Baseline information on agricultural practices in the EU ... · Page 5 of 66 3 Sugar beet...

Baseline information on agricultural practices in the EU

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.)

May 2012 Study performed for EuropaBio aisbl

Avenue de l’ Armée 6 B- 1040 Brussels Belgium

Patrick L.J. RÜDELSHEIM & Greet SMETS PERSEUS BVBA

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Table of contents

1 INTRODUCTION 3

2 METHODOLOGY 4

3 SUGAR BEET CULTIVATION IN EUROPE 5

3.1 CROP DESCRIPTION 5 3.2 CULTIVATION AREA 6 3.3 WEEDS, PESTS AND DISEASES 14 3.3.1 WEEDS 14 3.3.2 PESTS 15 3.3.3 DISEASES 18

4 PREPARATION 22

4.1 SEEDS 22 4.2 GROWING SUGAR BEET 23 4.3 SEED TREATMENT 24 4.4 SOIL PREPARATION 25

5 CULTIVATION 30

5.1 SOWING 30 5.2 CROP PROTECTION 31 5.2.1 WEED MANAGEMENT 31 5.2.2 PEST MANAGEMENT 35 5.2.3 DISEASE MANAGEMENT 38 5.2.4 PLANT PROTECTION PRODUCTS 40 5.3 IRRIGATION 42

6 HARVEST AND POST-HARVEST LAND USE 56

6.1 HARVEST 56 6.2 INTERCROPPING 58 6.3 SOIL MANAGEMENT & ROTATION 58

7 REFERENCES 59

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1 Introduction Under the current European legislations for the commercial introduction of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) it is required to assess the potential environmental impacts of GM plants, including the assessment of potential environmental impacts of specific cultivation and management of such plants. This assessment has been further elaborated in environmental risk assessment (ERA) guidance documents, including those developed by the Panel on GMOs of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). With this project, EuropaBio aimed to collect and structure the dataset on agronomic practices for sugar beet in Europe. Within the definition of the project, the study was expected to cover: • cultivation practices with special attention to those practices that can dominate in the future; • cultivation practices across EU Member States organised by different geographical regions where

the GM crop is likely to be cultivated; • aspects related to characteristics of the plant and the production systems into which it will be

introduced; and • information that will help applicants to address the requirements laid out in Section D.2.9 of Annex

II of Directive 2001/18/EC. Similar studies are conducted for other crops. This study provides applicants with a common baseline for performing the ERA of the cultivation practice associated with the specific GM plant.

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2 Methodology This survey of the practices commonly used in European sugar beet cultivation is based on information retrieved from public sites of governments, research institutes, peer-reviewed scientific literature, farmers’ organisations, seed organisations, seed companies and expert opinions provided by EuropaBio member companies. Most of the documents concern recommendations from research institutes and professional organisations. While the practice of an individual farmer will be determined by different factors and may be different from the recommendation, they are valid as reference as they represent an optimal management situation and should lead to implementation of policy decisions. When available, information is included on the actual crop management practices as performed by the farmers. Also it is recognised that practices may differ within Members States and where applicable, indications on regional differences have been included. Where available, the information was further complemented with a review of policy statements that would indicate the future of agriculture in the EU. The information was organised following the sequence of activities that a farmer performs when cultivating a sugar beet crop. Furthermore it was structured on a geographical basis, following the structure implemented in the Regulation on Plant Protection Products1. This approach identifies 3 geographical zones as areas where agricultural, plant health and environmental (including climatic) conditions are comparable (see Table 1).

Table 1: EU geographic zones (based on the Regulation on Plant Protection Products)

Zone Geography Member States

A North Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania and Sweden

B Centre Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Slovenia, Slovakia and the United Kingdom

C South Bulgaria, Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy, Malta, Portugal and Spain

Care was taken to collect information on all items, covering all relevant Zones and focusing on the major producers in order to get a representative view on the range of agricultural practices across the EU.

1 Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market and repealing Council Directives 79/117/EEC and 91/414/EEC; OJ 24/11/2009 L 309, p.1-50.

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3 Sugar beet cultivation in Europe

3.1 Crop description Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris var. altissima) is a member of the Chenopodiaceae. It is a biennial plant species grown commercially in a wide variety of temperate climates. Beet is a self-incompatible, wind-pollinated plant that produces large amounts of pollen over a long flowering period (JRC, 2006). In the first year the root is formed weighing about 1 kg in a normal field crop stand containing 15–20% sucrose by weight. In the second year, after vernalisation, nutrients stored in the root are used to build the inflorescence and eventually the seeds. The crop is harvested at the end of the first year of development, before it can flower and produce seeds (JRC, 2006). Sugar beet is sensitive to frost and is poorly competitive in natural or agricultural habitats. In most temperate climates, beets are planted in the spring and harvested in the autumn. Sowing starts in March. Sugar beet requires about 150 to 200 growing days and high light intensities. The crop has a high yield potential and a very good water use efficiency (CIBE-CEFS, 2010; ITB; OECD, 2001). Old varieties had multigerm seeds giving rise to multiple seedlings that had to be thinned, mostly by hand. Today’s cultivars are genetically monogerm and most sugar beet varieties in the most productive growing regions are diploids. Triploids are resulting from a cross between diploid male sterile female plants and tetraploid pollinators and had been used in the past 30 years very frequently. Tetraploid varieties usually are not present in the market. The hybrid system used in the sugar beet varieties is based on a cytoplasmatic male sterility system (CMS). In the early growth stage sugar beet plants are vulnerable to the damping off disease complex (see section 3.3.3) and to competition with weeds (see sections 3.3.1 and 5.2.1). The crown leaves of sugar beet are spirally arranged and form a rosette. Some plants may show stem elongation (bolting) already in the first growing season, especially when exposed to low temperatures (+1 to +4°C) in the 4-5 leaf stage over a period of several weeks. This may be due to the variability in vernalisation requirements (quantitative genetic variation) or to pollination of seed crops induced by pollen from annual wild beets, which can occur in the seed multiplication regions. The harvesting period, known as the 'campaign', starts in most European sugar beet growing regions in September for immediate processing at the sugar factory and lasts until November/December (until the first night frost). Beets are stored on heaps protected from freezing awaiting transport to the sugar factory. Delivery to the factory may continue until the end of the year / beginning of next year. At harvest the crown and leaves are chopped and may be used as fodder or are ploughed back into the soil as a natural fertiliser. By-products of sugar production as pulp, molasses, fibre etc. are used as feed. Beet fibre can also be used for food applications. Biogas is another end-product (CIBE-CEFS, 2010). Molasses are also used for alcohol production (e.g. for beverages) and in other forms of fermentation: for pharmaceuticals such as penicillin production; citric acid and biochemicals (OECD, 2001; CIBE-CEFS, 2010). Also sugar factory waste water may be fermented to biogas. Sugar that is surplus to the needs of the food market is converted to bioethanol in e.g. the United Kingdom (British Sugar), Germany (Nordzucker) and France (Tereos). Wild beets or sea beets (Beta vulgaris L. ssp. maritima) are annuals and are found along the Mediterranean coast and the European Atlantic coasts. Other cultivated forms of Beta vulgaris include fodder beet, table beet (or beetroot or red beet), spinach beet and Swiss chard. Fodder beet (Beta vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris var. rapacea) resembles sugar beet, but the root is formed primarily by the hypocotyl, whereas the swollen root in the sugar beet originates from the root and hypocotyl (OECD, 2001). A variety needs to contain at least 20% dry matter and to be white to be considered a sugar beet. Fodder beets may appear white, yellow or orange-yellow. Both leaves and roots provide a nutritious food for livestock. These crops are not further described in this report.

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3.2 Cultivation area An overview of the surface of sugar beet cultivation in EU Member States is provided in Figure 1 and Table 2. The total sugar beet cropping area reached 1.5 million hectares in 2010 (EUROSTAT). In 10 years’ time the acreage almost halved coming from 2.7 million hectares in 2001. In the same period the total beet yield, however, only decreased from 124 million tonnes to 104.3 million tonnes.

