BASI Paper 4 - BASI Pilates · Pilates:)The)Male)Dancer)with)Disc) Degeneration))))) Emma)Turner)...

13
Pilates: The Male Dancer with Disc Degeneration Emma Turner June 2016 Course Year: MayAugust 2015 Brooklyn, New York

Transcript of BASI Paper 4 - BASI Pilates · Pilates:)The)Male)Dancer)with)Disc) Degeneration))))) Emma)Turner)...

Page 1: BASI Paper 4 - BASI Pilates · Pilates:)The)Male)Dancer)with)Disc) Degeneration))))) Emma)Turner) June)2016) Course)Year:)May?August)2015) Brooklyn,)New)York) )

Pilates:  The  Male  Dancer  with  Disc  

Degeneration                                    

Emma  Turner  June  2016  

Course  Year:  May-­‐August  2015  Brooklyn,  New  York    

Page 2: BASI Paper 4 - BASI Pilates · Pilates:)The)Male)Dancer)with)Disc) Degeneration))))) Emma)Turner) June)2016) Course)Year:)May?August)2015) Brooklyn,)New)York) )

2

Abstract:  

“You  are  only  as  young  as  your  spine  is  flexible.”  –  Joseph  Pilates  

 

One  of  the  greatest  benefits  to  Pilates  is  that  it  can  strengthen  the  body  in  a  

safe  and  caring  manner,  which  when  practiced  regularly,  can  lead  to  lifelong  

changes.  In  this  paper,  I  will  focus  on  the  case  study  of  a  male  ballet  dancer  with  

multiple  lumbar  spine  injuries  and  complications,  limiting  his  ability  to  freely  and  

painlessly  dance.  First  I  will  examine  the  anatomy  of  this  region  of  the  body,  assess  

and  determine  what  would  help  strengthen  and  heal  this  area,  and  subsequently  

develop  a  program  applying  the  BASI  Pilates  principals  and  exercises  for  the  male  

dancer  that  will  seek  to  improve  his  strength,  stability,  and  mobility.      

Page 3: BASI Paper 4 - BASI Pilates · Pilates:)The)Male)Dancer)with)Disc) Degeneration))))) Emma)Turner) June)2016) Course)Year:)May?August)2015) Brooklyn,)New)York) )

3

Table  of  Contents:  

Abstract                   2  

Anatomy  of  Lower  Back               4  

Case  Study  –  including  BASI  system  program         7  

Conclusion                   12  

Bibliography                   13  

 

   

Page 4: BASI Paper 4 - BASI Pilates · Pilates:)The)Male)Dancer)with)Disc) Degeneration))))) Emma)Turner) June)2016) Course)Year:)May?August)2015) Brooklyn,)New)York) )

4

Anatomy  of  the  Lower  Back/Lumbar  Spine  and  Sacrum    

 

 

There  are  three  major  regions  to  the  spine  as  seen  in  the  top  right  picture,  

cervical,  thoracic,  and  lumbar.  The  lumbar  spine  is  what  most  people  would  refer  to  

as  their  lower  back.  

The  lumbar  spine/lower  back  region  is  probably  one  of  the  most  common  

areas  of  injury  and/or  pain  in  the  body,  particularly  for  dancers.  Dancers  are  

expected  to  have  hyper-­‐mobility  and  flexibility  but  as  a  result  they  often  lose  

Page 5: BASI Paper 4 - BASI Pilates · Pilates:)The)Male)Dancer)with)Disc) Degeneration))))) Emma)Turner) June)2016) Course)Year:)May?August)2015) Brooklyn,)New)York) )

5

control,  stability,  and  strength,  which  can  lead  to  painful  and  severe  

underdevelopments  and  injuries.    

