject, the two definition and definiendum, are mutually exclusive because (1) theyare different and (2) a common locus of those two does not occur.

fh]-i#[-[r-fh(]-dX-ei#n-y(n-t]! [*-ei#n-W#-el#-fp%]-f#-nC#[-[*! fh]-i#[-x#]-]-fh(]-dX-f-x#]-an-∑d! fh(]-dX-x#]-]-fh]-i#[-f-x#]-an-∑d-az#-sX#c!With respect to the subjects, the two, definition and definiendum, a common locus ofthose two does not occur because whatever is a definition is necessarily not a definiendumand whatever is a definiendum is necessarily not a definition.

Ôn-y(n-V“(e-y(n!Substantial and Isolate Phenomena



Ôn-y(n! ∑([-el#-eC^d! ∑([-∑([-cr-x#]! ∑([-f-x#]-a-∑([-f-x#]! ∑([-W#-V“(e-a-Ôn-y(n-[r-f#-zev-d-xr-x#]-az#-el#-fp%]-ac-[f#en-a!

substantialphenomenon

an observed common locus between: its being an established base; its being itself;not-it not being it; and its isolate not being contradictory with substantialphenomenon

b*n-dX! x([-a! f#-Øe-a!(object of knowledge; existent; impermanent phenomenon)

cr-x#]-az#-V“(e-y(n- ∑([-el#-eC^d! ∑([-∑([-cr-x#]! ∑([-f-x#]-a-∑([-x#]! ∑([-W#-V“(e-a-cr-x#]-az#-V“(e-y(n-[r-f#-zev-d-xr-x#]-az#-el#-fp%]-ac-[f#en-a!

isolate phenomenonthat is itself

an observed common locus between: its being an established base; its being itself;not-its being it; and its isolate being non-contradictory with isolate phenomenonthat is itself

fh·]-dX! Øe-a! Nå≈#! dX*-dCe(definiendum; permanent phenomenon; generality; particular)

cr-f-x#]-az#-V“(e-y(n- ∑([-el#-eC^d! ∑([-∑([-cr-f-x#]! ∑([-f-x#]-a-∑([-f-x#]! ∑([-W#-V“(e-a-cr-f-x#]-az#-V“(e-y(n-[r-f#-zev-d-xr-x#]-az#-el#-fp%]-ac-[f#en-a!

isolate phenomenonthat is not itself

an observed common locus between: its being an established base; its not beingitself; non-its not being it; and its isolate being non-contradictory with isolatephenomenon that is not itself

fh]-i#[! p-[[! d$f-a-[r-et#e q-d$f-ei#n! x#]-a-f#-nC#[-az#-y(n-’fn!(definition; different; one-with-pot; the two — a pillar and a pot; phenomena ofwhich being them is not possible)

V“(e-y(n-s$r-n$f-gf-a(-d! ∑([-el#-eC^d! ∑([-∑([-cr-f-x#]! ∑([-f-x#]-a-∑([-x#]! ∑([-W#-V“(e-a-V“(e-y(n-s$r-n$f-gf-a(-d-[r-f#-zev-d-xr-x#]-az#-el#-fp%]-ac-[f#en-a!

isolate phenomenonthat is a mere thirdpossibility

an observed common locus of: (1) its being an established base; (2) its not beingitself; (3) not-it being it; and (4) its isolate being a mere third possibility of isolatephenomenon

[r(n-a(z#-dX*-dCe [r(n-a(z#-Nå≈#!(particular-of-generality-of-functioning-thing; generality-of-functioning-thing)

Ôn-y(n-W#-Ë*n-fp%]! ∑([-el#-eC^d! ∑([-∑([-cr-x#]! ∑([-f-x#]-a-∑([-f-x#]! ∑([-W#-V“(e-a-Ôn-y(n-W#-Ë*n-fp%]-[re-f#-zev-d-xr-x#]-az#-el#-fp%]-ac-[f#en-a!

similitude ofsubstantialphenomenon

an observed common locus between: its being an established base; its being itself;not-its not being it; and its isolate not being contradictory with concordance withsubstantial phenomenon

V“(e-y(n-n$-R^c-az#-[r(n-a(!(functioning thing that serves as an isolate phenomenon)

cr-x#]-az#-V“(e-y(n-W#-Ë*n-fp%]-

∑([-el#-eC^d! ∑([-∑([-cr-x#]! ∑([-f- x#]-a-∑([-x#]! ∑([-W#-V“(e-a-cr-x#]-az#-V“(e-y(n-W#-Ë*n-fp%]-[r-f#-zev-d-xr-x#]-az#-el#-fp%]-ac-[f#en-a!

similitude of isolatephenomenon that isitself

an observed common locus between: its being an established base; its being itself;not-its being it; and its isolate being non-contradictory with concordance withisolate phenomenon that is itself

cr-x#]-az#-V“(e-y(n-f-x#]-a-(non-isolate-phenomenon-which-is-itself)

cr-f-x#]-az#-V“(e-y(n-W#-Ë*n-fp%]-

∑([-el#-eC^d! ∑([-∑([-cr-f-x#]! ∑([-f-x#]-a-∑([-f-x#]! ∑([-W#-V“(e-a-cr-f-x#]-az#-V“(e-y(n-W#-Ë*n-fp%]-[r-f#-zev-d-xr-x#]-az#-el#-fp%]-ac-[f#en-a!

similitude of isolatephenomenon that isnot itself

an observed common locus between: its being an established base; its not beingitself; non-its not being it; and its isolate being non-contradictory with concordancewith isolate phenomenon that is not itself

cr-f-x#]-az#-V“(e-y(n-(isolate-phenomenon-which-is-not-itself)

V“(e-y(n-s$r-n$f-gf-a(-dz#-Ë*n-fp%]-

∑([-el#-eC^d! ∑([-∑([-cr-f-x#]! ∑([-f-x#]-∑([-x#]! ∑([-W#-V“(e-a-V“(e-y(n-s$r-n$f-gf-a(-dz#-Ë*n-fp%]-[r-f#-zev-d-xr-x#]-az#-el#-fp%]-ac-[f#en-a!

similitude of anisolate phenomenonthat is a mere thirdpossibility

an observed common locus between: (1) its being an established base; (2) not itbeing it; (3) it being not it; and (4) its isolate not being contradictory with aconcordance that is a mere third possibility of isolate phenomenon

V“(e-y(n-s$r-n$f-gf-a(-d-(isolate-phenomenon-of-the-mere-third-possibility)

49

Topics in the “Typologies of Awarenesses”(blo rigs)

51

D√(-c#e

Awareness and Knowledge



D√(- c#e-a!awareness a knower

b*n-a- env-l#r-c#e-a!consciousness that which is clear and knowing

fr(]-n$f- Ø(e-a-[r-dCv-l#r-f-z„v-dz#-c#e-a!perception a knower that is free from conceptuality and unmistaken

fr(]-n$f-R#-h[-f- Ø(e-a-[r-dCv-l#r-f-z„v-dz#-enc-[-f#-N√^-dz#-c#e-a!valid perception a newly incontrovertible knower that is free from conceptuality and

unmistaken

[dr-fr(]- cr-e#-p%]-f(r-f-x#]-az#-d[e-ŒX*]-[dr-a(-e;^en-t]-a-vn-Nœ≈*n-az#-Ø(e-a-[r-dCv-l#r-f-z„^v-dz#-c#e-a!

sense perception a non-conceptual unmistaken knower that is produced from its ownuncommon empowering condition, a physical sense power

e;$en-zj‹]-[dr-fr(]- cr-e#-p%]-f(r-f-x#]-az#-d[e-ŒX*]-f#e-[dr-[r-[f#en-ŒX*]-e;$en-v-dØ*]-]n-Nœ≈*n-az#-Ø(e-a-[r-dCv-l#r-f-z„v-dz#-c#e-a!

sense perceptionapprehending a form

a non-conceptual unmistaken knower that is produced in dependence uponits own uncommon empowering condition, an eye sense power, and anobserved object condition, a form

x#[-fr(]- cr-e#-p%]-f(r-f-x#]-az#-d[e-ŒX*]-x#[-[dr-vn-dX^r-dz#-Ø(e-a-[r-dCv-l#r-f-z„v-dz#-c#e-a!

mental perception a non-conceptual unmistaken knower that arises from its own uncommonempowering condition, a mental sense power

52

Nœdn-z[#c-dNø]-R#-x#[-fr(]- cr-e#-p%]-f(r-f-x#]-az#-d[e-ŒX*]-x#[-[dr-vn-dX^r-dz#-Nœdn-z[#c-dNø]-R#-Ø(e-dCv-f-z„^v-dz#-el]-c#e

mental perception indicatedon this occasion

a non-conceptual unmistaken other-knower, indicated on this occasion,that arises from its own uncommon empowering condition, a mental sensepower

cr-c#e- zj‹]-’f!self-knowing cognition apprehending aspect [of a consciousness]

cr-c#e-fr(]-n$f- Ø(e-a-[r-dCv-l#r-f-z„v-dz#-zj‹]-’f!self-knowing perception apprehending aspect [of a consciousness] that is non-conceptual, and

unmistaken

or

w-]r-w(-]c-sX(en-b#r-zj‹]-a-x]-ec-dc-Rc-az#-Ø(e-a-[r-dCv-l#r-enc-[-f#-N√^-dz#-c#e-a!a newly incontrovertible knower, free from conceptuality, that is directedonly inward and is just an apprehender

’v-zdX(c-fr(]-n$f- cr-e#-p%]-f(r-f-x#]-az#-d[e-ŒX*]-[^-R^c-az#-l#-Vµe-;$r-zdC*v-R#-o#r-r*-zj‹]-vn-Nœ≈*n-az#-Ø(e-dCv-f-z„v-dz#-zsen-‰X^[-W#-f∑*]-a!