Figure 1: Area of production in 1,000 ha in 2010 (EUROSTAT) ( : 0.0 - 0.0 ; : 0.0 - 15.3 ; : 15.3 - 39.2; : 39.2 - 71.0; : 71.0 - 383.5; : Data not available)

Figure 2: Sugar beet production areas with sugar processing plants (source CIBE-CEFS, 2010)

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The distribution of sugar beet production in France is provided in Figure 3: Sugar beet production in France in 2008 (source: La filière betteravière) Sugar beet cultivation and industry in Germany is concentrated in the northern and western lowlands. In the UK, beet farming takes place mainly in the eastern areas of England, from Yorkshire to Essex, and in the West Midlands. In Spain sugar beets are found in Castilla y León, Castilla-La Mancha, País Vasco and La Rioja. In Andalucía sugar beet is grown as a winter crop, some 23,000 hectares in 2010 (AIMCRA). Also in Italy there is some autumn-sown beet. In Cyprus, Estonia, Luxembourg and Malta no sugar beets are grown. Due to the 2006 reform of the Common Market Organisation in the sugar sector, beet sugar production ceased in Bulgaria, Ireland, Latvia, Portugal and Slovenia (CIBE-CEFS, 2010). About 100,000 ha is currently used for bio-ethanol production (CIBE-CEFS, 2010).

Figure 3: Sugar beet production in France in 2008 (source: La filière betteravière)

As a comparison fodder beet is included in Table 2. Again, the cropping area has been decreasing: from 266,500 hectares in 2001 to 60,900 hectares in 2010. The share taken by organic sugar beet farming is very small (Table 3). The acreage is even diminishing, especially in Italy from almost 4,000 hectares in 2003 to 71 hectares is 2009. Concerning farm size, around 170,000 farmers grow sugar beet in the EU today, with an average beet area per farm of about 9 hectares (CIBE-CEFS, 2010). Germany has most of its farms in the categories of 2-10 hectares of total sugar beet acreage per farm (Table 4). Most of the French farms

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cultivate 5 to 20 hectares, with the average field size of sugar beets per farm being 14 hectares (La filière betteravière). The third producer, Poland, is characterised by rather small fields per farm: from 1 to 5 hectares. Farmers need to be allocated delivery rights for the cultivation of sugar beet. Sugar beet cultivation is organised along the lines laid down in the EU Sugar Regime in 1968. This system organises the market on the basis of quotas, with each sugar producer allocated a sugar quota. The quotas are being passed on by the sugar companies to their sugar beet farmers in the form of sugar beet delivery rights. These delivery rights can be exchanged between farms but the total sugar beet acreage depends on the quotas (European Commission, 2006).

P

age

9 of

66

Tab

le 2

: S

ugar

and

fodd

er b

eet a

crea

ge in

1,0

00 h

a (S

ourc

e: E

UR

OS

TA

T)

Zone

Member State

Beet type

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

A

North

Den

mar

k S

ugar

39

.2

38.0

36

.4

39.4

41

.4

47.0

48

.7

49.6

57

.8

56.3

F

odde

r -

4.7

4.7

3.7

4.2

4.9

6.2

8.0

13.3

13

.3

Est

onia

S

ugar

0.

0 -

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Fod

der

0.0

- 0.

1 -

- -

- -

- -

Fin

land

S

ugar

14

.6

14.8

13

.6

16.0

23

.9

31.3

30

.7

28.8

30

.6

31.1

F

odde

r -

- 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 La

tvia

S

ugar

0.

0 -

0.0

0.3

12.7

13

.5

13.8

14

.4

15.9

14

.1

Fod

der

- 0.

7 0.

9 2.

3 2.

8 3.

8 5.

6 7.

1 7.

5 9.

6 Li

thua

nia

Sug

ar

15.3

15

.1

8.7

16.9

18

.5

21.0

23

.3

25.6

29

.2

26.5

F

odde

r -

3.4

4.5

5.2

7.2

11.7

12

.1

25.8

36

.0

37.3

S

wed

en

Sug

ar

37.9

39

.8

36.8

40

.7

44.2

49

.2

47.6

50

.1

54.8

54

.8

Fod

der

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.1

0.2

- -

Total North

S

ugar

10

7.0

107.

7 95

.5

113.

3 14

0.7

162.

0 16

4.1

168.

5 18

8.3

182.

8 F

odde

r 0.

0 8.

8 10

.2

11.2

14

.2

20.4

24

.0

41.1

56

.8

60.2

All

107.

0 11

6.5

105.

7 12

4.5

154.

9 18

2.4

188.

1 20

9.6

245.

1 24

3.0

B

Centre

Aus

tria

S

ugar

44

.8

43.9

43

.0

42.3

39

.4

44.2

44

.7

43.2

44

.7

44.7

F

odde

r -

0.2

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.3

0.7

0.7

0.8

0.9

Bel

gium

S

ugar

1 59

.3

62.7

64

.3

82.7

82

.9

85.5

87

.6

91.2

96

.5

95.6

F

odde

r 3.

9 4.

1 4.

0 3.

3 3.

4 3.

8 4.

1 4.

5 4.

9 6.

0 C

zech

Rep

ublic

S

ugar

56

.4

52.5

50

.4

54.3

61

.0

65.6

71

.1

77.3

77

.5

77.7

F

odde

r 0.

9 0.

6 0.

8 0.

8 0.

8 1,

1 1.

2 1.

2 1.

4 5.

6 G

erm

any

Sug

ar

367.

0 38

3.6

369.

3 40

2.7

357.

6 42

0.1

440.

5 44

5.6

459.

4 44

7.7

Fod

der

- 3.

6 4.

1 5.

1 4.

5 4.

7 5.

4 6.

1 7.

4 7.

9 H

unga

ry

Sug

ar

12.9

13

.8

9.6

41.2

46

.8

61.6

61

.9

51.6

55

.4

65.7

F

odde

r -

0.1

0.3

0.3

0.4

0.8

0.9

1.0

- -

Irel

and

Sug

ar

- 1.

0 1.

0 1.

0 1.

7 31

.0

31.1

31

.5

31.3

31

.1

Fod

der

- -

- -

7.7

4.0

4.1

3.6

4.1

4.3

Luxe

mbo

urg

Sug

ar

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Fod

der

- -

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.1

0.1

P

age

10 o

f 66

Zone

Member State

Beet type

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

the

Net

herla

nds

Sug

ar

71.0

72

.7

72.2

82

.1

82.0

91

.3

97.7

10

2.8

108.

9 10

9.1

Fod

der

0.3

0.0

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.5

0.6

0.6

0.7

0.8

Pol

and

Sug

ar

199.

9 19

9.9

187.

5 24

7.4

262.

0 28

6.2

297.

3 28

6.3

303.

0 31

7.4

Fod

der

38.6

23

.0

25.7

25

.3

28.9

30

.6

31.9

41

.1

41.2

11

3.7

Rom

ania

S

ugar

22

.2

21.3

20

.4

28.7

39

.8

25.2

20

.8

45.2

41

.6

39.0

F

odde

r 16

.2

20.3

22

.3

22.6

26

,2

26.6

9.

9 34

.9

34.2

32

.7

Slo

vaki

a S

ugar

17

.9

15.9

11

.1

18.9

27

.7

33.1

35

.2

31.9

30

.2

30.9

F

odde

r 0.

9 0.

8 0.

8 1.

4 1.

6 1.

6 2.

0 1.

9 2.

2 3.

7 S

love

nia

Sug

ar

- -

- -

6.7

5.1

4.7

5.4

4.5

4.7

Fod

der

- -

- -

- -

0.8

1.1

1.0

1.1

the

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

S

ugar

-

114.

0 11

9.7

125.

0 13

0.1

148.

3 15

3.9

162.

1 16

9.1

177.

4 F

odde

r -

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.3

5.5

5.0

6.0

6.9

Total Centre

Sug

ar

851.

4 98

1.3

948.

5 1,

126.

3 1,

137.

7 1,

297.

2 1,

346.

5 1,

374.

1 1,

422.

1 1,

441.

0 F

odde

r 60

.8

52.7

58

.6

59.4

74

.2

74.3

67

.1

101.

7 10

4.0

183.

7

All

912.

2 1,

034.

0 1,

007.

1 1,

185.

7 1,

211.

9 1,

371.

5 1,

413.

6 1,

475.

8 1,

526.

1 1,

624.

7 C

South

Bul

garia

S

ugar

0.

0 -

0.0

1.3

1.4

1.3

1.1

0.4

2.2

1.3

Fod

der

0.1

0.1

0.0

0.1

0.1

1.2

0.5

0.3

0.3

0.2

Cyp

rus

Sug

ar

0.0

- -

- -

- -

- -

- F

odde

r -

- -

- -

- -

- -

- F

ranc

e S

ugar

38

3.5

372.

6 34

9.3

393.

5 37

9.3

378.

5 38

4.6

399.

8 43

7.7

429.

2 F

odde

r -

- 0.

0 16

.9

17.3

17

.0

18.5

18

.1

19.2

19

.9

Gre

ece

Sug

ar

15.1

24

.2

14.2

13

.6

26.9

42

.5

33.0

39

.0

41.5

43

.0

Fod

der

- 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 0.