The  lumbar  spine  connects  to  the  sacrum  and  is  made  up  of  articulating    

vertebrae,  whereas  the  sacrum  is  composed  of  non-­‐articulating  vertebrae.  The  

dynamic  connection  between  the  sacrum  and  the  lumbar  spine  generates  a  constant  

seesaw  motion  between  the  back  and  the  hips.  The  Male  pubic  bone  has  less  than  a  

90  degree  angle  of  mobility.  Furthermore,  for  a  dancer  such  as  in  the  case  study  that  

follows,  the  lack  of  pubic  bone  and  hip  flexor  mobility  leads  to  more  pressure  and  

weight  on  the  lumbar  spine;  this  is  specifically  apparent  when  lifting  another  body  –  

the  female  ballet  partner  –  as  seen  in  this  image.  (Photo  credit:  Rachel  Neville)    

 

In  this  case  study,  I  will  focus  primarily  on  L3,  L4,  L5  lumbar  nerves,  as  well  

as  S1,  the  sacral  nerve.  Simultaneously,  it  is  important  to  be  mindful  of  the  health  of  

the  hip  flexors  and  psoas,  specifically  as  to  strength,  tightness,  and  

Page 6: BASI Paper 4 - BASI Pilates · Pilates:)The)Male)Dancer)with)Disc) Degeneration))))) Emma)Turner) June)2016) Course)Year:)May?August)2015) Brooklyn,)New)York) )

6

overcompensating  patterns  as  this  can  directly  contribute  to  spinal  issues;  for  

example  a  hyper-­‐mobile  lumbar  spine  combined  with  extremely  tight  hip  flexors  as  

the  case  study  will  show,  creates  a  deadly  combination  falling  into  one  flexibility  

while  being  restricted  by  another.  However,  through  Pilates  exercises  that  include  

strengthening  the  abdominals  and  lower  back  muscles,  as  well  as  exercises  

stretching  and  increasing  flexibility  of  the  hips  and  front  of  the  pelvis,  the  injuries  

and  complications  of  the  dancer  can  be  overcome  or  at  the  very  least,  put  at  ease.    

Page 7: BASI Paper 4 - BASI Pilates · Pilates:)The)Male)Dancer)with)Disc) Degeneration))))) Emma)Turner) June)2016) Course)Year:)May?August)2015) Brooklyn,)New)York) )

7

Case  Study  

Daniel  Salas  is  a  22-­‐year-­‐old  male  ballet  dancer  who  has  been  dancing  over  

40  hours  a  week  for  more  than  7  years.  Years  of  partnering  and  lifting  young  women  

overhead,  supporting  their  entire  body  weight  in  various  positions,  etc.  have  

contributed  to  Daniel’s  immense  lower  back  pain.  It  is  my  personal  belief  that  this  

pain  was  also  due  to  the  fact  that  the  heavy  lifting  began  during  puberty,  a  

significant  growth  and  hormonal  period  for  the  human  body,  and  furthermore  most  

likely  began  before  his  muscular  strength,  bone  density,  and  maturity  for  such  heavy  

lifting  was  truly  ready.    

Almost  two  years  ago,  a  doctor  finally  specified  that  Daniel  had  various  

injuries  in  L3,  L4,  L5,  and  S1  of  his  lumbar  spine  and  sacrum.  The  injuries  include:  

bulging  discs,  disc  degeneration,  facet  arthritis  at  L5  and  S1,  and  finally,  spinal  canal  

narrowing  at  L4  and  L5.  What  truly  made  Daniel’s  circumstances  worse  was  that  he  

had  hyper-­‐mobility  and  flexibility  in  his  lower  back  combined  with  extremely  tight  

hip  flexors  and  a  below-­‐average  degree  of  pelvic  mobility.    

The  main  objectives  working  with  Daniel  are  to  increase  hip  flexibility  and  

most  importantly  strengthen  the  rectus  abdominus  muscles,  transversus  

abdominus,  obliques,  and  lumbar  spine.  It  is  extremely  important  that  these  

abdominal  muscles  are  engaged  at  all  times,  especially  during  lifting.  "The  

contraction  of  the  abdominals  produce  a  pressurized  cavity  that  helps  to  relieve  any  

weight  that  is  put  on  the  spine"  (Low  Back  Pain  Program).  The  lower  back,  erector  

spinae  muscles,  which  can  specifically  be  considered  the  endurance  muscles  of  the  

back,  should  be  strengthened  in  a  way  similar  to  a  tightening,  sort  of  compacting  in  

Page 8: BASI Paper 4 - BASI Pilates · Pilates:)The)Male)Dancer)with)Disc) Degeneration))))) Emma)Turner) June)2016) Course)Year:)May?August)2015) Brooklyn,)New)York) )

8

this  area  as  if  two  hands  were  wrapping  around  the  lower  back;  ideally,  the  same  

sensation  of  wrapping  the  abdominals  only  in  the  lumbar  spine  region.    