yogic perception a non-conceptual unmistaken exalted knower, in the continuum of aSuperior, that is produced from a meditative stabilization which is a unionof calm abiding and special insight that has become its own uncommonempowering condition

Ø(e-dCv- N´ç-[(]-z[}*n-c$r-[^-zj‹]-az#-l*]-c#e-[r-dCv-d!free from conceptuality that which is free from being a determinative knower that apprehends a

sound [generality] and a meaning [generality] as suitable to be associated

fr(]-n$f-Vøc-N‘r- cr-e#-N‘r-x$v-v-z„v-dz#-c#e-a!facsimile of a perception a knower that is mistaken with regard to its appearing object

Ë°n-[ae- cr-e#-Ø*]-Øen-xr-[e-v-dØ*]-]n-cr-e#-elv-dX-Vœ(e-R^c-v-f#-N√^-dz#-l*]-c#einference a determinative knower that, depending upon its basis, a correct sign, is

incontrovertible with regard to its object of comprehension, a hiddenphenomenon

Ë°n-n$-[ae-az#-h[-f- cr-e#-Ø*]-Øen-xr-[e-v-dØ*]-]n-cr-e#-elv-dX-Vœ(e-R^c-v-enc-[-f#-N√^-dz#-c#e-a!inferential valid cognition a knower that, depending upon its basis, a correct sign, is newly

incontrovertible with regard to its object of comprehension, a hiddenphenomenon

53

x#[-y*n-Ë°n-[ae- cr-e#-Ø*]-x#[-y*n-W#-Øen-xr-[e-v-dØ*]-]n-cr-e#-elv-dX-b#]-Vœ(e-v-f#-N√^-dz#-l*]-c#einference through belief a determinative knower that, depending upon its basis, a correct sign of

belief, is incontrovertible with regard to its object of comprehension, a veryhidden phenomenon

eCen-az#-Ë°n-[ae- cr-e#-Ø*]-eCen-Øen-xr-[e-v-dØ*]-]n-cr-e#-elv-dX-N´ç-dX^r-eCen-a-v-f#-N√^-dz#-l*]-c#einference through renown a determinative knower that, depending upon its basis, a correct sign of

renown, is incontrovertible with regard to its object of comprehension, aterminological suitability

[r(n-Nø(dn-Ë°n-[ae- cr-e#-Ø*]-[r(n-Nø(dn-W#-Øen-xr-[e-v-dØ*]-]n-cr-e#-elv-dX-t$r-;[-Vœ(e-R^c-v-f#-N√^-dz#-l*]-c#e-

inference through the powerof the fact

a determinative knower that, depending upon its basis, a correct sign by thepower of the fact, is incontrovertible with regard to its object ofcomprehension, a slightly hidden phenomenon

Vœ(e-R^c- h$c-fp(r-’fn-W#n-p(e-fc-Øen-v-dØ*]-]n-r*n-ac-Ø(en-[e(n-az#-y(n!hidden phenomenon a phenomenon that must definitely be realized initially by the short-sighted

[i.e., ordinary people] in dependence upon a sign

b#]-o^-Vœ(e-R^c- h$c-fp(r-’fn-W#n-p(e-fc-x#[-y*n-Øen-v-dØ*]-]n-r*n-ac-Ø(en-[e(n-az#-y(n!very hidden phenomenon a phenomenon that must definitely be realized initially by the short-sighted

in dependence upon a sign of belief

t$r-;[-Vœ(e-R^c- h$c-fp(r-’fn-W#n-p(e-fc-[r(n-Nø(dn-W#-Øen-v-dØ*]-]n-r*n-ac-Ø(en-[e(n-az#-y(n!slightly hidden phenomenon a phenomenon that must definitely be realized initially by the short-sighted

in dependence upon a sign of the power of the fact

fr(]-R^c- h$c-fp(r-’fn-W#n-r*n-ac-Øen-v-dØ*]-]n-Ø(en-ac-dX-d-f-x#]-az#-y(n!manifest phenomenon a phenomenon that is not an object realized definitely, by the short-sighted,

in dependence upon a sign

dt[-b*n- cr-z[}*]-dX*[-W#-h[-f-N®-fn-Ø(en-;#]-Ø(en-az#-h[-f#]-R#-c#e-a!subsequent cognition a knower which is not a valid cognition and which realizes that which has

already been realized by the former valid cognition that induces it

x#[-[aX([- cr-e#-zu$e-x$v-R#-eg·-d(c-R^c-az#-y(n-v-fpz-et#e-o^-l*]-Wr-dt[-[(]-f-p(d-az#-c#e-a!correctly assumingconsciousness

a knower which, although it adheres one-pointedly to the phenomenon thatis its principal object of engagement, does not get at an object with respectto which superimpositions have been eliminated

54

or

fX(r-d-[r-Ø*]-Øen-xr-[e-er-v-xr-f-dØ*]-ac-cr-e#-zu$e-x$v-v-f-z„v-dz#-fpz-et#e-zj‹]-R#-dt[-[(]-f-p(d-az#-l*]-c#ea determinative knower that, without depending on either experience or acorrect sign, apprehends its object of engagement one-pointedly andunmistakenly, but does not get at an object with respect to whichsuperimpositions have been eliminated

or

cr-x$v-v-l*]-az#-N√^-dz#-l*]-c#e-[(]-fp%]!a factually concordant determinative knower that is controvertible withregard to determining its object

N‘r-v-f-r*n-az#-D√(- cr-e#-zu$e-x$v-[^-R^c-az#-cr-fh]-env-dc-N‘r-xr-[*-v-r*n-a-z[}*]-f#-]^n-az#-c#e-a!awareness to which an objectappears but is not ascertained

a knower to which the specifically characterized phenomenon that is itsobject of engagement clearly appears but which is unable to induceascertainment with respect to it

p*-h·f- cr-Nø(dn-W#n-fpz-ei#n-n$-[(en-az#-c#e-a!doubting consciousness a knower that by its own power has qualms in two directions

or

cr-x$v-v-[(en-az#-c#e-a!a knower that has qualms with regard to its object

v(e-b*n- cr-e#-zu$e-x$v-v-z„v-dz#-c#e-a!wrong consciousness a knower that is mistaken with regard to its object of engagement

h[-f- enc-[-f#-N√^-dz#-c#e-a!valid cognition a newly incontrovertible knower

or

N®c-f-Ø(en-az#-[(]-d[*]-a-v-f#-zqC^v-dz#-zj‹]-Nørn-W#n-d:√(e-az#-N´ç(-z[(en-[r-zev-dz(![According to Cha-ba:] that which contradicts and eliminates a false super-imposition by an unmistaken mode of apprehension with respect to apreviously unrealized true thing

f#-N√^-dz#-b*n-a- cr-e#-[aX[-[(]-p(d-dX*[-W#-c#e-a!incontrovertibleconsciousness

a knower that gets at its object of analysis

55

cr-vn-r*n-W#-h[-f- cr-e#-elv-dXz#-d[e-i#[-fpc-p%e-a-x$v-Nø*r-[^-e]n-a-f*[-ac-cr-i#[-f#-zdX^r-d-v-r*n-a-cr-Nø(dn-W#n-z[}*]-]^n-az#-enc-[-f#-N√^-dz#-c#e-a!

valid cognition that inducesascertainment by itself

a new incontrovertible knower that is able to induce through its own powerascertainment that it itself would not arise if the final nature of its object ofcomprehension did not abide in the object

el]-vn-r*n-W#-h[-f- cr-e#-elv-dXz#-d[e-i#[-fpc-p%e-a-x$v-Nø*r-[^-e]n-a-f*[-ac-cr-i#[-f#-zdX^r-d-v-r*n-a-cr-Nø(dn-W#n-z[}*]-f#-]^n-ac-sX#n-zdX^r-p-NI[-az#-h[-f-el]-v-dØ*]-[e(n-az#-enc-[-f#-N√^-dz#-c#e-a!

valid cognition whenascertainment is induced byanother

a new incontrovertible knower that is unable to induce through its ownpower ascertainment that it itself would not arise if the final nature of itsobject of comprehension did not abide in the object but must depend onanother later conventional valid cognition

h[-f#]-R#-b*n-a- enc-[-f-N√^-d-f-x#]-az#-c#e-a!non-valid consciousness a knower that is not new and incontrovertible

Ø(e-a- Nç-[(]-z[}*n-c$r-[^-zj‹]-az#-l*]-c#e-conceptual consciousness a determinative knower that apprehends a sound[-generality] and a

meaning[-generality] as suitable to be associated

Ø(e-f*[-W#-b*n-a- Nç-[(]-z[}*n-c$r-[^-zj‹]-az#-l*]-c#e-[r-dCv-dz#-c#e-a!non-conceptual consciousness a knower that is free from being a determinative knower that apprehends a

sound[-generality] and a meaning[-generality] as suitable to be associated

z„^v-b*n- cr-e#-N‘r-x$v-v-z„v-dz#-c#e-a!mistaken consciousness a knower that is mistaken with regard to its appearing object

f-z„v-dz#-b*n-a- cr-e#-N‘r-x$v-v-f-z„v-dz#-c#e-a!unmistaken consciousness a knower that is not mistaken with regard to its appearing object

