BASELINE SURVEY REPORT FOR KAMULU MUCHEENE

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION PROJECT

2013

2

This report was submitted to:

KAMULU COMMUNITY FOREST ASSOCIATION

P.O BOX 95-60201 KIBIRICHIA-MERU

CELL-0720437 220

Prepared by:

KRYPTONE CONSULTING LIMITED

ENVIRONMENT/PROJECT PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT CONSULTANTS

P.O BOX 202-0615 RUARAKA, NAIROBI, KENYA

EMAIL-kryptoneagencies@gmail.com

Site-http://kryptoneneconsultingltd.weebly.com

Twitter: @KryptoneConsult

CELL-0720209595

Kryptone Consulting limited is a firm of consultants offering professional services in

environment/ project planning and management. We focus on promoting effective utilization

and management of natural resources in order to support both sustainable economic growth and

environmental conservation. We offer consultancy services in research and analysis, project

management, capacity building and work with a range of clients to research, plan, implement and

evaluate initiatives.

The facts of this report are believed to be correct at the time of production but cannot be

guaranteed.Kindly note that the findings, conclusions and recommendations that we deliver will

be based on the information gathered in good faith from both primary and secondary sources,

whose accuracy we are not always in a position to guarantee. As such Kryptone Consulting

Limited can accept no liability whatever for actions taken based on any information that may

subsequently prove to be incorrect.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This work has been funded by the Community Environmental Facility, CDTF, DANIDA and EU

through the Kamulu Community Forest Association. We would like to thank them for their

financial support.

Kryptone Consulting limited would like to express its sincere thanks to the management, PIC

and staff of Kamulu Community Forest Association for their valuable technical inputs. We are

grateful to the project manager Mrs Lynette Mwari for her technical inputs provided at different

stages of the survey and facilitating our fieldwork.

Many people participated in data collection for this study. They included researchers and

enumerators. Researchers and enumerators were accompanied by local guides in all of the CBOs

villages surveyed. Our sincere appreciation to all respondents in the surveyed areas for sharing

information and the invaluable ideas and also for their heartiest coopering during field visits.

Special thanks to our survey team for their devotion even amidst their busy schedules. Without

your support, efforts to make this survey a success would have been elusive. The team included:

Winrose Karimi, Francis Kiogora, Paul Murithi, Silas Mburugu, Murewa Charles and Raphael

Mutuma.

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Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................................... 3

List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................ 6

List of figures ........................................................................................................................................ 7

List of photographs ................................................................................................................................... 8

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................... 11

1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 13

1.0 Background ....................................................................................................................................... 13

1.2 Objective of the survey ..................................................................................................................... 14

1.3 Expected outputs ............................................................................................................................... 15

2.0 SURVEY METHODOLOGY AND MATERIALS ............................................................................. 16

2.0 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 16

2.1 Sampling Procedure .......................................................................................................................... 16

2.2 Data collections methods .................................................................................................................. 17

2.2.1 Questionnaires ................................................................................................................................ 17

2.2.2 Focused group discussions ............................................................................................................. 18

2.3 Data processing and analysis ............................................................................................................ 18

2.4 Quality control .................................................................................................................................. 18

2.5 Limitations ........................................................................................................................................ 18

3.0 KEY SURVEY FINDINGS .................................................................................................................. 20

3.0 Existence of Kamulu CFA ................................................................................................................ 20

3.2 Social Characteristics ........................................................................................................................ 20

3.2.1 Household setup ............................................................................................................................. 20

3.2.2 Access to water for domestic use ................................................................................................... 22

3.2.3 Access to the source of energy ....................................................................................................... 23

3.2.4 Sources of Livelihoods .................................................................................................................. 24

3.3 Level of environmental awareness .................................................................................................... 26

3.3.1 Benefits of good forest management ............................................................................................. 26

3.32 Awareness of environmental problems ........................................................................................... 27

4.0 BASELINE FOR MONITORING AND EVALUATION ................................................................... 29

5.0 INTERVENTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ON THE WAY FORWARD ............................. 31

5.1 Forest regulations .............................................................................................................................. 31