0 Ita

ly

Sug

ar

57.8

60

.6

61.8

85

.6

91.2

25

3.0

185.

8 21

4.2

245.

7 22

2.6

Fod

der

- -

- -

- -

- -

- -

Mal

ta

Sug

ar

- -

- -

- -

- -

- -

Fod

der

- -

- -

- -

- -

- -

Por

tuga

l S

ugar

0.

1 0.

1 1.

6 3.

0 4.

3 8.

6 8.

4 7.

5 9.

0 5.

4 F

odde

r -

- -

- -

- -

- -

- S

pain

S

ugar

44

.3

49.8

52

.3

73.9

85

.5

102.

0 10

3.1

99.8

11

3.8

106.

9 F

odde

r -

1.1

1.2

1.5

1.5

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.5

P

age

11 o

f 66

Zone

Member State

Beet type

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

Total South

S

ugar

50

0.8

507.

3 47

9.2

570.

9 58

8.6

785.

9 71

6.0

760.

7 84

9.9

808.

4 F

odde

r 0.

1 1.

2 1.

2 18

.5

18.9

20

.5

21.3

20

.7

21.8

22

.6

All

500.

9 50

8.5

480.

4 58

9.4

607.

5 80

6.4

737.

3 78

1.4

871.

7 83

1.0

European Union 27

Sug

ar

1,45

9.2

1,59

6.3

1,52

3.2

1,81

0.5

1,86

7.0

2,24

5.1

2,22

6.6

2,30

3.3

2,46

0.3

2,43

2.2

Fod

der

60.9

62

.7

70.0

89

.1

107.

3 11

5.2

112.

4 16

3.5

182.

6 26

6.5

All

1,52

0.1

1,65

9.0

1,59

3.2

1,89

9.6

1,97

4.3

2,36

0.3

2,33

9.0

2,46

6.8

2,64

2.9

2,69

8.7

-: n

ot a

pplic

able

or

real

zer

o or

zer

o by

def

ault

1 : fro

m S

tatb

el

Tab

le 3

: O

rgan

ic s

ugar

bee

t acr

eage

in h

a (S

ourc

e: E

UR

OS

TA

T)

Zone

Member State

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

2000

A

North

Den

mar

k 0

- -

0 17

0 15

7 16

9 13

9 91

41

Est

onia

0

0 0

0 -

- -

- -

-

Fin

land

0

0 0

0 0

- -

- -

-

Latv

ia

141

4 2

1 0

- -

- -

-

Lith

uani

a 0

0 0

0 0

0 -

- -

-

Sw

eden

0

0 -

8 -

341

523

595

204

204

B

Centre

Aus

tria

-

- -

- -

- -

- -

-

Bel

gium

0

3 0

2 6

6 2

- -

-

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

0 6

0 2

- 1

- -

- -

Ger

man

y -

- -

- -

- -

- -

-

Hun

gary

0

1 1

- -

0 1

1 -

-

Irel

and

- -

- -

- -

- -

- -

Luxe

mbo

urg

0 -

- -

- 0

0 0

0 -

the

Net

herla

nds

120

181

241

266

- -

300

- 86

4 75

0

Pol

and

5 8

7 10

11

-

- -

- -

Rom

ania

0

0 0

0 -

- -

- -

-

P

age

12 o

f 66

Zone

Member State

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

2000

Slo

vaki

a 0

- 0

- 0

2 -

- -

-

Slo

veni

a 10

0

0 0

0 0

15

- -

-

the

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

14

0 15

2 65

71

73

54

8 46

6 -

- 0

C

South

Bul

garia

0

- 0

0 -

- -

- -

-

Cyp

rus

- -

- -

- -

- -

- -

Fra

nce

0 -

- -

- -

- -

- -

Gre

ece

0

5 0

32

0 0

0 -

-

Italy

71

12

8 10

3 15

7 40

2 12

8 3,

887

384

57

22

Mal

ta

0 -

- 0

0 0

- -

- -

Por

tuga

l -

- -

- 0

- -

- -

-

Spa

in

0 -

- -

- -

- -

- -

-: n

ot a

pplic

able

or

real

zer

o or

zer

o by

def

ault

Tab

le 4

: S

truc

ture

of f

arm

s w

ith s

ugar

bee

ts in

200

7 (S

ourc

e: E

UR

OS

TA

T)

Zone

Member State

Number of holdings with an area of sugar beets of:

0-1 ha

1-2 ha

2-5 ha

5-10 ha 10-20 ha 20-50 ha

>50 ha

A

North

Den

mar

k 30

20

0 63

0 66

0 57

0 44

0 14

0

Est

onia

-

- -

- -

- -

Fin

land

0

10

260

590

460

130

10

Latv

ia

270

10

10

- 0

10

-

Lith

uani

a 66

0 26

0 43

0 26

0 17

0 12

0 70

Sw

eden

40

70

54

0 72

0 71

0 44

0 13

0

B

Centre

Aus

tria

27

0 1,

410

3,98

0 2,

620

550

90

10

Bel

gium

37

0 1,

620

4,72

0 3,

310

1,75

0 53

0 50

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

90

10

40

60

110

200

320

Ger

man

y 1,

920

4,51

0 10

,750

8,

990

6,61

0 3,

950

1,04

0

P

age

13 o

f 66

Zone

Member State

Number of holdings with an area of sugar beets of:

0-1 ha

1-2 ha

2-5 ha

5-10 ha 10-20 ha 20-50 ha

>50 ha

Hun

gary

22

0 10

0 19

0 17

0 15

0 13

0 16

0

Irel

and

20

60

140

70

20

10

-

Luxe

mbo

urg

- -

- -

- -

-

the

Net

herla

nds

250

1,14

0 4,

170

3,80

0 1,

870

440

30

Pol

and

7,76

0 22

,470

27

,680

6,

050

1,74

0 75

0 42

0

Rom

ania

34

,580

1,

340

420

210

130

100

100

Slo

vaki

a 0

0 -

- -

- -

Slo

veni

a 0

0 10

10

20

50

13

0

the

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

1,62

0 40

0 99

0 1,

640

1,77

0 1,

330

480

C

South

Bul

garia

40

-

0 10

-

10

10

Cyp

rus

- -

- -

- -

-

Fra

nce

500

1,60

0 5,

560

7,68

0 7,

300

4,93

0 97

0

Gre

ece

1,00

0 1,

980

1,71

0 61

0 12

0 10

-

Italy

1,

530

2,57

0 5,

150

3,01

0 1,

150

520

200

Mal

ta

- -

- -

- -

-

Por

tuga

l 90

60

90

70

60

20

0

Spa

in

1,19

0 1,

130

4,26

0 3,

300

1,00

0 73

0 15

0

-: n

ot a

pplic

able

or

real

zer

o or

zer

o by

def

ault

of 66

3.3 Weeds, pests and diseases

3.3.1 Weeds The low competing ability and late closure of the sugar beet crop makes weed management mandatory. The wide range of European weeds present in beet crops include Aethusa cynapium, Agropyron repens (couch-grass), Atriplex patula (common orache), Alopecurus myosuroides (black grass), Anagallis arvensis (scarlet pimpernel), Capsella bursa-pastoris (shepherd's purse), Chenopodium album (fat hen), Cirsium arvense (creeping thistle), Equisetum arvense (common horsetail), Euphorbia helioscopia (sun spurge), Fumaria officinalis (fumitory), Galinsoga parviflora (gallant soldier), Galium aparinum (cleavers), Lamium amplexicaule, Lamium purpureum (red deathnettle), Matricaria chamomilla (wild chamomille), Mercurialis annua (Annual mercury), Papaver rhoeas (corn poppy), Poa annua (annual meadow-grass), Polygonum convolvulus (black bindweed), Polygonum aviculare (knotgrass), Polygonum persicaria (redshank, ladysthumb), Sinapis arvensis (wild mustard, charlock), Solanum nigrum (black nightshade), Sonchus arvensis (perennial sowthistle), Sonchus oleracea (annual sowthistle), Stellaria media (chickweed), Urtica urens (small nettle), Veronica hederifolia (Ivy-leaved speedwell), Veronica persica (field speedwell), Viola arvensis (field pansy), B. vulgaris (weed beet), Solanum tuberosum (volunteer potatoes), Brassica napus (volunteer oilseed rape) and cereal volunteers. Typical weeds for the individual EU member states are presented in Table 5.