Ø(e-f*[-f-z„v-dz#-b*n-a- cr-e#-N‘r-x$v-v-f-z„v-dz#-env-N‘r-t]-R#-c#e-a!non-conceptual unmistakenconsciousness

a knower having clear appearance that is not mistaken with regard to itsappearing object

x#[-b*n- cr-e#-p%]-f(r-f-x#]-az#-d[e-ŒX*]-x#[-[dr-v-dØ*]-]n-Nœ≈*n-az#-c#e-a!mental consciousness a knower that is produced in dependence on its own uncommon

empowering condition, a mental sense power

[dr-b*n- cr-e#-p%]-f(r-f-x#]-az#-d[e-ŒX*]-[dr-a(-e;$en-t]-a-v-dØ*]-]n-Nœ≈*n-az#-c#e-a!sense consciousness a knower that is produced in dependence on its own uncommon

empowering condition, a physical sense power

56

n*v-zu$e-e#-D√(- cr-x$v-v-d”-[dr-e#n-zu$e-az#-c#e-a!selectively engaging awareness a knower that engages its object by the power of terminology

N´ç&d-zu$e-e#-D√(- cr-x$v-v-[r(n-[dr-e#n-zu$e-az#-c#e-a!completely engagingawareness

a knower that engages its object by the power of the thing

n*fn- cr-e#-zw(c-[^-dX^r-dz#-n*fn-dX^r-[r-fh$rn-ac-V“]-a!mind that which has similar association with the mental factors that arise as its

accompaniers

eg·-n*fn- cr-x$v-R#-r(-d(-zj‹]-az#-N´(-]n-ele-az#-eg·-d(z#-’f-c#e-main mind a main knower that is posited by way of apprehending the enitity of its

object

n*fn-dX^r- cr-zw(c-[^-V“]-az#-n*fn-[r-fh$rn-ac-V“]-a!mental factor that which has similar association with the mind that has it as an

accompanier

or

cr-x$v-W#-∑[-ac-t#-c#en-zj‹]-t#r-cr-[r-fh$rn-V“]-R#-eg·-n*fn-er-c$r-e#-zw(c-[^-dX^r-dz#-c#e-a!a knower that apprehends any of the features of its object and accompanieswhatever main mind has similar association with it

h·c-d ifn-n$-fX(r-dz#-cd-o-sX*-dz#-c#e-a!feeling a knower which is distinguished by being that which experiences

—————————————————

[dX*-d!

Divisions


D√(-c#e-d[]-[^-[dX*-d- fr(]-n$f! Ë°n-[ae dt[-b*n! x#[-[aX([! N‘r-v-f-r*n! p*-h·f! v(e-b*n!d[^]-x([!

sevenfold division ofawareness and knowledge

perception, inferences, subsequent cognitions, correctly assumingconsciousnesses, awarenesses to which an object appears but is notascertained, doubting consciousnesses, and wrong consciousnesses

57

fr(]-n$f- [dr-fr(]! x#[-fr(]! cr-c#e-fr(]-n$f! ’v-zdX(c-fr(]-n$f! dl#-x([!perception sense perception, mental perception, self-knowing perception, and yogic

perception

[dr-fr(]- e;$en-zj‹]-[dr-fr(]! Nç-zj‹]-[dr-fr(]! [}#-zj‹]-[dr-fr(]! c(-zj‹]-[dr-fr(]!c*e-dX-zj‹]-az#-[dr-fr(]! V®-x([!

sense perception sense perception apprehending forms, sense perception apprehendingsounds, sense perception apprehending odors, sense perceptionapprehending tastes, and sense perception apprehending tangible objects

x#[-fr(]- Nœdn-z[#c-dNø]-R#-x#[-fr(]! Nœdn-z[#c-dNø]-f-x#]-az#-x#[-fr(]! ei#n-x([!mental perception mental perception indicated on this occasion and mental perception not

indicated on this occasion

Nœdn-z[#c-dNø]-R#-x#[-fr(]- e;$en-zj‹]-x#[-fr(]-]n-c*e-dX-zj‹]-az#-x#[-fr(]-R#-dc-V®!mental perception indicatedon this occasion

the five ranging from mental perception apprehending forms to mentalperception apprehending tangible objects

cr-c#e-fr(]-n$f- [*c-R^c-az#-h[-f! dt[-b*n! N‘r-v-f-r*n! en$f-x([!self-knowing perception valid cognitions, subsequent cognitions, and awarenesses to which an object

appears but is not ascertained which are that [i.e., which are self-knowingcognitions]

’v-zdX(c-fr(]-n$f- i]-p(n! cr-‰Xv! p*e-y*]-R#-[*-en$f!yogic perception those of Hearers, Solitary Realizers, and Mah›yanists

or

sC-dz#-f#-Øe-a-fr(]-n$f-[^-Ø(en-az#-h[-f! er-;e-e#-d[e-f*[-cen-a-fr(]-n$f-[-Ø(en-az#-h[-f! er-;e-e#-d[e-f*[-sC-f(-fr(]-n$f-[^-Ø(en-az#-h[-f-en$f-x([!valid cognitions directly realizing subtle impermanence, valid cognitionsdirectly realizing the coarse selflessness of persons, and valid cognitionsdirectly realizing the subtle selflessness of persons

fr(]-n$f-Vøc-N‘r- z„v-dz#-Ø(e-a! q]-Ô·d-W#-Ø(e-a! Ë°n-[ae-e#-Ø(e-a! Ë°n-n$-[ae-a-vn-dX^r-dz#-Ø(e-a! [}]-az#-Ø(e-a! fr(]-z[([-W#-Ø(e-a! Ø(e-f*[-fr(]-n$f-Vøc-N‘r! d[]-x([!

facsimiles of perception mistaken conceptions, conventional conceptions, inferential conceptions,conceptions arisen from inference, memory conceptions, wishingconceptions, and non-conceptual facsimilies of perception

58

Ø(e-f*[-fr(]-n$f-Vøc-N‘r- x#[-b*n-n$-R^c-az#-Ø(e-f*[-fr(]-n$f-Vøc-N‘r-! [dr-b*n-n$-R^c-az#-Ø(e-f*[-fr(]-n$f-Vøc-N‘r-! ei#n-x([!

non-conceptual facsimiles ofperception

non-conceptual facsimiles of perception which are mental consciousnessesand non-conceptual facsimiles of perception which are senseconsciousnesses

[dr-b*n-n$-R^c-az#-Ø(e-f*[-fr(]-n$f-Vøc-N‘r-

z„^v-‰X^-Ø*]-v-x([-a! z„v-‰X^-e]n-v-x([-a! z„v-‰X^-x$v-v-x([-a! z„v-‰X^-[*-f-pe-ŒX*]-v-x([-a! dl#-x([!

non-conceptual facsimiles ofperception which are senseconsciousnesses

those having a cause of error in the basis, those having a cause of error inthe abode, those having a cause of error in the object, and those having acause of error in the immediately preceding condition

Ë°n-[ae- x#[-y*n-Ë°n-[ae- eCen-az#-Ë°n-[ae- [r(n-Nø(dn-Ë°n-[ae- en$f-x([!inferences inference through belief, inference through renown, and inference through

power of the fact

or (terminologically)

cr-[(]-Ë°n-[ae-[r-el]-[(]-Ë°n-[ae-inference for oneself and inference for another

dt[-b*n- fr(]-n$f-dt[-b*n-[r-Ø(e-a-dt[-b*n! ei#n-x([!subsequent cognitions perceptual subsequent cognitions and conceptual subsequent cognitions

fr(]-n$f-dt[-b**n- [dr-fr(]-dt[-b*n! x#[-fr(]-dt[-b*n! cr-c#e-dt[-b*n! ’v-zdX(c-fr(]-n$f-dt[-b*n! dl#-x([!

perceptual subsequentcognitions

subsequent cognition that is a sense perception, subsequent cognition thatis a mental perception, subsequent cognition that is a self-knowingperception, and subsequent cognition that is a yogic perception

Ø(e-a-dt[-b*n- fr(]-n$f-R#n-[}rn-az#-Ø(e-a-dt[-b*n! Ë°n-[ae-e#n-[}rn-az#-Ø(e-a-dt[-b*n!ei#n-x([!

conceptual subsequentcognitions

conceptual subsequent cognitions induced by perception and conceptualsubsequent cognitions induced by inference

x#[-[aX([- ‰X^-fh]-f*[-az#-x#[-[aX([! ‰X^-fh]-f-r*n-az#-x#[-[aX([! ‰X^-fh]-Vøc-N‘r-v-dØ*]-az#-x#[-[aX([! en$f-x([!

correctly assumingconsciousnesses

correctly assuming consciousnesses without a reason, correctly assumingconsciousnesses in which the reason is not ascertained, and correctlyassuming consciousnesses which depend upon a facsimile of a reason

or

59

‰X^-fh]-f*[-az#-x#[-[aX([! ‰X^-fh]-[r-zev-dz#-x#[-[aX([! ‰X^-fh]-f-r*n-az#-x#[-[aX([! ‰X^-fh]-f-eC^d-az#-x#[-[aX([! ‰X^-fh]-x([-Wr-eo]-v-f-s*dn-az#-x#[-[aX([! V®-x([!correctly assuming consciousnesses without a reason, which have acontradictory reason, for which the reason is indefinite, for which thereason is not established, and for which a reason exists but is not settled