5.2 Forest related activities ..................................................................................................................... 31

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5.3 Community training needs .................................................................................................................... 32

5.4 Develop Forest Management Plan (FMP) ............................................................................................ 32

5.5 Intensify awareness creation ................................................................................................................. 32

5.6 Factor in rural poverty .......................................................................................................................... 32

ANNEX 1: HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE .................................................................................... 34

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List of Tables

Table 1: Showing the name and registered number of members in each CBO forming the CFA

Table 2: Showing different percentages of food crops as grown by different households

Table 3: Showing baseline monitoring and evaluation logical-framework

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List of figures

Fig 1: Showing the sampling frame and the household sampled in each CBO

Fig 2: Showing different levels of education to the surveyed households

Fig 3: Showing rates at which household surveyed access to source of water

Fig 4: Showing different sources of water accessed by households surveyed

Fig 5: Showing the rates at which different alternative sources of energy are accessed by the

households

Fig 6: Showing difference access of livelihoods to employment and business

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List of photographs

Cover photo: Showing forests clearance for agricultural activities especially farming

Photo 1: Showing the effects of the forests for cutting timber for construction

Photo 2: Showing the effects of the forests for cutting timber for construction

Photo 3: Showing PIC members during inception and feedback sessions

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List of abbreviations

CDTF - Community Development Trust Fund

CEF - Community Environment Facility

PIC - Project Implementation Committee

CFA - Community Forest Association

CBO - Community Based Organization

HHs - House Holds

KII - Key Informant Interviews

EU - European Union

MENR - Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources

FGD - Focused Group Discussions

RAs - Research Assistants

CFMP - Community Forest Management Plan

IGAs - Income Generating Activities

TOT - Trainer of Trainees

BLS - Baseline Survey

WRMA- Water Resources Management Authority

NEMA - National Environmental Management Authority

KARI - Kenya Agricultural Research Institute

MOA - Ministry Of Agriculture

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PELIS - Plantation Establishment for Livestock Improvement Scheme

KFS - Kenya Forest Service

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report summarizes the main preliminary finding of the baseline survey carried out

for Kamulu Mucheene Environmental Conservation project.

This survey was undertaken to identify and analyze the socio-economic aspects of the

communities with the project implementation sites. As such data was collected in 6 CBOs

which operate under Kamulu CFA namely: Mujujune, Nchoro, Muruguma, Katheri,

Kimbo and Kirukuru. Following these CBOs several households were randomly sampled

and questionnaires administered. Random sampling was used in each CBO to get

possible respondents. A sample size of 300 respondents was considered a representative

enough to this survey.

The aim of the survey was to describe the source of income for the selected CBOs and

compare the level of awareness and support for the existing forest regulations and the

level of knowledge about the biological importance of the forests.

Research amongst communities was carried out in 6 CBOs. These CBOs were chosen to

represent the total area under assessment, being comprised of villages surrounding the

Mucheene forests. The research was divided into both qualitative and quantitative in

order to gain a detailed understanding. The Key findings are summarized below:

People perceive the surrounding natural environment as being a source of natural

capital. The level of direct dependency on the natural assets by communities from

all sampled CBOs is highly significant and in the view of many, not sustainable

without changes in usage patterns.

Agriculture is the principal livelihood activity generating food and income and is

essential to people survival. Agriculture brings in food for everyone and money

for 97.7% of the responds. Secondary activities are also important as people with

small business having 72.2% of the respondents.

The degree of fuel wood dependency in the areas is usually high. There is need

for urgent alternative energy source.

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There is lack of knowledge about villages and county level institutions that relate

to management of the environment, the forests, water and land. Capacity building

is required towards these institutions and the services

This is a preliminary report; subsequent reports will attempt to look at how changes in socio-

demographic variables such as respondents’ gender, Livelihood strategies, Level of education

and wealth influence both the socio-economies of households in the study.

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.0 Background

The project will be implemented Meru County, the project will cover Kibirichia, Kiamogo,

Ntugi, Naari and Katheri locations and Kibirichia, Buuri and Abothuguchi West divisions of

Central Imenti and Buuri district. The projects seeks to rehabilitate 48.9 ha Mucheene forest.