BASI  Block  System  Sample  Class:  

Warm  Up:  Pelvic  Curl,  Spine  Twist  Supine,  Chest  Lift,  Chest  Lift  with  Rotation  

Foot  Work:  Reformer  Foot  Work  –  Parallel  Heels,  Parallel  Toes,  V-­‐Position  

Toes,  Open  V-­‐Position  Heels,  Open  V-­‐Position  Toes,  Calf  Raises,  Prances,  Prehensile,  

Single  Leg  Heel,  Single  Leg  Toes  

I  chose  the  Reformer  for  footwork  because  it  will  allow  the  back  to  be  in  a  

relatively  relaxed  position  as  the  abdominals  stabilize  and  strengthen.  With  time,  we  

will  progress  to  the  Wunda  Chair  for  footwork  because  it  will  challenge  the  lower  

back  muscles,  however,  I  fear  that  when  Daniel  is  fatigued  from  dancing  this  could  

cause  more  pain  as  opposed  to  a  positive  result.  

Abdominal  Work:  Coordination  and  The  Hundred;  ultimately,  progressing  to  

The  Short  Box  Series  –  Round  Back,  Flat  Back,  Tilt,  Twist,  Round  About,  Climb-­‐A-­‐

Tree.  

The  goal  to  progress  to  Short  Box  is  because  of  the  need  for  a  male  dancer  

such  as  Daniel  to  maintain  the  range  of  motion  in  all  directions  that  the  body  is  

capable  of  moving.  Short  box  work  will  establish  the  strength  in  flexion,  extension,  

and  rotation,  as  well  as  a  combination  of  these  patterns  while  still  encouraging  

flexibility.  

Hip  Work:  Extended  Frog,  Extended  Frog  Reverse,  Down  Circles,  Up  Circles  

Page 9: BASI Paper 4 - BASI Pilates · Pilates:)The)Male)Dancer)with)Disc) Degeneration))))) Emma)Turner) June)2016) Course)Year:)May?August)2015) Brooklyn,)New)York) )

9

Spinal  Articulation:  Starting  with  Pelvic  Lift  on  the  Reformer  stabilizing  the  

carriage;  progressing  to  Short  Spine  and  ultimately,  with  time,  advancing  to  Long  

Spine.  

Short  Spine  will  allow  for  a  stretch  to  the  lower  spine  and  hamstrings  as  the  

carriage  glides  towards  the  bumper.  Once  the  carriage  reaches  the  bumper,  Daniel  

will  also  have  more  stability  to  lift  up  articulating  through  his  back,  thus  

concentrating  on  the  strength  of  the  lift  and  not  the  instability  of  balancing  that  is  

apparent  in  Long  Spine.  However,  within  a  few  sessions  we  work  into  Long  Spine  so  

that  the  balance  is  tested  and  the  strength  to  lift  up  through  the  back  is  challenged  

and  ultimately  increased.    

Stretches:  Standing  Lunge  

Although,  as  a  dancer,  Daniel  could  do  Full  Lunge,  I’ve  chosen  Standing  Lunge  

in  order  to  focus  on  the  hip  flexor  stretch  and  flexibility  as  opposed  to  the  more  

intense  simultaneous  stretch  of  both  legs  in  Full  Lunge.  

Full  Body  1:  Down  Stretch  and  Up  Stretch  1,  2,  3  

Down  Stretch  is  a  great  exercise  for  Daniel  because  it  challenges  

stability/balance  as  well  as  the  abdominals  and  additionally  will  stretch  the  hip  

flexors.  Up  Stretch  1  is  also  beneficial  because  the  lower  back  and  sacrum  regions  

are  elongated  and  expanded  allowing  Daniel  to  concentrate  primarily  on  the  wrap  of  

the  abdominals.  Ultimately,  adding  in  Up  Stretch  2  and  3  will  challenge  the  full  body  

strength,  however  we  will  need  time  to  advance  to  these  movements  as  I  don’t  want  

the  full  motion  into  plank/Front  Support  to  end  up  putting  more  pressure  on  the  

lower  back  if  the  abdominals  aren’t  activated.    