Table 5: Sugar beet – main European weeds (Sources: a ITB, b Beta Italia, c IRS; d SJT; e AIMCRA; f KBIVB; g information provided by EuropaBio member companies)

Zone Member State Main weed species

A North

Denmark -

Estonia n/a

Finland d Agropyron repens; Bidens tripartite; Chenopodium album; Fumaria officinalis; Galeopsis speciosa; G. tetrahit; G. bifida; Galium spurium; Lamium hybridum; L. rubrum; L. amplexicaule; Lapsana communis; Matricaria/Trileurospermum inodora; Polygonum aviculare; Polygonum/Fallopia convolvulus; Polygonum lapathifolium; Polygonum amphibium; Polygonum hydropiper; Stellaria media; Viola arvensis

Latvia n/a

Lithuania -

Sweden -

B Centre

Austria -

Belgium f Aethusa cynapium; Atriplex spp.; Chamomilla recutita; Chenopodium quinoa; Conium maculatum; Echinochloa crus-galli; Fumaria officinalis; Mercurialis annua; Polygonum aviculare; Raphanus raphanistrum; Sinapis arvensis; Solanum nigrum; Viola arvensis; volunteers of rapeseed and cereals; Amaranthus retroflexus; Bilderdykia convolvulus; Galium aparine; Alopecurus myosuroides; Avena fatua; Lolium spp.; Poa spp.; Elytrigia spp.

Czech Republic -

Germany g Aethusa cynapium; Chenopodium album; Galium aparine; Matricaria chamomilla; Mercurialis annua; Persicaria spp.; Polygonum spp.; Veronica spp.; Viola arvensis; volunteer rapeseed; thistles

Hungary -

Ireland n/a

Luxembourg n/a

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Zone Member State Main weed species

the Netherlands

c Aethusa cynapium; Agropyron repens; Alopecurus myosuroides; Atriplex patula; Calystegia sepium; Capsella bursa-pastoris; Chenopodium album; Chenopodium spp.; Convolvulus arvensis; Digitaria ischaemum; Digitaria sanguinalis; Echinochloa crus-galli; Festuca rubra; Fallopia convolvulus; Galium aparine; Geranium spp., Lamium purpureum; Lolium spp.; Matricaria chamomilla; Mercurialis annua; Poa annua; Polygonum spp; Ranunculus arvensis; Setaria viridis; Solanum nigrum; Sonchus arvensis; Stellaria media; Urtica urens and Viola arvensis

Poland -

Romania -

Slovakia -

Slovenia n/a

the United Kingdom

-

C South

Bulgaria n/a

Cyprus n/a

France a Aethusa cynapium; Amaranthus spp.; Ammi majus, Atriplex spp.; Brassica napus; Chenopodium spp.; Digitaria sanguinalis; Fallopia convolvulus; Fumaria spp.; Galium spp.; Matricaria chamomilla, Mercurialis spp.; Panicum spp.; Persicaria maculosa; Polygonum aviculare; Setaria spp.; Sinapis spp.; Solanum nigrum; Veronica spp.

Greece -

Italy b Abutilon theophrasti; Amaranthus spp.; Ammi majus; Bidens spp.; Chenopodium spp.; Cirsium arvense; Erba medica; Fallopia convolvulus; Matricaria chamomilla; Polygonum spp. and Xanthium spp.

Malta n/a

Portugal n/a

Spain e Amaranthus retroflexus; Anagallis arvensis; Chenopodium album; Echinocloa crus-galli; Fumaria spp.; Lamium amplexicaule; Medicago orbicularis; Papaver rhoeas; Polygonum aviculare; Rumex spp.; Solanum nigrum; Solanum physalifolium; Sonchus asper; Torilis nodosa

n/a: not applicable -: no data available

3.3.2 Pests A listing of sugar beet pests is provided in Table 6. Young seedlings may be attacked by soil pests such as millipedes (Blaniulus guttlatus), beet stem eelworms (Ditylenchus dipsaci), wireworms (Agriotes spp.), beet flea beetle (Chaetocnema tibialis), the beet leaf weevil (Tanymecus palliates) and springtails (Sminthurus viridis). The importance may differ from region to region. Among Coleoptera, wireworms are reported to cause damage in all European regions. Seed treatments may prevent damage. Sap sucking pests like aphids (Aphididae) induce curling of the leaves and can severely inhibit growth. They also are the vector organisms for virus yellows. Two types of viruses can cause the disease: Beet Yellowing Virus (BYV) and Beet Mild Yellowing Virus (BMYV). Upon infection the leaves turn pale and then yellow between the veins. The leaves progressively thicken and become brittle. Among the nematodes the white beet-cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii) and the yellow beet-cyst nematode (Heterodera betae) are important. H. schachtii causes wilting of the plants and retarded

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growth. Young larvae that emerge from the cysts feed on the roots. Two to four generations may produce in one year. The white is present in more than 40% of the fields in the Netherlands (IRS). In France H. schachtii is present in one quarter of the sugar beet fields (ITB). Nowadays varieties with partial resistance are used. H. betae has less chance to impact if a broad rotation is respected and other weed host plants are destroyed (IRS). However, at an early infestation young beet seedlings may be completely eliminated.

Table 6: Main pests in European sugar beet fields (Sources: a AIMCRA; b KBIVB; c SJT; d FSE; e Beta Italia; f IRS; g NBR; h ITB; i EuropaBio member company)

Zone Member State Main pest species

A North

Denmark g Coleoptera: Agriotes spp.; Chaetocnema concinna (beet flea beetle); Atomaria linearis (pygmy beetle)

Collembola: Onychiurus armatus (springtails)

Lepidoptera: Agrotis spp.

Sternorrhyncha: Aphids: Aphis fabae

Others: Nematodes: Heterodera schachtii

Estonia n/a

Finland c Coleoptera: Chaetocnema concinna

Diptera: Pegomya hyoscyani

Lepidoptera: Autographa gamma; Hydraecia micacae; Melanchra pisi

Others: nematodes: Heterodera schachtii; Heterodera betae

Latvia n/a

Lithuania -

Sweden g Coleoptera: Agriotes spp.; Chaetocnema concinna (beet flea beetle), Atomaria linearis (pygmy beetle),

Collembola: Onychiurus armatus (springtails)

Sternorrhyncha: Aphids: Aphis fabae

Others: Nematodes: Heterodera schachtii

B Centre

Austria -

Belgium b Coleoptera: Agriotes spp.; Chaetocnema tibialis; Tanymecus palliates

Collembola: Sminthurus viridis

Diptera: Pegomyia hyoscyami

Lepidoptera: Agrotis spp.; Autographa gamma; Mamestra brassicae; Spodoptera exigua; Dicestra trifolii; Lacanobia oleracea

Sternorrhyncha: Aphids: black bean aphid (Aphis fabae); peach-potato aphid (Myzus persicae)

Others: millipedes (Blaniulus guttlatus) nematodes: Heterodera schachtii; Heterodera betae slugs

Czech Republic Coleoptera: Agriotes spp.


Sternorrhyncha: Aphids

Germany i Coleoptera: Agriotes spp.; Atomaria linearis

Diptera: Pegomyia hyoscyami

Lepidoptera: Agrotis spp.; Autographa gamma

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Others: Nematodes: Beet cyst nematodes (Heterodera schachtii); Beet stem eelworm (Ditylenchus dipsaci)

Hungary Coleoptera: Agriotes spp.



Ireland n/a

Luxembourg n/a

the Netherlands

f Coleoptera: Agriotes spp.; Chaetocnema tibialis; Tanymecus

palliates

Collembola Sminthurus viridis



Others: millipedes (Blaniulus guttlatus) nematodes: Ditylenchus dipsaci; Heterodera schachtii; Heterodera betae

Poland i Coleoptera: Agriotes spp.

Diptera: Beet leaf miner (Pegomyia betae)


Romania Coleoptera: Agriotes spp.

Slovakia Coleoptera: Agriotes spp.


Slovenia n/a

the United Kingdom d

Lepidoptera: Silver Y moth (Autographa gamma)

Sternorrhyncha: Aphids: Myzus persicae

Others: Beet cyst nematodes two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae)

C South

Bulgaria n/a

Cyprus n/a

France h Coleoptera: Agriotes spp.

Diptera: Beet leaf miner (Pegomya betae, la mouche de la betterave, pégomyie)

Lepidoptera: Cutworms (Agrotis spp., Noctuidae); beet moth (Scrobipalpa ocellatella)


Others: Nematodes: Heterodera schachtii; Ditylenchus dipsaci;

Greece -

Italy e Coleoptera: Lixus junci; Cassida vittata; Cassida nobilis; Agriotes spp.; Chetocnema tibialis; Atomaria linearis

Diptera: Pegomya betae

Lepidoptera: Cutworms (Autographa gamma; Mamestra brassicae; Mamestra oleracea; Spodoptera exigua); Phthorimaea ocellatella; Agrotis spp.