The project is to support communities and aimed at poverty reduction through improved

livelihoods systems and conservation of community natural resources and initiatives for

enhanced environmental management and governance. The project has the following specific

objectives:

To rehabilitate degraded forest areas and establish plantation under PELIS

programme by planting 80,000 indigenous and 120,000 exotic tree seedlings

rehabilitation of degraded forest areas will have a dual effect of regulating water recharge

capacity from the catchment areas and also contribute to climate change mitigation. This

will also control extraction pressure from the indigenous forest which is crucial

sequestration, the project will also plant fast growing exotic species on the areas

designated by the KFS under a special programme (Plantation Establishment for

Livelihood Improvement Scheme), and community members will be able to contribute to

plantation establishment while benefiting from cultivating in the forest. This will ensure

food production by community members while addressing the country’s need for wood in

medium term.

To reduce pressure from the forest through adoption of 900 energy saving cooking

stoves and 900 fireless baskets achievement of this will have double effect on the

livelihoods of the community by one having to reduce a lot of time wasted in collecting

firewood for cooking with ordinary jikos. It will also ease pressure on forest from

reduced firewood extraction thus ensuring sustainability in its utilization while reducing

respiratory diseases associated with smoke in the ordinary kitchen.

To improve community livelihoods through adoption of 100 units of drip irrigation

and capacity building of 250 community members. Results of this will be efficient

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utilization of the scarce water resource, improvement in food productivity and therefore

food secure. The incomes realized will have a multiplier effects by increasing members,

savings, and investments and better their life quality.

The project will have four main components in its implementation namely: forest management

and rehabilitation, energy saving technologies, livelihood improvement and capacity building.

With these components the project will address three environmental problems namely:

Over –exploitation of forest resources – this has been caused by the over-dependence by

the forest adjacent communities on the forest leading to extraction rates that are higher

that the natural and man-made regeneration. The resultant is the disappearance of forest

cover and thus contributing to climate change hence scarcity of ecosystem goods and

services.

Ignorance and lack of Knowledge in natural resources management and livelihood issues

– this has led to natural resources degradation. Because majority of the community

members in the target area depend on natural resources for their livelihood, this problem

has greatly impacted on their livelihoods. For instance, there is overgrazing in the forest

beyond its carrying capacity because community members lack sufficient knowledge and

capacity on how to upgrade their local breeds of livestock.

Over abstraction of water and unsustainable utilization - this creates artificial scarcity

leading to conflicts between different users as a result of inequitable distribution of water

resources

1.2 Objective of the survey

The overall objective of this survey is to establish the pre-intervention situation prior to project

start up hereby preparing the ground for project performance measurement. The principal focus

of the baseline is to collect and analyze pre-intervention data relating to the objectively verifiable

indicators (OVIs) for the project goal and objectives. The baseline is done to establish

benchmarks for the chosen indicators, i.e., to provide data on their initial status so that

subsequent monitoring and evaluation can assess the effects and impacts of the project for the

target population. The baseline also has the purpose of assessing the measurability of the

selected indicators and will, if necessary, be used to fine tune them for future follow-up. Overall

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the baseline study establishes the benchmarks for monitoring and evaluation of the project aimed

at ensuring realistic assessment of the project performance as indicated in the logical framework

analysis of the project.

1.3 Expected outputs

The survey is expected to generate the following output

The current baseline status of the proposed interventions was to be determined and

documented

Clear indicators on ecological, socio-economic and gender aspects developed

Participatory methodologies for measuring changes of various interventions during the

project implementation period developed

Revised log frame with clearly defined indicators

Strategies for mainstreaming cross cutting issues developed

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2.0 SURVEY METHODOLOGY AND MATERIALS

2.0 Introduction

The survey used both primary and secondary data sources. It blended qualitative and quantitative

methods buttressed by participatory research/ survey techniques. The study then goes onto show

the results of the research of both consultations with communities living adjacent to the

Mucheene forests and stakeholders with important role in the management or guidance of the

areas natural resources.