Page 10: BASI Paper 4 - BASI Pilates · Pilates:)The)Male)Dancer)with)Disc) Degeneration))))) Emma)Turner) June)2016) Course)Year:)May?August)2015) Brooklyn,)New)York) )

10

Arm  Work:  Arms  Kneeling  Series  –  Chest  Expansion,  Circles  Up,  Circles  

Down,  Triceps,  Biceps    

Arms  Kneeling  is  perhaps  one  of  the  more  difficult  arm  series.  Daniel  being  a  

conditioned  dancer  needs  the  challenge  of  this  series,  specifically  for  his  actual  arm  

muscles  as  well  as  the  challenge  to  maintain  neutral  spine  while  moving  his  arms  

overhead.  This  is  a  great  series  to  work  on  with  him  because  it  forces  the  

abdominals  to  contract  and  be  active  in  order  to  keep  the  pelvis  and  hip  flexors  up  

and  the  lower  back  in-­‐line  with  the  neutral  posture  and  kneeling  position.  

Full  Body  2:  Long  Back  Stretch  

This  is  an  excellent  exercise  for  Daniel  considering  his  hyper-­‐flexible  back.  It  

challenges  the  abdominals  transversus  muscles  as  well  as  back  extensors,  while  

simultaneously  requiring  him  to  maintain  the  stability  of  his  trapezius  (upper  back)  

and  latissimus  Dorsi  (middle  back).  Additionally,  there  is  a  decent  amount  of  arm  

strength  necessary  to  hold  the  body  up  in  this  exercise.  The  necessary  strength  and  

mobility  is  great  conditioning  for  Daniel.    

(Additional)  Leg  Work:  Side  Splits  

Lateral  Flexion/Rotation:  Starting  with  Side  Stretch  on  the  Wunda  chair,  and  

advancing  to  Side  Over  on  Box  (Reformer)  as  his  strength  and  ability  to  maintain  

neutral  spine  and  core  stability  increase.      

Back  Extension:  Reformer  –  Breaststroke;  Wunda  Chair  –  Swan  on  Floor,  to  

Swan  on  Chair  

Working  on  all  three  of  these  exercises  allows  Daniel  to  improve  on  both  his  

upper  and  lower  back  strength.  The  balance  of  the  two  is  necessary.  We  start  with  

Page 11: BASI Paper 4 - BASI Pilates · Pilates:)The)Male)Dancer)with)Disc) Degeneration))))) Emma)Turner) June)2016) Course)Year:)May?August)2015) Brooklyn,)New)York) )

11

Breastroke  because  this  permits  Daniel  to  work  his  upper  back  and  practice  a  

healthy  overhead  motion/mobility  that  is  apparent  when  lifting  other  dancers.  One  

of  Pilates’  major  points  is  a  healthy  body;  however,  there  needs  to  be  a  strong  

awareness  on  behalf  of  the  teacher  and  client  that  hyperextension  can  occur  with  

this  exercise  and  specifically  the  dancer  population.  The  teacher  needs  to  be  mindful  

that  the  client  is  engaging  the  abdominals  and  extending  from  the  thoracic  spine  

versus  collapsing  into  the  lumbar.  Ultimately,  I  want  to  work  Daniel  up  to  Swan  on  

the  Chair  because  with  the  legs  active  and  lifted  –  there  is  no  leg  support  like  in  

Pulling  Straps  1  or  2  –  the  lumbar  spine  will  be  activated  even  more  intensely  

balancing,  stabilizing,  and  holding  the  legs  while  also  articulating  through  the  

thoracic  spine  into  extension.    