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Sternorrhyncha: Myzus persicae and Aphis fabae

Others: Nematodes: Heterodera schachtii; Heterodera betae; Meloidogyne incognita; Ditylenchus dipsaci; Trichodorus

Malta n/a

Portugal n/a

Spain a Coleoptera: Lixus spp.; Agriotes spp.

Lepidoptera: Cutworms (Noctuidae) Agrotis spp.

Sternorrhyncha: Aphids: black bean aphid (Aphis fabae: Pulgón negro); peach aphid (Myzus persicae: Pulgón verde)


3.3.3 Diseases Table 7 provides a list of the main sugar beet diseases in different EU Member States.

Table 7: Sugar beet – main European diseases (Source: a EPPO; b IRS; c KBIVB; d FSE; e SJT; f Azucarera Ebro; g Beta Italia; h NBR; i IfZ; j EuropaBio member companies)

Zone Member State Main diseases

A North

Denmark h damping-off diseases Ramularia beticola; rust (Uromyces betae); powdery mildew (Erysiphe betae)

Estonia n/a

Finland e Alternaria spp.; Aphanomyces cochlioides; Phoma betae; Pythium spp.; Rhizoctonia solani

Latvia n/a

Lithuania -

Sweden a, h damping-off diseases Ramularia beticola; rust (Uromyces betae); powdery mildew (Erysiphe betae) Virus: Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus

B Centre

Austria a Virus: Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus

Belgium a, c Aphanomyces cochloides; Phoma betae; Pythium ssp.; Rhizoctonia solani; Cercospora beticola; Ramularia beticola; rust (Uromyces betae); downy mildew (Peronospora farinosa); powdery mildew (Erysiphe betae); Alternaria tenuis Virus: Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus, Beet Yellowing Virus, Beet Mild Yellowing Virus

Czech Republic a Virus: Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus

Germany a, i damping-off: Pythium spp.; Aphanomyces spp.; Phoma spp.; Rhizoctonia spp. Alternaria; Fusarium ssp.; F. oxysporum f.sp. betae; Rhizoctonia solani; Cercospora beticola; Ramularia beticola; downy mildew (Peronospora schachtii); powdery mildew (Erysiphe betae); rust (Uromyces betae); Verticillium Virus: Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus

Hungary a Virus: Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus

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Zone Member State Main diseases

Ireland n/a

Luxembourg n/a

the Netherlands

a, b Rhizoctonia solani; Cercospora beticola; Ramularia beticola; rust (Uromyces betae); downy mildew (Peronospora schachtii); Verticillium dahlia; Phoma ssp.; Pythium spp.; Virus: Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus, Beet Yellowing Virus, Beet Mild Yellowing Virus

Poland a, j Cercospora beticola; powdery mildew (Erysiphe betae); Ramularia beticola; Alternaria; rust (Uromyces betae); Verticillium spp.; Aphanomyces spp.; Pythium spp.; Phoma spp.; Rhizoctonia spp. Virus: Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus

Romania a Virus: Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus

Slovakia a Virus: Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus

Slovenia n/a

the United Kingdom a, d

damping-off diseases; Rhizoctonia solani; Cercospora beticola; Ramularia beticola; rust (Uromyces betae); downy mildew (Peronospora schachtii); powdery mildew (Erysiphe betae) Virus: Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus; Beet chlorosis virus

C South

Bulgaria n/a

Cyprus n/a

France a, j Pytium spp.; Rhizoctonia spp.; Cercospora beticola; Ramularia beticola; rust (Uromyces betae); downy mildew (Peronospora schachtii); powdery mildew (Erysiphe betae); Aphanomyces; Rhizoctonia violacea Virus: Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus

Greece a Aphanomyces Virus: Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus

Italy a, g Phoma betae; Pythium spp.; Aphanomyces cochlioides; Rhizoctonia solani; Alternaria tenuis; Fusarium spp. Cercospora beticola; Oidium; Rhizoctonia violacea; Verticillium albo-atrum Virus: Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus; Beet Yellow Virus; Beet Mild Yellowing Virus; Beet Mosaic Virus

Malta n/a

Portugal n/a

Spain a, f, j Oidium; Cercospora beticola; Erysiphe betae; Rhizoctonia solani; Uromyces betae Virus: Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus

n/a: not applicable -: no data available Young seedlings may disappear because of the damping-off disease complex. Phoma (Phoma betae), Pythium (Pythium ultimum) and Aphanomyces (Aphanomyces cochlioides) are the main fungi responsible for this disease. The soil fungus Rhizoctonia solani causes root rot and may only be observed by harvesting time. When heavily attacked the whole tap root is rotten. Complete fields may be lost. These beets have low sugar content (tare beets). Chemical control is not possible. Partial resistant varieties are advised. However these varieties do not protect young seedlings (IRS). The fungus resides in the soil for many

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years due to the formation of sclerotia, or because it can survive on organic material and the roots of many host plants. Other fungal diseases of high importance in Europe are Cercospora leaf spot (Cercospora beticola), powdery mildew (Erysiphe betae), rust (Uromyces beta) and Ramularia leaf spot (Ramularia beticola). Leaf spot disease may cause very heavy damages in the warmer regions of Southern Europe. Sugar beet plants are susceptible to rhizomania ("root madness") which turns the bulbous tap root into many small roots making the crop economically unprocessable. The disease is caused by the Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV), transmitted by the protozoan Polymyxa betae. The survival structures of Polymyxa are highly resistant spores that can survive in soils for more than 15 years. Upon germination of these structures Polymyxa zoospores with BNYVV that resides in the spores can infect new plants. It is not possible to control Polymyxa with fungicides or soil disinfestation. Using tolerant varieties is the only technique to be able to continue growing beets. In France, the Netherlands and many other countries 100% of the varieties are (partially) tolerant to BNYVV (CIBE-CEFS, 2010, ITB, IRS). Early sowing and a good soil structure (water draining) delay infestation limiting damage (IRS). Recently classic rhizomania tolerance seems to be broken in some fields in south of France. In these areas the growers need to use varieties combining 2 sources of tolerance. Strict controls are enforced in European countries to prevent the spread, but it is already endemic in some areas (EPPO, A2 list). Up to 50-70% of root yield and two to more than four percentage points of sugar content may be lost with severe attacks of rhizomania (EPPO). BNYVV is regulated within the European Union in protected zones, currently Brittany (FR), Finland, Ireland, the Azores (PT), and Northern Ireland (GB)2. To determine whether and when it is necessary to carry out chemical plant protective measures (i.e. spraying pesticides), farmers continuously monitor the crop for signs of stress and are regularly informed about weather conditions likely to favour the development of specific pests and diseases by e.g. technical research institutes or advisory services dedicated to sugar beet. In their decision crop damage thresholds are taken into account. Diseases affecting beet in store include scab (Streptomyces scabies), phoma (Phoma betae), wetrot (Phytophthora megasperma), violet root rot (Helicobasidium purpureum) and rots caused by Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp., Botrytis cinerea, Rhizopus nigricans and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (BBRO).

2 Council Directive 2000/29 of 8 May 2000 on protective measures against the introduction into the Community of organisms harmful to plants or plant products and against their spread within the Community. OJ L 169, 10/07/2000, p.1-112. and Commission Regulation EC/690/2008 of 4 July 2008 recognising protected zones exposed to particular plant health risks in the Community. OJ L 193, 22/07/2008, p.1-6.