Research amongst communities was carried out in six CBOs. These were chosen to best

represent the total area under assessment. The research was divided into both quantitative and

qualitative data in order to gain a detailed overall understanding; the former allows for specific

data, percentages and numbers to be gathered. The latter allows for a more generalized view over

a greater number of people.

Quantitative survey was gathered by use of questionnaires where 300 questionnaires were

administered. The data presented includes household profiles, resource ownership, standard of

living and livelihood priorities. Qualitative survey was chosen because it uses participatory and

targeted research methods to gather objective viewpoints of different groups within a certain

society.

2.1 Sampling Procedure

The survey was conducted in Kibirichia, Kiamiogo, Ntugi, Maitei and Naari of Buuri district,

Katheri and Gathiranga locations of Central Imenti in Meru County. The methodology used in

this work was especially guided by the terms of reference and available documentation on

environmental conservation project in the above division of the survey consideration. A

multistage purposive sampling procedure was employed in the selection of survey population.

The main sampling unit of the survey was the household. The team relied on the opinion of local

leadership to select a truly representative. The purposive sampling method employed in this

survey was based on the understanding that communities are homogenous particularly in terms

of levels of environmental conservation challenges, socio-economic values attached and

development concerns and threats.

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Random sampling was done in the CBO st level to select the group to participate in this survey

as respondents. A total of 50 questionnaires were administered in each CBO randomly giving a

total of 300 administered questionnaires.

Overall a total of 300 households were considered a representative enough within the project

area for this survey. The figure below illustrates a summary of sampling procedure.

Fig 1: Showing the sampling frame and the household sampled in each CBO

2.2 Data collections methods

2.2.1 Questionnaires

The basic method used by this survey was qualitative/ key informant interviews. Using these

methods the researchers held interviews with various teams; project implementation committee,

project manager and other key stakeholders in the project sites. Although respondents were

randomly selected, every attempt was made to get a balanced opinion of the socio-economic

issues in survey areas and how they affect environmental management, putting issues of gender,

age and disability into consideration.

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2.2.2 Focused group discussions

Group discussions were conducted as a follow up to the content analysis and individual

interactions in interviews. These discussions were conducted at community level mainly with

people who depend largely on the environment. This helped the researchers to identify,

enumerate and analyze occurrences and developments of the environment sector and also in

corroborating information in the different reports reviewed.

2.3 Data processing and analysis

The data was entered and analyzed using the SPSS program. Ms Excel was also used for data

analysis. The research team specified the most crucial questions to be analyzed and the kind of

analysis they needed. Some of the survey questions allowed the respondent to give more than

one response. The advantage is that it offered possible responses to the issue in question. The

analysis of such data used the method of aggregating the various responses according to their

frequencies.

2.4 Quality control

Interviewers were instructed to check questionnaires completeness and accuracy on interview

site. At the end of each day, questionnaire debriefing sessions were held between the supervisors

and all interviewers, the interviews were asked to write daily qualitative information noted.

Agreement for common definitions was done to maintain uniformity. This was important in

capturing important data that would have been left out by the restrictive design of the research

instruments.

The assessment of socio-economic conditions involved identification of frontline stakeholders,

competing uses, forests based economic activities, social interactions and overall contribution to

the forests systems management to the local socio-economic conditions of the households.

2.5 Limitations

Ideally it would have been better if both surveys covered 100% of all households covered by all

CBOs where the project is to take place. However this was constrained by limited time and the

limited number of research assistants available.

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With the assurances, when the interviewers introduced themselves, that data collected would be

treated with utmost confidentiality, some people feared that the data would be used to identify

those illegally obtaining products from the forest.

Income generating activities carried out by households’ member are likely to have been

overlooked, since the household head was usually interviewed in the absence of other members

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3.0 KEY SURVEY FINDINGS

3.0 Existence of Kamulu CFA

Data obtained from the surveyed households from all groups gave different answers about the

whether organization existed and there different activities. Most of the households surveyed

knew that the organization exists. With over 97% of the households sampled supporting this.

Most of the surveyed households gave planting trees, management of nursery bed for trees

seedlings, pruning of trees as some of the activities carried by the organization.