N‘r-v-f-r*n-az#-D√(- [*c-R^c-az#-[dr-fr(]! x#[-fr(]! cr-c#e-en$f-x([!awarenesses to which anobject appears but is notascertained

sense, mental, and self-knowing perception which are those [i.e.,awarenesses to which the object appears but is not ascertained]

p*-h·f- [(]-zR^c-R#-p*-h·f! [(]-f#-zR^c-R#-p*-h·f! y-fif-az#-p*-h·f! en$f-x([!doubt doubt tending toward the fact, doubt not tending toward the fact, and

doubt which is both equally

v(e-b*n- Ø(e-a-v(e-b*n! Ø(e-f*[-v(e-b*n! ei#n-x([!wrong consciousnesses conceptual wrong consciousnesses and non-conceptual wrong

consciousnesses

Ø(e-f*[-v(e-b*n- [dr-b*n-n$-R^c-az#-[*-[r-x#[-b*n-n$-R^c-az#-[*! ei#n-x([!non-conceptual wrongconsciousnesses

those which are sense consciousnesses and those which are mentalconsciousnesses

D√(-c#e-en$f-[^-[dX*-d- [(]-Nå≈#-d;$r-x$v-[^-dX*[-az#-Ø(e-a! cr-fh]-d;$r-x$v-[^-dX*[-az#-Ø(e-f*[-f-z„v-dz#-b*n-a!f*[-a-env-N‘r-t]-d;$r-x$v-[^-dX*[-az#-Ø(e-f*[-z„^v-b*n! en$f-x([!

division of awareness andknowledge into three

conceptual consciousnesses that take a meaning-generality as theirapprehended object, non-conceptual unmistaken consciousnesses that takea specifically characterized phenomenon as their apprehended object, andnon-conceptual mistaken consciousnesses that take a clearly appearing non-existent as their apprehended object

D√(-c#e-ei#n-n$-[dX*-d- h[-f-[r-h[-f#]-R#-b*n-a-ei#n!divisions of awareness andknowledge into two

valid cognitions and non-valid consciousnesses

Ø(e-a-[r-Ø(e-f*[-W#-b*n-a-ei#n!conceptual and non-conceptual consciousnesses

z„^v-b*n-[r-f-z„v-dz#-b*n-a-ei#n!mistaken and unmistaken consciousnesses

x#[-b*n-[r-[dr-b*n-ei#n!mental and sense consciousnesses

60

n*v-z;$e-e#-D√(-[r-Nç&d-zu$e-e#-D√(-ei#n!selectively engaging awarenesses and completely engaging awarenesses

n*fn-[r-n*fn-dX^r-ei#n!minds and mental factors

h[-f- fr(]-n$f-R#-h[-f-[r-Ë°n-n$-[ae-az#-h[-f-ei#n!valid cognitions valid perceptions and inferential valid cognitions

or

cr-vn-r*n-W#-h[-f-[r-el]-vn-r*n-W#-h[-f-ei#n!valid cognitions which induce ascertainment by themselves and validcognitions when ascertainment is induced by another

or (terminologically)

Nœ≈*-d$-h[-f! re-h[-f! b*n-a-h[-f!valid beings, valid speech, and valid consciousnesses

cr-vn-r*n-W#-h[-f- [(]-e(fn-a-t]-R#-[dr-fr(]-R#-h[-f! [(]-dX*[-N‘r-t]-R#-[dr-fr(]-R#-h[-f! cr-c#e-fr(]-n$f-R#-h[-f! ’v-zdX(c-fr(]-n$f-R#-h[-f! Ë°n-n$-[ae-az#-h[-f! V®-x([!

valid cognitions which induceascertainment by themselves

sense valid perceptions having a familiar object, sense valid perceptions towhich the ability to perform a function appears, self-knowing validperceptions, yogic valid perceptions, and inferential valid cognitions

el]-vn-r*n-W#-h[-f- N‘r-d-cr-vn-r*n-b#r-d[*]-a-el]-vn-r*n-a! Nå≈#c-cr-vn-r*n-b#r-∑[-ac-el]-vn-r*n-a! N‘r-d-i#[-Wr-el]-vn-r*n-a! en$f-x([!

valid cognitions whenascertainment is induced byanother (terminologically)

those when ascertainment of appearance is induced by itself butascertainment of the truth is induced by another, those when ascertainmentof the generality is induced by itself but ascertainment of the particular isinduced by another, and those when ascertainment of even the mereappearance is induced by another

or

fr(]-n$f-[r-a(-d! x#[-f-eo[! z„v-‰X^-t]-[r-en$f!initial perception, inattentive minds, and those possessing a cause of error

h[-f#]-R#-b*n-a- dt[-b*n-n(en-D√(-c#e-sX#-f-V®- (dt[-b*n! x#[-[aX([! N‘r-v-f-r*n! p*-h·f! v(e-b*n-[r-V®-)non-valid consciousnesses the latter five [from the division into seven of] awareness and knowledge,

subsequent cognitions, etc. [subsequent cognitions, correctly assumingconsciousnesses, awarenesses to which an object appears but is notascertained, doubt, and wrong consciousnesses]

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Ø(e-a- Nç-Nå≈#-w(-]-zj‹]-az#-Ø(e-a! [(]-Nå≈#-w(-]-zj‹]-az#-Ø(e-a! Nç-[(]-ei#n-q-zj‹]-az#-Ø(e-a!en$f-x([!

conceptual consciousnesses conceptual consciousnesses that apprehend only a sound-generality,conceptual consciousnesses that apprehend only a meaning-generality,conceptual consciousnesses that apprehend both a sound[-generality] and ameaning[-generality]

or

f#r-N∂≈(c-Ø(e-a-[r-[(]-N∂≈(c-Ø(e-a! ei#n-x([!conceptual consciousnesses that affix names and conceptual consciousnessesthat affix meanings

or

Ø(e-a-[(]-fp%]! Ø(e-a-[(]-f#-fp%]! ei#n-x([!factually concordant conceptual consciousness and factually discordantconceptual consciousness

n*fn-dX^r- N“*-h]-[}ê q]-zeC(-V®-! x$v-r*n-V®! [e*-d-dt$-et#e Ì-i(]-[}ê i*-i(]-i#-b^!el]-zRc-dl#!

mental factors six groups: five omnipresent factors, five determining factors, elevenvirtuous factors, six root afflictions, twenty secondary afflictions, and fourchangeable factors

h·c-d- v$n-h·c-[r-n*fn-h·c-ei#n!feelings physical feelings and mental feelings

or

;r-;#r-[r-dtn-az#-h·c-d-[r-;r-;#r-f*[-az#-h·c-d-ei#n!materialistic feelings and non-materialistic feelings

or

h·c-d-d[*-N“ê-dor-NI(fn-en$f-pleasurable feelings, painful feelings, and feelings of equanimity

or

h·c-d-d[*-d! x#[-d[*! N“ê-dN®v! x#[-f#-d[*! h·c-d-dor-NI(fn-[r-V®!pleasurable feelings, mental pleasure, pain, mental displeasure, andfeelings of equanimity

[dr-b*n- f#e-b*n! ’-b*n! N‘-b*n! V†*-b*n! v$n-b*n-[r-V®!sense consciousnesses eye consciousnesses, ear consciousnesses, nose consciousnesses,

tongue consciousnesses, body consciousnesses

62

x$v- N‘r-x$v! l*]-x$v! zu$e-x$v! en$f-x([!objects appearing objects, determined objects, objects of engagement

[(]-et#e

Synonyms

D√(! c#e-a! b*n-a! en$f-[(]-et#eawareness, knower, and consciousness

[(]-Nå≈#-d;$r-x$v-[^-dX*[-az#-Ø(e-a! Ø(e-a! ei#n-[(]-et#econceptual consciousness that takes a meaning-generality as its object ofengagement and conceptual consciousness

cr-fh]-d;$r-x$v-[^-dX*[-az#-Ø(e-f*[-f-z„v-dz#-b*n-a! fr(]-n$f! ei#n-[(]-et#enon-conceptual, unmistaken consciousness that takes a specifically characterizedphenomenon as its object of engagement and perception

f*[-a-env-N‘r-t]-d;$r-x$v-[^-dX*[-az#-Ø(e-f*[-z„^v-b*n! Ø(e-f*[-v(e-b*n-ei#n-[(]-et#enon-conceptual, mistaken consciousness that takes a clearly appearing non-existentas its object of engagement and non-conceptual wrong consciousness

Ø(e-a! n*v-zu$e-e#-D√(! ei#n-[(]-et#econceptual consciousness and selectively engaging awareness

Ø(e-f*[-b*n-a! Nç&d-zu$e-e#-D√(! ei#n-[(]-et#enon-conceptual consciousness and completely engaging awareness

f-z„v-dz#-b*n-a! fr(]-n$f! [(]-et#eunmistaken consciousness and perception

n*fn! x#[! ’f-b*n! en$f-[(]-et#emind, mentality, and consciousness

x$v-[r-x$v-t]-ei#n-n$-sX*-az#-x$v-t]! b*n-a! ei#n-[(]-et#eobject possessor within the twofold division into objects and object possessors andconsciousness

x$v-[r-x$v-t]-ei#n-n$-sX*-az#-x$v! b*n-a-f-x#]-az#-x([-a! ei#n-[(]-et#eobject within the twofold division into objects and object possessors and existentwhich is not a consciousness

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D√(-[*z#-N‘r-x$v! D√(-[*z#-d;$r-x$v! ei#n-[(]-et#eappearing object of a particular awareness and apprehended object of a particularawareness

fr(]-n$f-R#-N‘r-x$v! fr(]-n$f-R#-d;$r-x$v! [r-[r(n-a(-[(]-et#eappearing object of a perception, apprehended object of a perception, and thing

Ø(e-az#-N‘r-x$v! Ø(e-az#-d;$r-x$v! [r-Øe-a-[(]-et#eappearing object of a conceptual consciousness, apprehended object of aconceptual consciousness, and permanent phenomenon

fr(]-n$f-R#-zu$e-x$v! fr(]-n$f-R#-zj‹]-Nørn-W#-x$v! ei#n-[(]-et#eobject of engagement of a perception and object of the mode of apprehensionof a perception