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Figure 4: Distribution of BNYVV (source: EPPO)

Figure 5: Distribution of BNYVV in the Netherlands, observation period 2002-2009; blue: A-type, red: B-type (source: IRS, 2011)

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4 Preparation

4.1 Seeds Breeding beets for sugar production has taken place since the late 18th century. By the beginning of the 19th century beets had a sugar content of about 6%. Selections probably originated from fodder beets grown in Poland from a type known as White Silesian. The goal of breeding programmes is to develop sugar beet varieties with higher root yield and higher sugar content, better extraction yield (juice purity), higher and more uniform seed emergence percentages, seedling vigour, lower tendency to “bolt”. Also important are the physical attributes of the root well adapted to mechanical harvesting. The root shape and a smoother surface resulted in a reduction of soil adherence (less soil tare). Varieties are needed with better resistance to pests and diseases (especially virus yellows, mildew, rhizomania, rhizoctonia and beet cyst nematodes), better storability including tolerance to frost for in-field storage, and the ability to perform well over the wide range of environments and harvest times. Today, rhizomania tolerant varieties have been developed for all countries affected by this disease. In more recent years characteristics such as drought tolerance (better water use efficiency), nitrogen use efficiency, or stress tolerance in general are becoming important as well. A number of drier than average years since 2003 has resulted in losses of beet yields on soils where the crop has been subject to drought stress. European legislation requires that every variety undergoes official trials for DUS (Distinctness, Uniformity, Stability) and VCU (Value for Cultivation and Use) before commercialisation. The guidelines for the VCU and DUS tests are summarised in Directive 2002/53/EC3. For sugar beet the protocol for distinctness, uniformity and stability tests of the Administrative Council of the Community Plant Variety Office (CPVO) is the CPVO-TP SUGARBEET/1 4. This protocol, however, is applicable to sugar beet components, not to commercial hybrids. The common catalogue is based on the national lists of the Member States. All Member States compile one or more national catalogues of the varieties accepted for certification and marketing in their territory. The implementation of VCU testing by the Member States might be different resulting in different admission levels between countries. Differences exist in the preparation of the seed, trial lay-out/field protocol, evaluated (quality) characteristics, methods of analysis, etc. New applications are tested against existing reference varieties, which will give a clear estimation of gain of selection over years. These ‘reference’ varieties will be replaced over time to adapt the level of performance to the new developed varieties. Apart from the essential criteria for beet variety recommendation, such as root yield and sugar content, other criteria such as early or late maturing, resistance/tolerance to specific pests and/or diseases, nutrient conversion efficiency and internal quality are also evaluated (CIBE-CEFS, 2010). Usually 3 years of testing are needed on several locations representing the main sugar beet growing areas. It is also possible to test for organic sugar beet varieties in some Member States (e.g. Belgium, KBIVB). Most sugar beet varieties today are diploid hybrids with 2n = 18 chromosomes, derived from a cross between diploid male sterile female plants and diploid pollinators. Hybrids are made using a system of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS). In this system, normal pollen development is disrupted by an unknown mechanism associated with a defect in the mitochondria. Mitochondria are inherited maternally; and therefore, only the seed parent will contain a sterile

3 Council Directive 2002/53/EC of 13 June 2002 on the common catalogue of varieties of agricultural plant species. OJ L 193, 20.7.2002, p.1-15. 4 http://www.cpvo.europa.eu/documents/TP/agricoles/TP_sugarbeet-1_BETA_VULGARIS.pdf

http://www.cpvo.europa.eu/documents/TP/agricoles/TP_sugarbeet-1_BETA_VULGARIS.pdf

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cytoplasm. For CMS to be expressed, two genes present in the cell’s nucleus must be recessive. If either of those genes is dominant or the cytoplasm is normal, the plant will be pollen-fertile. Generally, male-sterile CMS lines are maintained by crossing with a similar genotype with a normal cytoplasm. These are known as maintainer or O-type lines. For each CMS, there needs to be a corresponding O-type line. All commercial beet seed is monogerm. Monogermity is a single-gene character expressed by the seed parent. The average commercial lifetime of a new beet variety is about 5 years (CIBE-CEFS, 2010). Farmers may consult online tools for their variety choices: BISZ-Sorten and LIZ-Sorteninfo (Germany); Betakwik Variety Choice (the Netherlands) (CIBE-CEFS, 2010).

4.2 Growing sugar beet The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has been through reforms in recent years. Since 2003, financial aid has been decoupled from production. As of 2005 farmers are required to meet a minimum set of environmental standards (cross-compliance)5. Farmers that receive direct payment have to manage their farm in a sustainable way. Not only the environment is envisaged but also public, animal and plant health, animal welfare and the maintenance of all agricultural land. Member States developed standards and codes of good or best agricultural practices (EC). Currently 11 technical institutes conduct research on sugar beet in the EU and promote good agricultural practices (CIBE-CEFS, 2010). Research priorities include the use of intercrop and soil conservation techniques; the reduction of nitrogen and plant protection product residues; and the role of sugar beet in crop rotation. In most EU beet-producing countries growers can access online documents and software programs designed to assist decision-making regarding crop management. This includes the choice of variety and seed treatment, soil and seedbed preparation, sowing dates, the timing and choice of inputs (fertiliser, mechanical intervention, plant protection products) during the crop cycle, harvesting and storage (CIBE-CEFS, 2010). Beet growers, industry and research aim to optimise production, i.e. to obtain the highest possible yield for the lowest possible amount of input and cost. In this way, they seek to both optimise production on the one hand, and minimise environmental impact on the other. Examples of such programmes are the SUSY (Speeding Up Sugar Yield) and LISSY (Low Input Sustainable Sugar Yield) projects launched by the Dutch sugar sector in 2006 (CIBE-CEFS, 2010). A summary of activities in growing sugar beet is presented in Figure 6.

5 Council Regulation (EC) No 1782/2003 of 29 September 2003 establishing common rules for direct support schemes under the common agricultural policy and establishing certain support schemes for farmers and amending Regulations (EEC) No 2019/93, (EC) No 1452/2001, (EC) No 1453/2001, (EC) No 1454/2001, (EC) 1868/94, (EC) No 1251/1999, (EC) No 1254/1999, (EC) No 1673/2000, (EEC) No 2358/71 and (EC) No 2529/2001. OJ L 270, 21.10.2003, p.1-69. Commission Regulation (EC) No 796/2004 of 21 April 2004 laying down detailed rules for the implementation of cross-compliance, modulation and the integrated administration and control system provided for in of Council Regulation (EC) No 1782/2003 establishing common rules for direct support schemes under the common agricultural policy and establishing certain support schemes for farmers. OJ L 141, 30.4.2004, p.18–58.

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Figure 6: Calendar of activities in growing sugar beet (source CIBE-CEFS, 2010)

4.3 Seed treatment The monogerm seed for sugar beet on the market is almost exclusively in pellet form. Pellet seed is encased in a coat containing components used to control diseases and pests. In terms of form and size, pelleted seed represents an extremely uniform seed type (OECD, 2001). Almost all seed (Table 8) is treated with fungicides to protect the seedlings against damping-off (general term used for a number of different fungus-caused ailments which can kill seeds or seedlings before or after they germinate). A standard seed dressing contains thiram (=TMTD) and hymexazol (Tachigaren) (FERA). Another fungicide is flutalonil. The fungicide thiram is no longer permitted in France. To protect young seedlings against early attacks from pests such as pygmy mangold beetles, springtails, symphylids, aphids, millipedes and wireworms also an insecticide is applied to the seed. Seed treatment with imidacloprid (Gaucho, Imprimo), a systemic insecticide, protects against insects in the early stages of seedling and plant development. Beta-cyfluthrin/clothianidin (Poncho Beta, Mundus Forte) or tefluthrin (Force), thiamethoxam (Cruiser), or combinations are also used. Imidacloprid and clothianidin will give systemic protection from early aphid attack. In order to increase germination ability and to increase uniformity seed companies introduced priming techniques. Priming occurs when seeds are imbibed in a controlled way to induce the pre-germinative metabolism and then dried before the radicle emerges. The hydration treatment is stopped before desiccation tolerance is lost.

Table 8: Sugar beet seed treatment; figures are percentage of sugar beet crop area treated (Sources: a IRS; b BBRO; c EuropaBio member companies)

Zone Member State Insecticide (% of sugar beet crop area treated)

Fungicide (% of sugar beet crop area treated)

A North

Denmark - -

Estonia n/a n/a

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Zone Member State Insecticide (% of sugar beet crop area treated)

Fungicide (% of sugar beet crop area treated)

Finland - -

Latvia n/a n/a

Lithuania - -

Sweden - -

B Centre

Austria - -

Belgium - -

Czech Republic - -

Germany - -

Hungary - -

Ireland n/a n/a

Luxembourg n/a n/a

the Netherlands a 73% -

Poland - -

Romania - -

Slovakia - -

Slovenia n/a n/a

the United Kingdom b >90% 60%

C South

Bulgaria n/a n/a

Cyprus n/a n/a

France c 99,5% (28% thiamethoxam)

99,5% hymexazol 20g 0,5% hymexazol 40g per unit of seed (100,000)

Greece - -

Italy - -

Malta n/a n/a

Portugal n/a n/a

Spain - -


4.4 Soil preparation Fertilisation of the soil needs to be adapted to the needs of the crop taking into account what is already present in the soil. Also the other crops in the rotation influence the final fertilisation. The needs of sugar beets are presented in Nitrogen is essential for rapid expansion of leaves. It therefore needs to present at seedling emergence. 70% of the crop‘s needs is taken up between the end of May and mid-July (ITB). By mid-season the canopy has been formed and nutrients should be deviated to the root. Excess late nitrogen would still stimulate leaf growth and would have negative effects on root purity and sucrose content and extraction. As mineralisation of humus is limited early in the season, mineral nitrogen is applied before sowing and/or at early plant stage to meet the crop’s needs. About 2/3rd is provided by sources in the soil, 1/3rd comes from the mineral complement (ITB). Table 9.