This  particular  conditioning  program,  as  well  as  the  progressive  options,  is  

specifically  designed  to  address  the  anatomical  and  muscular  issues  suffered  by  

male  ballet  dancers.  Training  this  population  needs  to  be  aggressive  enough  to  

maintain/encourage  strength  and  flexibility,  while  simultaneously  aiding  and  

refreshing  their  bodies  so  they  are  able  to  rehearse  for  anywhere  from  4-­‐6  hours  a  

day.  Optimally,  this  program  could  be  done  3-­‐4  times  a  week  resulting  in  deterring  

and  abating  lower  back  pain,  instability,  and  narrowing  of  the  spinal  canal.  Such  a  

program  applied  to  all  male  dancers  prophylactically,  may  assist  in  preventing  the  

injuries  and  issues  that  have  plagued  Daniel.  

   

Page 12: BASI Paper 4 - BASI Pilates · Pilates:)The)Male)Dancer)with)Disc) Degeneration))))) Emma)Turner) June)2016) Course)Year:)May?August)2015) Brooklyn,)New)York) )

12

Conclusion  

  Daniel  is  a  difficult  case  study  for  many  reasons.  He  has  many  injuries,  he  not  

only  has  to  recover  from  these  injuries  but  he  also  has  to  improve  upon  the  

complications  while  continuing  to  dance.  Unfortunately  for  Daniel,  there  is  no  ability  

to  stop  dancing,  focus  on  Pilates  and  overall  body  strengthening,  and  then  return  to  

dancing.  All  of  this  work  has  to  happen  simultaneously.  On  the  one  hand,  this  forces  

the  aspect  of  rehabilitation  in  Pilates,  I  aim  for  his  sessions  to  feel  like  therapy  

compared  to  the  rest  of  his  time  spent  dancing.  On  the  other  hand,  the  difficulty  of  

strengthening  and  stabilizing  has  to  be  applied  in  the  session,  as  this  is  the  only  way  

to  improve  upon  Daniel’s  injuries  and  complications.    

  Through  focusing  on  the  areas  of  injury  in  L3,  L4,  L5  and  S1,  and  being  aware  

of  the  hip  flexors  and  psoas,  Daniel  will  achieve  a  new  understanding  of  how  the  

body  works  in  relation  to  different  regions  and  flexibility/tightness.  In  the  BASI  

program  previously  identified,  we  are  able  to  strengthen  the  abdominals  and  lower  

back  muscles,  while  increasing  flexibility  of  the  hip  flexors  and  finding  a  way  around  

his  natural  tightness  of  the  psoas  and  hip  mobility.    

More  than  6  years  ago,  Daniel  and  I  were  semi-­‐professional  dancers  together.  

I  have  watched  as  these  issues  started  to  plague,  not  just  Daniel,  but  male  dancers  in  

general.  I  have  also  seen  the  positive  results  that  Pilates  can  bring  to  this  specific  

population  of  the  dance  world.      

 

 

   

Page 13: BASI Paper 4 - BASI Pilates · Pilates:)The)Male)Dancer)with)Disc) Degeneration))))) Emma)Turner) June)2016) Course)Year:)May?August)2015) Brooklyn,)New)York) )

13

Bibliography    

Eidelson,  Stewart,  MD.  “Lumbar  Spine  Anatomy.”  Spine  Universe.  N.p.  22  Oct  2012.  Web.  10  June  2016.  http://www.spineuniverse.com/anatomy/lumbar-­‐spine

 “How  Back  and  Abdominal  Muscles  Cause  Lower  Back  Pain.”  Low  Back  Pain  Program.  N.p.  N.d.  Web.  10  June  2016.  http://www.lowbackpainprogram.com/back-­‐and-­‐abdominal-­‐muscles.html  

 Matt,  Margaret  and  Ziemian,  Joe.  Human  Anatomy  Coloring  Book.  New  York:  Dover  Pub.,  1982.  Print.  

 “Vertebra  and  Spinal  Cord  (Cross-­‐section  View).”  Inner  Body.  N.p.  N.d.  Web.  10  June  2016.  http://www.innerbody.com/anatomy/skeletal/spine-­‐vertebra-­‐spinal-­‐cord-­‐cross-­‐section