Ø(e-az#-l*]-x$v! Ø(e-az#-zu$e-x$v! Ø(e-az#-zj‹]-Nørn-W#-x$v-’fn-[(]-et#edetermined object of a conceptual consciousness, object of engagement of aconceptual consciousness, and object of the mode of apprehension of aconceptual consciousness

cr-[(]-Ë°n-[ae Ë°n-[ae ei#n-[(]-et#einference for oneself and inference

el]-[(]-Ë°n-[ae Nç&d-re-xr-[e ei#n-[(]-et#einference for another and correct proof statement

cr-i#[-Ø(e-f*[-f-z„v-dz#-b*n-a! D√(-fr(]-n$f! ei#n-[(]-et#enon-conceptual unmistaken consciousness and directly perceiving awareness

cr-c#e w-]r-w(-]c-sX(en-az#-b*n-a! ei#n-[(]-et#eself-knowing cognition and consciousness that is directed only inward

el]-c#e w-sX#-dVøn-W#-b*n-a! ei#n-[(]-et#eother-knower and consciousness that is turned outward

eg·-n*fn! n*fn! x#[! ’f-b*n-’fn-[(]-et#emain mind, mind, mentality, and perceiver

h·c-d! h·c-dz#-s$r-a(! ei#n-[(]-et#efeeling and feeling aggregate

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v$n-h·c! [dr-b*n-n$-R^c-az#-h·c-d! sX#z#-h·c-d-[(]-et#ephysical feeling, feeling that is a sense consciousness, and external feeling

n*fn-h·c! x#[-b*n-n$-R^c-az#-h·c-d! ]r-e#-h·c-d-[(]-et#emental feeling, feeling that is a mental consciousness, and internal feeling

;r-;#r-[r-dtn-az#-h·c-d! ;e-dtn-W#-h·c-d! ei#n-[(]-et#ematerialistic feeling and contaminated feeling

;r-;#r-f*[-az#-h·c-d-! ;e-f*[-W#-h·c-d-! ei#n-[(]-et#enon-materialistic feeling and uncontaminated feeling

cr-c#e-[r-el]-c#e-zev-d-x#]-self-knowing cognitions and other-knowers are mutually exclusive

—————————————————

fh]-eb#!

Illustrations(drawn from x(rn-zj‹]-D√(-c#e)

[dr-a(-fr(]-n$f-sense perception

[dr-fr(]-[^-R^c-az#-h[-f! e;$en-zj‹]-[dr-fr(]-Nœ[-t#e-[r-a(!valid cognition that is a senseperception

the first moment of a sense perception apprehending a form

[dr-fr(]-[^-R^c-az#-dt[-b*n! e;$en-zj‹]-[dr-fr(]-Nœ[-t#e-ei#n-a!subsequent cognition that is asense perception

the second moment of a sense perception apprehending a form

[dr-fr(]-[^-R^c-az#-N‘r-v-f-r*n-az#-D√(! x#[-N´ç-NI]-a-v-Vµe-ac-yen-dl#]-az#-Nœ≈*n-d$z#-‰X^[-W#-e;$en-zj‹]-[dr-fr(]!awareness to which an objectappears but is not ascertained thatis a sense perception

a sense perception, in the continuum of a person whose mind isespecially attracted to a pleasant sound, apprehending a form

65

x#[-W#-fr(]-n$f!

mental perception

x#[-fr(]-[^-R^c-az#-h[-f! el]-n*fn-b*n-az#-fr(]-b*n-Nœ[-t#e-[r-a(!valid cognition that is a mentalperception

the first moment of a clairvoyance that knows another's mind

x#[-fr(]-[^-R^c-az#-dt[-b*n! el]-n*fn-b*n-az#-fr(]-b*n-Nœ[-t#e-ei#n-a!subsequent cognition that is amental perception

the second moment of a clairvoyance that knows another's mind

x#[-fr(]-[^-R^c-az#-N‘r-v-f-r*n-az#-D√(!

x#[-e;$en-fj°n-ac-Vµe-ac-yen-dl#]-az#-Nœ≈*n-d$z#-‰X^[-W#-N´ç-zj‹]-x#[-fr(]!

awareness to which an objectappears but is not ascertainedthat is a mental perception

a mental perception, in the continuum of a person whose mind isespecially attracted to a beautiful form, apprehending a sound

cr-c#e-fr(]-n$f!

self-knowing perception

cr-c#e-fr(]-n$f-[^-R^c-az#-h[-f! f#e-b*n-ifn-n$-fX((r-dz#-cr-c#e-fr(]-n$f-Nœ[-t#e-[r-a(!valid cognition that is a self-knowing perception

the first moment of a self-knowing perception that experiences an eyeconsciousness

cr-c#e-fr(]-n$f-[^-R^c-az#-dt[-b*n! f#e-b*n-ifn-n$-fX(r-dz#-cr-c#e-fr(]-n$f-Nœ[-t#e-ei#n-a!subsequent cognition that is aself-knowing perception

the second moment of a self-knowing perception that experiences aneye consciousness

cr-c#e-fr(]-n$f-[^-R^c-az#-N‘r-v-f-r*n-az#-D√(!

dX*-dCe-az#-‰X^[-W#-d[*-d-b*n-a-x#]-a-ifn-n$-fX(r-dz#-cr-c#e-fr(]-n$f!

awareness to which an objectappears but is not ascertainedthat is a self-knowing perception

a self-knowing perception, in the continuum of a VaiŸe˝ika, thatexperiences bliss as being a consciousness

66

fr(]-n$f-Vøc-N‘r-!

facsimiles of perception

z„^v-dz#-Ø(e-a! Nç-Øe-zj‹]-Ø(e-a!mistaken conception a conceptual consciousness apprehending sound as permanent

q^]-Ô·d-W#-Ø(e-a! Nç-f#-Øe-Ø(en-W#-Ë°n-[ae-conventional conception an inference that realizes sound to be impermanent

Ë°n-[ae-e#-Ø(e-a! Øen-zj‹]-n*fn-n$-R^c-az#-Ø(e-a!inferential conception a conceptual consciousness that is a mind apprehending a sign

Ë°n-n$-[ae-a-vn-dX^r-dz#-Ø(e-a! Ë°n-[ae-e#-Ë°n-n$-dX^r-dz#-Ø(e-a!conception arisen frominference

a conceptual consciousness that arises after an inference

[}]-az#-Ø(e-a! [*-c#r-e#-[^n-n$-z[n-az#-[(]-[}]-az#-Ø(e-a!memory conception a conceptual consciousness that remembers today an object of the past

fr(]-z[([-W#-Ø(e-a! [*-c#r-e#-[^n-n$-f-z(rn-az#-[(]-fr(]-ac-z[([-az#-Ø(e-a!wishing conception a conceptual consciousness that today wishes for an object of the future

x#[-b*n-n$-R^c-az#-Ø(e-f*[-fr(]-n$f-Vøc-N‘r-

Ï#-vf-R#-N®(]-a-N®(]-a(c-env-dc-N‘r-dz#-Ï#-vf-R#-b*n-a!

non-conceptual facsimile of aperception that is a mentalconsciousness

a dream consciousness to which the blue of a dream appears clearly asblue

[dr-b*n-n$-R^c-az#-Ø(e-f*[-fr(]-n$f-Vøc-N‘r-!

non-conceptual facsimiles of perception that are sense consciousnesses

z„^v-‰X^-Ø*]-v-x([-a! f#e-cd-c#d-W#n-dN√[-a-v-dØ*]-]n-:√-et#e-:√-ei#n-n$-N‘r-dz#-[dr-b*n!that having a cause of error inthe basis

a sense consciousness to which, in dependence upon the eye beingaffected by an obscuring disease, one moon is seen as two

z„^v-‰X^-e]n-v-x([-a! eC^c-l^en-a-v-dØ*]-]n-V(]-b#r-zeC(-dc-N‘r-dz#-[dr-b*n!that having a cause of error inthe abode

a sense consciousness to which, in dependence upon sitting in a boat,trees appear to be moving

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z„^v-‰X^-x$v-v-x([-a! zev-f*[-fX^c-[^-dNœ(c-d-v-dØ*]-]n-zev-f*[-zw(c-v(c-N‘r-dz#-[dr-b*n!that having a cause of error inthe object

a sense consciousness to which, in dependence upon quickly turning afirebrand, a firebrand is seen as a circle

z„^v-‰X^-[*-f-pe-ŒX*]-v-x([-a! x#[-l*-N“r-e#n-[q^Cen-a-v-dØ*]-]n-n-el#-[fc-a(c-N‘r-dz#-[dr-b*n!that having a cause of error inthe immediately precedingcondition

a sense consciousness to which, in dependence upon the mind's beingdisturbed by hatred, the earth is seen as red

Ë°n-[ae

inferences

[r(n-Nø(dn-Ë°n-[ae- dXn-Øen-W#n-N´ç-f#-Øe-Ø(en-W#-Ë°n-[ae-inference by the power of thefact

an inference which realizes that sound is impermanent through the sign ofbeing a product

eCen-az#-Ë°n-[ae- Ø(e-x$v-]-x([-az#-Øen-vn-c#-d(r-t]-v-:√-N´çn-dË·[-c$r-[^-Ø(en-az#-Ë°n-[ae-inference through renown an inference which realizes that it is suitable to express the rabbit-

possessor with the term “moon” from the sign of its existing amongobjects of conceptual consciousnesses

x#[-y*n-W#-Ë°n-[ae- [aX[-en$f-R#n-[e-az#-v$r-e#-Øen-vn! N∂≈#]-an-v(rn-Nå≈([-„#fn-W#n-d[*-l*n-n(en-W#-v$r-cr-e#-dNø]-[(]-v-f#-N√^-dc-Ø(en-az#-Ë°n-[ae

inference through belief an inference which realizes that the scripture, “From giving, resources;from ethics, a happy transmigration,” is incontrovertible — with respectto the meaning indicated by it — by the sign of its being a scripture freefrom the three contradictions

cr-vn-r*n-W#-h[-f!