This implies that the organization’s project will receive warm implementation in all the locations

simply because most of the households know the existence of the organization and its activities.

This will help boost the success of the project as there is some sense of ownership of the project

by the community

The CFA is an umbrella of 6 CBOs which operate under it with the same mandate and objective.

Below is a table showing the CBO name and registered number of members

CBO NAME NUMBER OF REGISTERED MEMBERS

Mujujune CBO

Nchoro CBO

Muruguma CBO

Katheri CBO

Kimbo CBO

Kirukuru CBO

Table 1: Showing the name and registered number of members in each CBO forming the CFA

3.2 Social Characteristics

3.2.1 Household setup

The survey revealed that all members living around the project area are Meru by tribe. The

survey also revealed on family structures with 72.9% being married. It was agreed within the

norms of the community that men are usually the household heads. This shows that marriage is

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very much respected as there are no cases of divorces indicated in the survey. There was

deliberate effort to interview the household head in this survey and this formed 64%.

It was found that most of the sampled households had 8-12 residents 70.3%. This shows that

majority of the households are large, implying high demand for food and other households’

sustenance needs. Again this implied increasing pressure on the resources to satisfy basic human

needs.

Majority of the sampled households were headed by people who are educated up to primary level

52.8%. About 28% had no formal education at all while 17.2% were educated up to secondary

level. Only 2% had attained tertiary education. Similarly, the respondents were mainly primary

level educated people 65.7%. This demonstrates that the formal education levels of the

communities are not very high in general.

Fig 2: Showing different levels of education to the surveyed households

In terms of gender respondents, the survey revealed most of the community members available

in Kamulu and Mucheene forests adjacent area homesteads for interviews were male. This

brought the ration to which the genders have their impacts in their surrounding within that area

as 20:7 males and females respectively. This implied that males have large impetus on the local

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natural resources than females in the same area. It also important therefore to consider the fact

those males should form majority of community members to be involved in the management

Kamulu and Mucheene forest. The organizations working within the area should largely involve

youths both males and females not necessarily the household heads in their undertakings.

There has not been any effort to quantify community wealth status. The survey team agreed on a

simple criterion upon which judgment was made to qualify a particular household to be well off,

moderate, poor, or very poor. However given the detailed wealth ranking was not carried out,

determination, determination of the wealth of individual households could have been influenced

by personal biases to the research team members. There are a number of differences in terms of

natural, physical, financial and social and human capital. The most important finding under this

aspect as revealed by the results is that more than half of all households assessed are poor with

great implication on forest management. The major indicators of poverty to quality assessment of

the survey team included poor housing status and lack of sanitary facilities among others.

3.2.2 Access to water for domestic use

The survey also revealed that most of the main sources of water for the households are from a

permanent source with 83% of households and 17% have no permanent access.

Fig 3: Showing rates at which household surveyed access to source of water

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The survey showed that the households get water from different areas with 57% from rivers,

29% from the borehole and 14% from the tap.

Fig 4: Showing different sources of water accessed by households surveyed

3.2.3 Access to the source of energy

Surveyed household mainly use fire wood as their main source of power with 98.3% using it for

cooking purposes and this have a huge negative impact to the environment and especially forests.

According to the focused group discussion the responsibility of fetching firewood mainly falls on

children especially the females. Mothers also participate in collecting firewood. Majority of the

households’ surveyed used 3 head loads per week (57.5%), 34.2% indicated two head loads per

week and 8.3% indicated one head load per house hold per week.

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Data obtained showed that there are other different alternative sources of energy for the

households with 68% using paraffin, 25% using charcoal, and 7% using solar.

Fig 5: Showing the rates at which different alternative sources of energy are accessed by

the households

3.2.4 Sources of Livelihoods

Results of the household income data indicate that agricultural activities form one of the

mainstays of the economies of the majority of the households studied having 97.7% and

secondary activities getting 72.2%.

The main source of livelihood is farming with at least each respondents interviewed mention it.