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Nitrogen is essential for rapid expansion of leaves. It therefore needs to present at seedling emergence. 70% of the crop‘s needs is taken up between the end of May and mid-July (ITB). By mid-season the canopy has been formed and nutrients should be deviated to the root. Excess late nitrogen would still stimulate leaf growth and would have negative effects on root purity and sucrose content and extraction. As mineralisation of humus is limited early in the season, mineral nitrogen is applied before sowing and/or at early plant stage to meet the crop’s needs. About 2/3rd is provided by sources in the soil, 1/3rd comes from the mineral complement (ITB).

Table 9: Average uptake of the most important nutrients by a sugar beet crop (IRS)

nutrient uptake (kg/ha)

root crown + leaf total

nitrogen (N) 75 145 220

phosphate (P2O5) 42 40 82

potassium (K2O) 130 285 415

sodium (Na2O) 12 130 142

magnesium (MgO) 25 40 65

The amount of nitrogen fertiliser further depends on the type of the previous green manure crop, if any, whether livestock manure has been applied, and whether grass has been ploughed under (IRS). Often used green manure crops preceding sugar beets are white mustard (Sinapis alba), oil radish (Raphanus sativus subsp. oleiferus) and grass. Mineral fertiliser is applied 1-2 times; on sandy soils also manure is applied in spring (NL). On clay soils nitrogen is given already in February (IRS, ITB), sometimes only partly with the rest at the 2-6 leaf stage. It is also possible to apply the total amount at the 2-leaf stage. Local application in the row is also practiced to lower doses and to spare the environment (ITB). On sandy soils the necessary minerals are applied shortly before sowing. Depending on whether the amount of phosphorus stored in the soil is sufficient or not, application is done in autumn or spring time (to keep level), or in spring respectively. On clay soils potassium is provided preferably in autumn, on light soils spring time is the optimum period. Sodium sometimes has a positive effect on root mass and sugar content, especially on sandy soils (IRS). Light soils also are sensitive for magnesium deficiency. On clay soils magnesium is sprayed when deficiency symptoms become visible. Boron deficiency causes heart rot. Again sandy soils are most vulnerable. A field with a history of boron deficiency should receive e.g. borax before sowing. Alternatively leaf fertilisers are sprayed between the 2-leaf stage and crop closure. Farmers usually base their calculations for the optimum fertilisation on soil analyses from samples taken in winter. Several information services provide models and advice to calculate the right dose of fertilisers to apply in the fields as this may differ from one field to another. Examples are: Fert-Consult (Belgium); Fertibet and Azofert (France); LIZ-Dungpro and BISZ Düngung (Germany); Integrated Beet Nutrition - N.I.B. (Italy); Betakwik N-P-K (the Netherlands) (CIBE-CEFS, 2010). The general practice to prepare the soil is ploughing in order to incorporate crop residuals and weeds in the soil. On heavy soils this is done in autumn with the advantage that frost can break clods (Table 10). On sandy soils ploughing and seedbed preparation is often done in one operation or the soil is tilled shortly before preparing the actual seed bed. Local legislation might restrict soil preparations to prevent erosion. For the seedbed the soil needs to be moist and have a fine structure in the top 3 cm layer.

http://www.smul.sachsen.de/landwirtschaft/11936.htm#top

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On water erosion sensitive soils it is advised not to turn the soil but to use a rotary cultivator, to loosen the soil and to provide for a relatively rough top layer. This increases the soil capacity to store water and reduces the possibility of silting of the upper soil layer. Strip till is also applied where the soil is only worked on in the row lanes at sowing. This technique even allows for sowing when the winter cover crop is still present (ITB). Even direct sowing without a seedbed preparation is practised6. In case of heavy weed infestation or when the cover crop has not completely died-off during winter, a treatment with glyphosate is recommended. With minimum or zero-tillage the soil is not or only superficially laboured. In this way, crop residue from previous crops is left on the surface during the critical soil erosion period, retaining more raining water and, therefore, diminishing soil erosion and nutrients wash out. The fertile soil is kept in the upper layers, soil structure is kept intact and soil organisms are not disturbed. Seeds are sown with only superficial loosening of the soil. This practice is useful on slopes and on fields with low carrying capacity. Yields do not seem to be affected in comparison with tilled fields 7, particularly in lighter soils8. Reducing the number of operations and driving tractors with low tire pressure, or double wheels prevents soil compaction in deeper layers. This leads to less branched roots and deeper root penetration for optimal water and nutrient take-up. The Sixth Environment Action Programme (6th EAP) sets out the framework for environmental policy making in the European Union for the period 2002-2012 and outlines actions that need to be taken to achieve them. The 6th EAP calls for the development of seven thematic strategies, including a strategy on soil protection: the Soil Thematic Strategy. In September 2006 the Commission proposed a Soil Framework Directive, which is currently under discussion. In the final report on the project ‘Sustainable Agriculture and Soil Conservation (SoCo Project Team; 2009), conservation agriculture is positioned in the thematic strategy on soil protection. The report was commissioned by the European Parliament and provides for conclusions and recommendations on soil degradation processes, soil conservation practices and policy measures at European level. No-tillage and reduced tillage, in combination with permanent soil cover (cover crops, crop residues) and crop rotation, are essential practices in conservation agriculture. These practices minimise the risk of soil degradation by increasing the organic carbon stock, thus improving biological activity, soil fertility, soil structure and the water-retention capacity of soils. As a consequence, soil erosion and nutrient runoff are reduced (with positive effects on water quality), and soil resistance to compaction is improved. In addition, significant cost savings with respect to labour and fuel consumption are reported.

Table 10: Sugar beet soil preparation in relation to tillage (options, complemented with relative importance % of cultivated sugar beet area), examples for fertiliser (N: nitrogen, P: phosphorus, K: potassium) and soil application of insecticides (Sources: a IRS; b Agreste; c AIMCRA; d CIBE-CEFS; e BSA; f EuropaBio member companies)

Zone Member State Tillage

Fertiliser (kg/ha)

Insecticides (% applied of the cultivated area)

A North

Denmark - - -

Estonia n/a n/a n/a

6 E.g. Sächsisches Landesamt für Umwelt, Landwirtschaft und Geologie: http://www.smul.sachsen.de/landwirtschaft/11936.htm#top 7 Romaneckas K., Romaneckienė R., Šarauskis E., Pilipavičius V., Sakalauskas A. (2009) The effect of conservation primary and zero tillage on soil bulk density, water content, sugar beet growth and weed infestation. Agronomy Research 7(1): 73-86. 8 BBRO. Minimum tillage establishment of sugar beet http://www.appliedresearchforum.org.uk/publications/documents/beet/Sugar_min_tillage_article.pdf

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Zone Member State Tillage

Fertiliser (kg/ha)

Insecticides (% applied of the cultivated area)

Finland d - Max.140 N for clay and mineral soils; 120 N for organic soils; 0-42 P

-

Latvia n/a n/a n/a

Lithuania - - -

Sweden - - -

B Centre

Austria d 30% sown in mulch

Max. 80-140 N -

Belgium - - -

Czech Republic - - -

Germany d, e 40% sown in mulch

Max. 140-160 N

-

Hungary - - -

Ireland n/a n/a n/a

Luxembourg n/a n/a n/a

the Netherlands a - 100-150 N 70 P2O5 150-200 K2O

On light soils: 200 Na2O and 50-70 MgO

-

Poland - - -

Romania - - -

Slovakia - - -

Slovenia n/a n/a n/a

the United Kingdom - - -

C South

Bulgaria n/a n/a n/a

Cyprus n/a n/a n/a

France b, d 85% with turning soil; 13-15% without

100-120 N, 75-145 P2O5, 190-235 K2O

-

Greece - - -

Italy - - -

Malta n/a n/a n/a

Portugal n/a n/a n/a

Spain c N: S:

120-200 N, 115-185 P2O5, 0-130 K2O 195-245 N, 90-185 P2O5, 0 K2O

-


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Not only are the requirements of a specific crop or soil conditions determining the agricultural practice of applying manure or mineral fertilisers, also laws and regulations are, to a large extend, weighing on the agricultural practice. As an example the Nitrates Directive9 aiming to protect water quality across Europe by preventing nitrates from agricultural sources polluting ground and surface waters, sets a maximum of 170 kg N/ha originating from livestock manure in "vulnerable zones", amongst other measurements. Phosphorus application with chemical fertilisers, as a rule, is prohibited unless soil analysis is performed and a permit is issued by the competent authority. Some Member States establish codes of good agricultural practice and set up an action programme for the vulnerable zones. Some examples of legislation:

• In the Netherlands the requirements are laid down in the ‘Meststoffenwet’ (1986 and amendments) and implementing decrees and decisions.