valid cognitions which induce ascertainment by themselves

[(]-dX*[-N‘r-t]-R#-[dr-fr(]-R#-h[-f- f*n-d$[-b#r-dnC*e-az#-[(]-dX*[-]^n-ac-zj‹]-az#-[dr-fr(]!sense valid perception to whichthe ability to perform afunction appears

a sense perception that apprehends fire as able to perform the function ofcooking and burning

or

f*n-dg·-nC*e-e#-[(]-dX*[-]^n-ac-zuv-dz#-f*-zj‹]-[dr-fr(]!a sense perception which apprehends fire, and which comprehends thatfire is able to perform the function of cooking and burning

68

[(]-e(fn-a-t]-R#-[dr-fr(]-R#-h[-f- d$z#-‰X^[-W#-sz#-e;$en-zj‹]-az#-[dr-fr(]!sense valid perception that has afamiliar object

a sense perception in the continuum of a son apprehending his father'sform

cr-c#e-fr(]-n$f-R#-h[-f- h[-f-ifn-n$-fX(r-dz#-cr-c#e-fr(]-n$f!self-knowing valid perception a self-knowing perception that experiences a valid cognition

’v-zdX(c-fr(]-n$f-R#-h[-f- er-;e-e#-d[e-f*[-fr(]-n$f-[^-Ø(en-az#-x*-b*n!yogic valid perception an exalted wisdom consciousness directly realizing the selflessness of

persons

Ë°n-n$-[ae-az#-h[-f- Nç-f#-Øe-Ø(en-W#-Ë°n-[aeinferential valid cognition an inference that realizes sound to be impermanent

([*-V®-a(-er-c$r-x#]-]-cr-vn-r*n-W#-h[-f-x#]-an-∑d!)Whatever is one of those five is necessarily a valid cognition that inducesascertainment by itself.

el]-vn-r*n-W#-h[-f!

valid cognitions when ascertainment is induced by another

fr(]-n$f-[r-a(-d- N®c-,$Oå-v-fp(r-f-fX(r-dz#-er-;e-e#-‰X^[-W#-,Oå-vz#-w-[(e-zj‹]-az#-[dr-fr(]!initial perception a sense perception in the continuum of a person — who has not previously

experienced seeing an utpala — that apprehends the color of an utpala

fr(]-n$f-x#[-f-eo[- x#[-e;$en-fj°n-a-v-Vµe-ac-yen-dl#]-az#-Nœ≈*n-d$z#-‰X^[-W#-N´ç-zj‹]-[dr-fr(]!inattentive perception a sense perception in the continuum of a person — whose mind is

especially attracted to a beautiful form — which apprehends a form

fr(]-n$f-z„v-‰X^-t]- Nƒ#e-‰X^-v-y$c-zj‹]-az#-N´ç(-z[(en-[r(n-n$-Nœ≈*[-ac-dX*[-az#-Nƒ#e-‰X^z#-w-[(e-zj‹]-az#-[dr-fr(]!

perception having a cause oferror

a sense perception apprehending the color of a mirage which directlygenerates a superimposition apprehending the mirage as water

N‘r-d-cr-vn-r*n-b#r-d[*]-a-el]-vn-r*n-W#-h[-f-

[(]-v-f*z#-w-[(e-x#]-l#r-Ø(e-an-f*z#-w-[(e-x#]-f#]-p*-h·f-;-[n-W#-‰Xr-c#r-a(z#-w-[(e-[fc-vf-a-zj‹]-az#-[dr-fr(]!

valid cognition where ascertain-ment of the appearance isinduced by itself but of thetruth by another

a sense perception apprehending a reddish color in the distance withrespect to which a conceptual consciousness has a doubt, wondering, “Isthat the color of fire or not?” and the object is, in fact, the color of fire.

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Nå≈#-cr-vn-r*n-b#r-∑[-ac-el]-vn-r*n-W#-h[-f-

[(]-v-b-a-x#]-l#r-! b-a-x#]-f#]-p*-h·f-;-[n-W#-xv-e-v(-z[d-[r-dtn-az#-b#r-zj‹]-[dr-fr(]!

valid cognition whereascertainment of the generalityis induced by itself but of theparticular by another

a sense perception apprehending a tree having leaves and branches which isin fact an Ashoka tree and with respect to which there is doubt wondering,“Is that an AŸoka tree or not?”

N‘r-d-i#[-Wr-el]-vn-r*n-W#-h[-f- w(-d(n-N®(]-a(-fp(r-rf-f-fp(r-NIf-az#-p*-h·f-z[}*]-ac-dX*[-az#-N®(]-zj‹]-[dr-fr(]!valid cognitions whereascertainment of even the mereappearance is induced byanother

a sense perception apprehending blue which induces a doubtingconsciousness that thinks, “Did I see blue or not?”

h[-f!

valid cognitions

Nœ≈*-d$-h[-f- Nø((]-a-nrn-‰Xn!valid being the teacher Buddha

re-h[-f- d[*]-dl#z#-y(n-zw(c!valid speech the wheel of doctrine of the four noble truths

b*n-a-h[-f- fr(]-n$f-[r-Ë°n-[aevalid consciousness a perception or an inference

dt[-b*n!

subsequent cognitions

[dr-fr(]-dt[-b*n- N®(]-zj‹]-[dr-fr(]-Nœ[-t#e-ei#n-a!subsequent cognition that is asense perception

the second moment of a sense perception apprehending blue

x#[-fr(]-dt[-b*n- el]-n*fn-b*n-az#-fr(]-b*n-Nœ[-t#e-ei#n-a!subsequent cognition that is amental perception

the second moment of a clairvoyance knowing another's mind

cr-c#e-fr(]-n$f-dt[-b*n- f#e-b*n-n(en-ifn-n$-fX(r-dz#-cr-c#e-fr(]-n$f-Nœ[-t#e-ei#n-a!subsequent cognition that is aself-knowing perception

the second moment of a self-knowing perception experiencing an eyeconsciousness and so forth

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’v-zdX(c-fr(]-n$f-dt[-b*n- fp(r-vf-dc-y[-f*[-vf-Nœ[-t#e-ei#n-a!subsequent cognition that is a yogicperception

the second moment of an uninterrupted path of a path of seeing

[*-dl#-er-xr-f-x#]-az#-fr(]-n$f-dt[-b*n-

fr(]-n$f-Nœ[-t#e-ei#n-a!

subsequent cognition that is a yogicperception and which is none ofthose four

the second moment of a perception

fr(]-n$f-R#n-[}rn-az#-Ø(e-a-dt[-b*n- N®(]-zj‹]-[dr-fr(]-R#n-[}rn-az#-N®(]-a(-r*n-az#-r*n-b*n-[(]-fp%]!conceptual subsequent cognitionthat is induced by perception

a factually concordant ascertaining consciousness ascertaining bluethat is induced by a sense perception apprehending blue

Ë°n-[ae-e#n-[}rn-az#-Ø(e-a-dt[-b*n- Nç-f#-Øe-Ø(en-W#-Ë°n-[ae-Nœ[-t#e-ei#n-a!conceptual subsequent cognitionthat is induced by inference

the second moment of an inference realizing that sound isimpermanent

x#[-[aX([!

correctly assuming consciousnesses

‰X^-fh]-f*[-az#-x#[-[aX([- N´ç-f#-Øe-t*n-az#-re-gf-v-dØ*]-]n-Nç-f#-Øe-ac-zj‹]-az#-D√(!correctly assumingconsciousness that does nothave a reason

an awareness that apprehends sound to be impermanent in dependenceupon the mere words, “Sound is impermanent”

‰X^-fh]-[r-zev-dz#-x#[-[aX([- [(]-dX*[-]^n-Nø(r-e#-Øen-vn-Nç-f#-Øe-ac-zj‹]-az#-D√(!correctly assumingconsciousness having acontradictory reason

an awareness that apprehends sound to be impermanent from the sign ofbeing empty of being able to perform a function

‰X^-fh]-f-r*n-az#-x#[-[aX([- elv-dXz#-Øen-vn-Nç-f#-Øe-ac-zj‹]-az#-D√(!correctly assumingconsciousness for which thereason is indefinite

an awareness that apprehends sound to be impermanent from the sign ofbeing an object of comprehension

‰X^-fh]-f-eC^d-az#-x#[-[aX([- f#e-b*n-W#-e;$r-dXz#-Øen-vn-Nç-f#-Øe-ac-zj‹]-az#-D√(!correctly assumingconsciousness for which thereason is not established

an awareness that apprehends sound to be impermanent from the sign ofbeing an object of apprehension by an eye consciousness

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‰X^-fh]-x([-Wr-eo]-v-f-s*dn-az#-x#[-[aX([-

N´ç-dXn-a-[r-dXn-]-f#-Øe-an-∑d-a-h[-fn-f-r*n-ac-dXn-Øen-vn-Nç-f#-Øe-ac-zj‹]-az#-D√(!

correctly assumingconsciousness for which areason exists but is not settled

an awareness that apprehends sound to be impermanent from the sign ofbeing a product, without it having been ascertained by prime cognitionthat sound is a product and that whatever is a product must beimpermanent

N‘r-v-f-r*n-az#-D√(!

awarenessses to which an object appears but is not ascertained

N‘r-v-f-r*n-az#-[dr-fr(]- w(-d(n-N®(]-a(-fp(r-rf-f-fp(r-NIf-[^-p*-h·f-z[}*]-ac-dX*[-az#-N®(]-zj‹]-[dr-a(z#-fr(]-n$f!

sense perception to which anobject appears but is notascertained

a sense perception apprehending blue that induces doubt wondering,“Did I see blue or not?”