The level of dependence on each source of livelihood differed within each source. The major

source of livelihood was noted to be causal as indicated by 36% of all the respondents who

specified the source of livelihood. Other major sources highlighted were business, employment

and farming. For example, among those communities depending on casual work for their

livelihood only 14% of them depend entirely on it 23% depend on it partly 85% for their

livelihood. The respondents who indicated business as their major source livelihood are only

12% and who depend entirely on it. Further analysis showed that casual work was a major source

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for the only poor at 65.5% and the very poor at 35.5%. Most of the rich people were either in

employment or business with employment at 62.7% and business at 37.3%

Fig 6: Showing difference access of livelihoods to employment and business

Most of the farmers in the area have small pieces of land. For most of the respondents the farms

are divided into homestead sections

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Photo 2: Showing the effects of the forests for cutting timber for construction

Further analysis depicted that the community grow food crops such as maize, beans, bananas,

pigeon peas and cassava some of which are sold as cash crops. The table below shows the

percentages involved

Food Crop Percentage

Maize 98.4%

Beans 96.6%

Cassava 53.3%

Table 2: Showing different percentages of food crops as grown by different households

3.3 Level of environmental awareness

3.3.1 Benefits of good forest management

A series of questions were then posed to assess peoples’ perceptions of the importance of forests.

In general, respondents appeared to have a sound knowledge of the importance of forests in

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providing water, preventing soil erosion and moderating temperatures. When questioned about

the importance of forests for water supplies, climate and soils, the majority (over 80%) of

respondents indicated that forests played an essential and beneficial role in maintaining water

supplies, moderating the climate and maintaining soil fertility and preventing soil erosion.

Respondents were also generally supportive of the need to conserve forest because they exist.

Over 80% of respondents agreed that forests should be conserved purely because they exist

3.32 Awareness of environmental problems

The environmental awareness surveys aim to examine the attitudes of communities towards the

natural environment in order to provide the means of assessing the impact of the Kamulu

Mucheene forests conservation. Results of the environmental awareness surveys indicate that

people generally have relatively limited knowledge about the rules and regulations relating to the

forests reserve.

Respondents’ knowledge relating to timber was relatively better than their knowledge of hunting

and firewood collection regulations. Knowledge about the location of forest boundaries and the

different zones within the forest appears to be limited in most settlements.

When asked to report their feelings about the control of the forests the majority (87%) of

respondents said they were happy with the fact that the State controlled the Forest Reserve.

Reasons why respondents were happy with State control included the fact that it meant that the

Forest Reserve would be conserved for future generations because the illegal exploitation of

timber would be reduced. The reasons most commonly offered for unhappiness included the fact

that people were short of farm land and that the Government took the land away from the people

to create the Reserve, leaving them with no choice in the matter. Land shortage appears to be

particularly acute problem in an area with relatively high population density.

When asked who should control the forest, nearly half (48%) of respondents said that the forest

should be controlled by both the State and the communities. This finding indicates that the many

respondents are supportive of the idea of community forestry, which in turn bodes well for the

development of community forest management.

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In general, respondents appeared to have a sound knowledge of the importance of forest in

providing water, preventing soil erosion and moderating temperatures and were supportive of the

need to conserve forests.

Results of the Environmental Awareness survey indicate that, overall, the majorities of those

interviewed currently express positive attitudes towards the Kamulu Mucheene forests and forest

conservation. 80% of those interviewed expressed positive or very positive attitudes. These

results, however, should be treated with some caution. The positive attitudes expressed by the

majority of respondents may simply reflect respondents’ reluctance to report their true feelings.

Photo 3: Showing PIC members during inception and feedback sessions

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4.0 BASELINE FOR MONITORING AND EVALUATION