N‘r-v-f-r*n-az#-x#[-fr(]- n(-n(-Nœ≈*-d(z#-‰X^[-W#-e;$en-n(en-[(]-V®-zj‹]-az#-x#[-fr(]!mental perception to which anobject appears but is notascertained

a mental perception in the continuum of an ordinary being apprehendingany of the five objects, forms and so forth

N‘r-v-f-r*n-az#-cr-c#e n(-n(-Nœ≈*-d(z#-‰X^[-W#-e;$en-n(en-[(]-V®-zj‹]-az#-x#[-fr(]-ifn-n$-fX(r-dz#-cr-c#e-self-knowing cognition towhich an object appears but isnot ascertained

a self-knowing cognition experiencing a mental perception in thecontinuum of an ordinary being apprehending any of the five objects,forms and so forth

p*-h·f!

doubting consciousnesses

[(]-zR^c-R#-p*-h·f- Nç-f#-Øe-ef-NIf-az#-p*-h·f!doubt tending toward thefactual

doubt which thinks that sound is probably impermanent

[(]-f#-zR^c-R#-p*-h·f- N´ç-Øe-ef-NIf-az#-p*-h·f!doubt tending toward the non-factual

doubt which thinks that sound is probably permanent

y-fif-az#-p*-h·f- N´ç-Øe-ef-f#-Øe-ef-NIf-az#-p*-h·f!equal doubt doubt which wonders whether sound is permanent or impermanent

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v(e-b*n!

wrong consciousnesses

Ø(e-a-v(e-b*n- N´ç-Øe-zj‹]-Ø(e-a!conceptual wrong consciousness a conceptual consciousness apprehending sound to be permanent

c#-d(r-c-zj‹]-Ø(e-a!a conceptual consciousness apprehending the horns of a rabbit

x#[-b*n-n$-R^c-az#-Ø(e-f*[-v(e-b*n- Ï#-vf-R#-N®(]-a-N®(]-a(c-env-dc-N‘r-dz#-Ï#-vf-R#-b*n-a!non-conceptual wrongconsciousness that is a mentalconsciousness

a dream consciousness that clearly sees as blue the blue of a dream

[dr-b*n-n$-R^c-az#-Ø(e-f*[-v(e-b*n- ern-c#-N®(]-a(c-N‘r-dz#-[dr-b*n!non-conceptual wrongconsciousness that is a senseconsciousness

a sense consciousness that sees snow mountains as blue

[^r-[qc-n*c-a(c-N‘r-dz#-[dr-b*n!a sense consiousness that sees a white conch as yellow

Ø(e-a!

conceptual consciousnesses

N´ç-Nå≈#-w(-]-zj‹]-az#-Ø(e-a- Vø(-V“#c-ldn-lf-y$-Nœ≈(c-R#-[(]-dX*[-]^n-a-d$f-a-x#]-ac-f#-b*n-az#-Nœ≈*n-d$z#-‰X^[-W#-d$f-a-l*n-az#-N´ç-gf-v-dØ*]-]n-Nœ≈*n-az#-d$f-zj‹]-Ø(e-a!

a conceptual consciousnessapprehending only a sound-generality

a conceptual consciousness, in the continuum of a person who does notknow that a bulbous flat-based thing that is able to perform the functionof holding water is a pot, which, generated in dependence on merely thesound “pot,” apprehends pot

[(]-Nå≈#-w(-]-zj‹]-az#-Ø(e-a- Vø(-V“#c-ldn-lf-y$-Nœ≈(c-R#-[(]-dX*[-]^n-a-d$f-a-x#]-ac-f#-b*n-az#-Nœ≈*n-d$z#-‰X^[-W#-Vø(-V“#c-d-fp(r-d-gf-v-dØ*]-]n-Nœ≈*n-az#-Vø(-V“#c-d-zj‹]-az#-Ø(e-a!

a conceptual consciousnessapprehending only a meaning-generality

a conceptual consciousness, in the continuum of a person who does notknow that a bulbous flat-based thing that is able to perform the functionof holding water is a pot, which, generated in dependence on merelyseeing a bulbous thing, apprehends a bulbous thing

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N´ç-[(]-ei#n-q-zj‹]-az#-Ø(e-a- d$f-a-b*n-az#-Nœ≈*n-d$z#-‰X^[-W#-d$f-zj‹]-Ø(e-a!a conceptual consciousnessapprehending both a sound-generality and a meaning-generality

a conceptual consciousness, in the continuum of a person who knows pot,that apprehends pot

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Syllogisms

Examples of syllogisms for the three types of inference:

c#-d(r-t]-y(n-t]! ∑([-v-:√-d-l*n-az#-N´çn-dË·[-c$r-d-x#]-o*-Ø(e-x$v-]--x([-az#-sX#c!With respect to the subject, rabbit bearer, it is suitable to express it with the term“moon” because of existing among objects of conceptual consciousnesses

N∂≈#]-an-v(rn-Nå≈([-„#fn-W#n-d[*-l*n-az#-v$r-y(n-t]! cr-e#-dNø]-dXz#-[(]-v-f#-N√^-d-x#]-o*! [aX[-en$f-[e-az#-v$r-x#]-az#-sX#c!The subject, the scripture, “From giving, resources; from ethics, a happytransmigration,” is incontrovertible with respect to the meaning indicated by itbecause of being a scripture purified by the three analyses [i.e., free from the threecontradictions]

N´ç-y(n-t]! f#-Øe-a-x#]-o*! dXn-a-x#]-az#-sX#c!The subject, sound, is impermanent because of being a product.

Proof of the existence of a yogic perception:

d[e-f*[-Ø(en-az#-b*n-cd-t(n-t]! dN(f-az#-ŒX*]-[r-f-dCv-dc-e(fn-]-dN(f-dXz#-[(]-v-cd-e#-env-N‘r-fpc-sX#]-dX^r-c$r-d-x#]-o*! Ø*]-dØ]-e(fn-;#]-zd[-Ì·v-Nœ≈c-f-v-f-Vø(n-az#-n*fn-W#-x(]-o]-x#]-az#-sX#c!With respect to the subject, the wisdom realizing selflessness, if it is cultivatedwithout separating from the causes of cultivation, final clear appearance withrespect to its object of cultivation is suitable to arise because of being a mentalquality whose basis is stable and which does not rely on renewed effort with respectto that which has already been cultivated

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Proof of the existence of self-knowing cognitions:

N®(]-zj‹]-f#e-b*n-t(n-t]! cr-fX(r-t]-R#-b*n-a-x#]-o*!cr-[^n-sX#n-[}]-a-x([-az#-b*n-a-x#]-az#-sX#c!The subject, an eye consciousness apprehending blue, is a consciousness having anexperience of itself because of being a consciousness of which there is memorysubsequent to its time [of existence]

—————————————————

POINTS TO NOTE

el#-eC^d-]! N‘r-x$v-x#]-an-∑d-Nø*! [r(n-a(-x#]-]-fr(]-n$f-R#-N‘r-x$v-x#]-an-∑d-a-er-l#e-Øe-a-x#]-]-Ø(e-az#-N‘r-x$v-x#]-an-∑d-az#-sX#c!Whatever is an established base is necessarily an appearing object because whateveris a thing is necessarily the appearing object of a perception and whatever ispermanent is necessarily the appearing object of a conceptual consciousness.

d[e-f*[-x#]-]-cr-zj‹]-Ø(e-az#-x$v-x#]-an-∑d!Whatever is selfless is necessarily the object of the conceptual consciousnessapprehending it.

Ë°n-[ae-e#-[r(n-elv-x#]-]-Ë°n-[ae-e#n-[r(n-n$-Ø(en-a-x#]-an-∑d!Whatever is the explicit object of comprehension of an inference is necessarilyrealized explicitly by an inference.

el#-eC^d-]-Ë°n-[ae-e#-[r(n-elv-x#]-an-∑d!Whatever is an established base is necessarily the explicit object of comprehensionof an inference.

∑([-d[e-f*[-x#]-]-∑([-W#-[(]-Nå≈#-∑([-zj‹]-Ø(e-az#-N‘r-x$v-x#]-an-∑d!With regard to whatever is selfless, its meaning-generality is necessarily theappearing object of the conceptual consciousness apprehending it.

el#-eC^d-]-Ø(e-a-[r-Ø(e-f*[-W#-b*n-a-ei#n-qz#-zj‹]-Nørn-W#-x$v-x#]-an-∑d!Whatever is an established base is necessarily the object of the mode ofapprehension of both a conceptual and a non-conceptual consciousness.

∑([-d[e-f*[-x#]-]-∑([-cr-zj‹]-Ø(e-a-v-N‘r-dn-∑d-If something is selfless, it necessarily appears to the conceptual consciousnessapprehending it.

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∑([-cr-zj‹]-Ø(e-a-v-N‘r-]-∑([-cr-zj‹]-Ø(e-az#-N‘r-x$v-x#]-an-f-∑d!If something appears to the conceptual consciousness apprehending it, it is notnecessarily the appearing object of the conceptual consciousness apprehending it.

∑([-Ø(e-f*[-W#-b*n-a-x#]-]! ∑([-v-N‘r-]-∑([-W#-N‘r-x$v-x#]-[e(n-an-∑d!If something is a non-conceptual consciousness, whatever appears to it must be itsappearing object.

eCen-az#-Ë°n-[ae-v-[r(n-Nø(dn-Ë°n-[ae-e#n-∑d!An inference through renown is necessarily an inference by the power of the fact.