The main objective of BLS if to facilitate monitoring and evaluation of activities of the project

by establishing benchmarks based on the project log frame

Objectiv

es

Proposed

Interventions

Responsibility Measure Indicators/Resul

ts

To

rehabilita

te

degraded

forest

areas and

establish

plantatio

n under

PELIS

program

me by

planting

80000

indigeno

us and

12000

exotic

tree

seedlings

Restrict

activities of

logging in

the forests

Educate the

community

on different

sources of

livelihood

other than

depending

on the

forests

Tree

planting

Project

manager

PIC

NEMA

Community

MOA

KFS

Provincial

Administrat

ion

Site visits

Monitoring

reports

Records of

list of

participants

in the

training

Records of

trees

planted

Allowance

register for

training

Raised

awareness

on

deforestati

on

Improved

vegetation

cover

Improved

income

levels

To

reduce

pressure

from the

forest

through

adoption

of 900

energy

saving

cooking

stoves

and 900

fireless

baskets

Purchase of

energy

saving

devices

Distribution

of the

cooking

stoves

Training on

the use of

the devices

Project

manager

PIC

Community

MENR

KFS

Provincial

Administrat

ion

NEMA

Site visits

Records on

devices

purchased

e.g.

receipts,

invoices

List/records

of the

community

members

who are

given the

cooking

stoves

Records of

list of

Increase

forest

cover

Reduced

pressure

on forests

resources

Improved

awareness

on how to

use

energy

saving

cooking

stoves

30

participants

on training

Register for

training

To

improve

communi

ty

livelihoo

ds

through

adoption

of 100

units of

drip

irrigation

and

capacity

building

of 250

Purchase of

100 drip

irrigation

units

Distribution

of the

purchased

units

Capacity

building of

250 staffs

Project

manager

PIC

MOA

TOT

Provincial

Administrat

ion

Records on

the drip

units

purchased

e.g.

receipts,

invoices

List of

community

members

whose

shambas are

fitted with

drip

irrigation

units

List of

participant

in the

training

Improved

income

generation

through

productiv

e

agricultur

e

Efficient

use of

water

Improved

knowledg

e on drip

irrigation

among the

communit

ies

Table 3: Showing baseline monitoring and evaluation logical-framework

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5.0 INTERVENTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ON THE WAY FORWARD

Considering an in-depth assessment of the communities’ social-economics, their interactions,

their problems, community expectation of the project and their limitations, the survey gave the

respondents an opportunity to input on the way forward for wise resource conservation. This

gave participants an opportunity to make recommendations from their own perspective. The

survey team used these and their general understanding of the project sites to advance a number

of next steps in an effort to advice the PIC members for their success implementation.

5.1 Forest regulations

Possible repercussions of tightening the forest regulations and denying access to forest resources

may result in increased forest clearance and planting perennial crops which farmers perceive

they have more claim to.

It is also of importance to note that tightening of the regulations may also affect a wide range of

different households, including some of the poorest of the poor, for such households these forest

related activities may provide one of their only sources of income. It is therefore essential that

the project ensures that such people are not forgotten particularly because of their opinions may

not be heard at CBO meetings.

5.2 Forest related activities

Results of the households surveyed indicated that agricultural activities form one of the

mainstays of the economies of the majority. This has a considerable implication on Mucheene

forest conservation. This may be reduced by increasing the rate of productivity in the existing

farms.

Agroforestry maybe an appropriate way to intensify agricultural production, increase incomes,

diversify farming and reduce risks while at the same time reducing forest clearance especially

where soil fertility is a problem. Intercropping could also be used to improve agricultural

production.

There is a potential to make better use of waste timber and generate income at the same time by

developing wood working enterprises to make bowls and other wooden items for tourists.

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5.3 Community training needs

Respondents revealed that they would like to be trained on effective resource management and

conservation methods which should be adopted within their locality. Most of the training needs

to look into aspects like best farming methods (conservation agriculture), bee keeping, brick

making, sisal farming, livestock management (Dairy cattle and goats), local poultry, rabbit

keeping and craft making. Participation of women and youth in agro-based and other income

generation activities must be encouraged. In order to provide skill development trainings to rural

men, women and children, training centers and other needed facilities should be provided.

5.4 Develop Forest Management Plan (FMP)

The process of coming up with FMP is usually participatory in nature and this will give an

opportunity for the implementers to instill and strengthen a sense of ownership in communities

project outcomes. Traditional, out of date and outmoded agricultural practices should be replaced

by the modern and more productive practices.

5.5 Intensify awareness creation

Community participation is being achieved by FMP, sensitization and educational programs to

empower local communities with knowledge and awareness particularly on ecological roles need

to be scaled up to influence a positive shift of attitude and practices towards forests ecosystems.

Peace and security need to be promoted and assured to attract substantial investments for

infrastructure development and research, without which a sustainable development process

cannot be started and continued in the area.

5.6 Factor in rural poverty

We have labored to demonstrate majority of the communities are low income earners, perhaps

due to limited alternative sources of income, low levels of education and cultural influence.

Because of this communities only see the forest resources as only means of getting out poverty.

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6.0 CONCLUSIONS

The importance of environmental conservation cannot be underrated and as evidence, almost all

households surveyed in the area benefit from their surrounding in various ways. These findings

show the role the environment play in the lives of these communities. On other hand this gives

an idea on the extent of the pressure being exerted on the natural resources in the area.

Community training needs must be met, awareness raising on environmental values intensified

and laws, guidelines for environment utilization followed to the later.

The project has raised the expectation of the stakeholders in the different capacities. A

participatory approach to the implementation of the project will go a long way in ironing

conflicts of interests and giving opportunities to stakeholders to decide on the next step at

different phases of the project implementation. This will also concretize implementation the

sustainability plan, especially if target frontline communities get a sense that it is for their own

good.

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ANNEX 1: HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE

Q1. Background Information: Base tool

Please fill in the information required in the tables below.

a) 1. No Education 2.Nursery 3.Primary 4.Secondary 5.College 6.University 7.Don’t Know

HH

Member,

Number

Relationship

to HH Head

Sex:

1.Male

Age

(Years)

Place

of

Period

lived in

the

Education

Level

Attained

1, 2, 3, 4, 5,

6, and 7

(Indicate

number as

appropriate)

Professional

Training

List all major

Economic

Activities/ income

bracket.

Explain the objective of the survey:

This baseline survey is conducted by Kamulu Community Forest Association and Kryptone Consulting

Limited. The answers of the interviewees will facilitate the design and implementation of a new conservation

project. We are establishing the current status of the ecological,socio-economic and gender dimension and

assist the project in developing a strong monitoring and evaluation framework.

DO NOT INSIST IF THE PERSON REFUSES TO ANSWER THE QUESTION.

HOUSEHOLD SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE:

35

of HH

members

2.Femle Birth area

Do you know Kamulu CFA? Yes No

What are the activities done by Kamulu CFA ………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

How are the above activities beneficial to

you………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………..

1. What do you understand by the term environment?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

2. List the five major environmental risks you are worried about.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

36

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Which level do you think is the most effective for making decisions about protecting the environment?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. In order to contribute to protecting our environment which three things would you be ready to do first?

............................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................ ............................

............................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

5. What benefits do you obtain by using the forests habitats which are?

i) Ecological ………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

ii) Economical ………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

iii) Cultural

………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………....................................................................

...........................................................................................

Aesthetics

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

6. a) Are their activities which affect forest habitat around your area?

i............................................................................................................................ ..................................

ii..............................................................................................................................................................

iii.......................................................................................................................... ...................................

b) How do you manage the above activities?

Section 2 – Water

Q1. What is main source of water for the members of your household?

…………………………………………………………………………………

Q2. a) How far is it from your household? ………………………………………….

b) Is it a permanent source? Yes No

Q3. a) Is water from the source safe for consumption? Yes No (IF YES SKIP TO Q4).

b) If no what do you do to make it safe for drinking?

………………………………………………………………………………....................................................

37

............................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................

Q4. What are the other uses of that water?

............................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................

Q5. How effective can water be used both in household and agricultural activities?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Section 3: Energy

Q1. What is the main source of energy in your house hold?

i) Cooking ………………………………………………………………………………………

ii) Lighting………………………………………………………………………………………..

Q2. What are other alternative sources? ……………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

Q3. Where do you get your main source from?

………………………………………………………………………………………

Q4. Is your source sustainable? Yes No

Q5. Are there any problems are you aware of that are associated with the following energy sources

i. Paraffin.................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................

ii. Cooking gas

..............................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

iii. Wood

charcoal..................................................................................................................... ...........................

..............................................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................................