∑([-d*f-a(-x#]-]! ∑([-zj‹]-az#-[dr-fr(]-cr-vn-r*n-W#-h[-f-x#]-an-∑d! cr-vn-r*n-W#-h[-f-v-fr(]-n$f-[r-Ë°n-[ae-h[-f-ei#n-q-x([! el]-vn-r*n-W#-h[-f-x#]-]-fr(]-n$f-R#-h[-f-x#]-[e(n!If something is matter, the sense perception apprehending it is necessarily a validcognition that induces ascertainment by itself. Among valid cognitions that induceascertainment by themselves, there are both direct and inferential valid cognitions;whatever is a valid cognition when ascertainment is induced by another must be avalid perception.

fr(]-n$f-R#-h[-f-v-cr-vn-r*n-W#-h[-f-[r-el]-vn-r*n-W#-h[-f-ei#n-q-x([! Ë°n-[ae-x#]-]-cr-vn-r*n-W#-h[-f-x#]-[e(n!Among valid perceptions, there are both valid cognitions that induce ascertainmentby themselves and valid cognitions when ascertainment is induced by another;whatever is an inference must be a valid cognition that induces ascertainment byitself.

el]-vn-r*n-W#-h[-f-x#]-]! h[-f-x#]-an-∑d-Wr! y(n-[*-v-el]-vn-r*n-W#-h[-f-x#]-]!y(n-[*-v-h[-f-f-x#]-an-∑d-Nø*! y(n-[*-v-h[-f-x#]-]! y(n-[*-v-cr-vn-r*n-W#-h[-f-x#]-an-∑d-az#-sX#c!Whatever is a valid cognition when ascertainment is induced by another isnecessarily a valid cognition; however, whatever is a valid cognition whenascertainment is induced by another with respect to a particular phenomenon isnecessarily not a valid cognition with respect to that phenomenon. For, whatever isa valid cognition with respect to a particular phenomenon is necessarily a validcognition that induces ascertainment by itself with respect to that phenomenon.

∑([-b*n-a-x#]-]! ∑([-ifn-n$-fX(r-dz#-cr-c#e-fr(]-n$f-∑([-[r-x$v-[^n-cr-dl#]-er-v-Vø(n-o*-eC^d-d[*-Ôn-et#e-x#]-an-∑d!If something is a consciousness, the self-knowing perception experiencing it isnecessarily one substantial entity in establishment and abiding with it in terms ofobject, time, and nature.

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∑([-el#-eC^d-x#]-]! ∑([-zj‹]-Ø(e-a-x#[-[aX([-x([-an-∑d! d$f-a-y(n-t]!If something is an established base, the conceptual consciousness apprehending it isnecessarily a correctly assuming consciousness; for example, the subject, pot.

el#-eC^d-]-∑([-zj‹]-Ø(e-a-Ø(e-a-[(]-fp%]-x#]-an-∑d!If something is an established base, the conceptual consciousness apprehending it isnecessarily a factually concordant conceptual consciousness.

el#-f-eC^d-]-∑([-zj‹]-Ø(e-a-Ø(e-a-[(]-f#-fp%]-x#]-an-∑d!If something is not an established base, the conceptual consciousness apprehendingit is necessarily a factually discordant conceptual consciousness.

c#-d(c-cK-y(n-t]-cr-zj‹]-Ø(e-an-doen-a-x#]!The subject, horns of a rabbit, is imputed by the conceptual consciousnessapprehending it.

Ø(e-an-doen-a-f-x#]-It is not imputed by conceptuality.

cr-zj‹]-az#-D√(z#-x$v-x#]-It is the object of the awareness apprehending it.

cr-zj‹]-Ø(e-az#-x$v-x#]-It is the object of the conceptual consciousness apprehending it.

c#-d(r-cK-zj‹]-Ø(e-a-y(n-t]! ∑([-W#-x$v-x([-ac-pv! ∑([-W#-N‘r-x$v-x([-az#-sX#c!It follows with respect to the subject, the conceptual consciousness apprehendingthe horns of a rabbit, that its object exists because its appearing object exists.

N´ç-N´ç-Øe-zj‹]-Ø(e-az#-[f#en-x$v-x#]!Sound is the object of observation of the conceptual consciousness apprehendingsound to be permanent.

:√-d-et#e-:√-d-ei#n-N‘r-e#-[dr-b*n-W#-N‘r-x$v-x#]-ac-pv! [*-v-N‘r-dz#-sX#c!It follows that the single moon is the appearing object of a sense consciousnessseeing two moons because of appearing to it.

:√-d-ei#n-N‘r-e#-[dr-b*n-y(n-t]-∑([-v-N‘r-]-∑([-W#-N‘r-x$v-x#]-[e(n-ac-pv! ∑([-Ø(e-f*[-W#-b*n-a-x#]-az#-sX#c!It follows with respect to the subject, a sense consciousness seeing two moons, thatif something appears to it, [that something] must be its appearing object because itis a non-conceptual consciousness.

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d$f-zj‹]-Ø(e-az#-l*]-x$v-x#]-]! d$f-zj‹]-Ø(e-az#-elv-dX-x#]-an-∑d!Whatever is the determined object a conceptual consciousness apprehending a potis necessarily the object of comprehension of that conceptual consciousnessapprehending a pot.

d$f-zj‹]-Ø(e-a-cr-e#-l*]-x$v-v-f-z„v-d-x#]!A conceptual consciousness apprehending pot is unmistaken with respect to itsdetermined object.

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The Fifty-One Mental Factors

n*fn-dX^r-v-[dX*-]-N“*-h]-[}ê-x([-[*- When mental factors are divided, there are six categories:

q^]-zeC(-V®-[r-x$v-r*n-V®! Five omnipresent factors and five determining factors,

[e*-d-dt$-et#e-Ì-i(]-[}ê Eleven virtuous factors, six root afflictions,

i*-i(]-i#-b^-el]-zRc-dl#! Twenty secondary afflictions, four changeable factors —

n*fn-dX^r-r-et#e-z[#-[e-e( These are the fifty-one mental factors.

h·c-d-z[-b*n-n*fn-a-[r-! Feeling, discrimination, intention,

x#[-v-dX*[-[r-c*e-a-V®! Mental engagement, contact — the five;

eg·-n*fn-q]-R#-zw(c-[^-]#! As the accompaniers of all main minds,

zeC(-sX#c-q^]-zeC(-l*n-dXz(! They are present; hence they are called "omnipresent".

z[^]-a-f(n-a-[}]-a-[r-! Aspiration, belief, mindfulness,

o#r-zj‹]-b*n-cd-V®-a(-x$v! Stabilization, and wisdom — the five;

dX*-dCe-a-v-zu$e-r*n-sX#c! Because they are definite to engage in particular objects,

x$v-r*n-l*n-ac-db[-a-x#]! It is explained that they are called "determining factors".

[[-[r-r(-h-b*n-„*v-x([! Faith, shame, embarrassment,

z[([-yen-[r-]#-l*-N“r-[r-! The three root virtues — non-attachment,

eo#-f$e-f*[-az#-[e*-Ì-en$f! Non-hatred, and non-ignorance —

dÌ·]-zeC^n-b#]-N∂≈rn-de-x([-[r-! Effort, pliancy, conscientiousness,

dor-NI(fn-’f-ac-f#-zh°-’fn! Equanimity, and non-harmfulness,

ei*]-a(-r(-d(-fh$rn-V“]-n(en! [Being an] antidote, [their] entity, or having similar association (i.e.,accompanying) —

t#-c#en-N´(-]n-[e*-dz(! By way of any of these, they are virtuous.

z[([-yen-w(r-„(-r-‰Xv-[r-! Desire, anger, pride,

f-c#e-p*-h·f-Vø-d-[}ê Ignorance, doubt, and view;

z[#-en$f-i(]-f(rn-t]-l*n-N∂≈c! The [last] three must be specified as afflicted.

Ì-i(]-x#]-o*-n*fn-‰X^[-]#! [All six] are root afflictions;

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i(]-f(rn-dX*[-az#-eg·-d(z(! They are the chief of those that make the mental continuum afflicted.

z„(-d-zw(]-zj‹]-zyd-[r-h‹e Belligerence, resentment, concealment, spite,

sCe-[(e-n*c-N‘-N´≈&-[r-ex(! Jealousy, miserliness, deceit, dissimulation,

‰Xen-[r-’f-zh°-r(-h-f*[! Haughtiness, harmfulness, non-shame,

„*v-f*[-Ï^en-›·[-f-[[-a! Non-embarrassment, lethargy, excitement, non-faith,

v*-v(-de-f*[-dË°[-r*n-[r-! Laziness, non-conscientuousness, forgetfulness,

b*n-dl#]-f-x#]-’f-ex*r-dtn! Non-introspection, and distraction,

i#-b^-Ì-i(]-zs*v-Nœ≈*-[r-! [These] twenty, because they are produced and increase along with rootafflictions

i*-sX#c-i*-dz#-i(]-f(rn-n(! And are close to [them], are close [or secondary] afflictions.

ei#[-zR([-Ø(e-[aX([-el]-zRc-o*! Sleep, contrition, investigation, and analysis are changeable;

q^]-N√(r-fh$rn-V“]-t#-c#en-W#n! Due to either motivation or accompanying [other mental factors],

[e*-[r-f#-[e*-v$r-f-dNø]! Into virtuous, non-virtuous, or neutral

el]-[r-el]-[-zR^c-dz(! They will change and change.

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