• In Flanders (Belgium), the Manure Decree (Mestdecreet, 2006 and amendments) as worked out in the ‘Mestactieplan’ (MAP1 in 1996, MAP2 in 1998, MAP3 in 2006 and draft MAP4 in 2010) is applicable.

• In Germany the Fertilisation Ordinance (Verordnung über die Grundsätze der guten fachlichen Praxis beim Düngen vom 26. Januar 1996. BGBL I S. 118, geändert durch VO v. 16.7.1997, BGBL I S. 1835) is interpreted further by the individual governments of each federal state (Bundesland).

• In Spain following Regulation (EC) 73/2009, Royal Decree 486/2009 states good agricultural practices as a condition for farmers that receive community aid. The Autonomous Regions further elaborate the rules for their territory. In particular, Royal Decree 291/1996 is about water quality protection against nitrates.

• In France Decree 2001-34 transposing the Nitrates Directive, later modified by Decree 2005-634, deals with nitrate applications in vulnerable zones. Several Inter-ministerial Circulars (DE/DPPR/DGS/DGFAR of April 2001, DGFAR/SDSTAR/C2003-5021 of September 2003, DGFAR/SDER/C2008-5014 of March 2008, etc.) and the inter-ministerial Decision of 6 March 2001, and the “Code des bonnes pratiques agricoles” as established by the Decision of 22 November 1993 further elaborate on the subject.

• Italy: “Decreto legislativo 11 maggio 1999, n. 152, "Disposizioni sulla tutela delle acque dall'inquinamento e recepimento della direttiva 91/271/CEE concernente il trattamento delle acque reflue urbane e della direttiva 91/676/CEE” as amended in 2000 and twice in 2003.

Examples of action programmes in respect of designated vulnerable zones are ‘FertiMieux’ in France, ‘Wallonia Prop’eau Sable’ in Belgium, ‘Thessaly nitrate pollution project’ in Greece. Or they are incorporated into other programmes: e.g. ‘National Nitrogen Management Programme’ in Denmark and the Protected Area and Compensation Regulation ‘SchALVO’ in Baden-Württemberg, Germany (CIBE-CEFS, 2010). For each field, nitrogen needs are calculated taking into account the previous crop, the catch crop, the type of soil, the organic matter content of the soil, the expected yield and local regulations. Also, limitations in time of spreading manure have been established.

9 91/676/EEC, OJ L 375, 31.12.1991, p. 1-8

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5 Cultivation

5.1 Sowing Seeds are produced in France and Italy. Farmers buy seeds either directly from the seed companies or via the sugar factories. Seeds are treated with insecticides and fungicides and pelleted resulting in boll shaped easy drillable seed of 3.5-4.5 mm diameter. Between 2.5 and 3.5 kg pelleted beet seed comprises 100,000 seeds (1 unit) and will plant over a hectare of ground (UK). In the Netherlands 1.1 units are used per hectare (Van den Brink, 2008). Sugar beet is sown from early March onwards and the operation is normally completed by early April (UK) (Table 11). The seeds are sown in rows using precision sowing machines, 45-50 cm wide, at a typical spacing of 18-21 cm and between 2.5 and 4.0 cm deep. Machines can handle 6 to 18 rows at a time. Sugar beet seed germination is affected by soil temperature and soil moisture. Germination does not occur until soil temperature reaches 3-5°C. Sugar beet seedlings begin emerging from the soil 10 days to two weeks after being planted (10 days at 12°C, 3 weeks at 7°C) (IRS). Usually a field emergence of 70-80% may be expected. Sometimes a field is re-sown when plant emergence is low. Early sowing prolongs the growing season, resulting in more sugar and reduces damage by nematodes and rhizoctonia because plants already show some resistance at the time this pest and disease develop (IRS). However, the incidence of bolters might increase when cold weather follows sowing. Plant densities depend on the soil type. On light soils more plants are preferred. The amount of seeds used is also determined by the time of sowing: early sowing requires more seeds to obtain the desired plant number per hectare. Finally weed and pest pressure may influence the amount of seed used (IRS).

Table 11: Sugar beet sowing dates, average seed use and plant density (Sources: a KBIVB, b BSA, c IRS, d FSE, e ITB, f Beta Italia, g AIMCRA; h EuropaBio member companies) N: North; S: South

Zone Member State Sowing dates Seed use (1,000 kernels/ha)

Plant density (1,000/ha)

A North

Denmark - - -

Estonia n/a

Finland - - -

Latvia n/a

Lithuania - - -

Sweden - - -

B Centre

Austria - - -

Belgium a March – mid April - -


Germany b March – mid April - 80

Hungary - - -

Ireland n/a

Luxembourg n/a

the Netherlands c March 1 – late April (re-sow: May) 110 70-90

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Zone Member State Sowing dates Seed use (1,000 kernels/ha)

Plant density (1,000/ha)

Poland - - -

Romania - - -

Slovakia - - -

Slovenia n/a

the United Kingdom d

10 March – 10 April 75-90 -

C South

Bulgaria n/a

Cyprus n/a

France e, h Mid-March – end of April 105-124 e 105-130 h

90-111 e 95-120 h

Greece - - -

Italy f N: S: October/November

- 90-110

Malta n/a

Portugal n/a

Spain g N: March S: October/November

100-120 80-110


5.2 Crop protection

5.2.1 Weed management Due to the slow appearance of the leaves in the first weeks after germination weed management is crucial until canopy closure. The plants are sufficiently developed to prevent weeds from growing about half June (NL). Although sugar beet is a biennial plant, some plants may build an inflorescence already in the first year (bolting). Also flowering weed beets may appear. These plants are detrimental to the crop in that they take away sunlight and make harvest difficult. Due to their high fibre content and high K/Na and NH3 content sugar extracting is hampered. Furthermore seed formation leads to volunteers in the following crop. Bolters may flower from June till August. Farmers walk their fields on a regular basis to remove them by hand. In the Netherlands elimination of bolters needs to be done before August 1 to prevent viable seed development. Volunteer beets are coped with in the following crops in the rotation (ITB). Weeds are controlled with herbicides in all European regions on almost 100% of the production area. The proportion of the area treated with herbicides as well as the average number of herbicide applications per field are shown in Table 12. Weed control is usually done by 3 to 6 applications of herbicides, the first application might be applied after sowing before the seedlings emerge (pre-emergence) and the rest in April, May and June until the crop closes (post-emergence). Sometimes more herbicide applications may be necessary (Van den Brink, 2008, La Filière Betteravière, FSE, Champion et al., 2003). A pre-emergence treatment is nowadays only rarely practiced (La Filière Betteravière) and only justified in case of high weed incidence (ITB). Precision spraying techniques to lower the amount of active ingredient, combined with inter-row cultivations, are developed as a component of weed control strategies as environmental pressures on the use of pesticides increase. In general, tillage systems without soil inversion rely more on efficient herbicide use.

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Examples of approved herbicide to use in some countries of the EU are shown in Table 13 and Table 14. Rotation of modes of actions is a key tool to manage weed resistance and is recommended in many stewardship programmes to prevent the development of resistance to commonly used herbicides. If mechanical weeding is carried out, it is conducted after emergence between the rows, largely for the control of weed beet, which cannot be controlled with current herbicide sprays approved for use in beet (FSE, Champion et al., 2003). Some weeks after sowing the soil is hoed (La Filière Betteravière). This also allows for better water penetration.

Table 12: Chemical weed control (pre-emergence & post-emergence) (Sources: a NBR; b IRS; c FSE; d SJT; e ITB: f FERA; g AIMCRA; h Pflanzenschutzdienst Mecklenburg-Vorpommern; I KBIVB; j EuropaBio member company)

Zone Member State Treated area (% of cultivated sugar beet area)

average number of pre-emergence applications per field

pre-emergence active ingredients

average number of post-emergence applications per field

post-emergence active ingredients

A North

Denmark a - - - - -

Estonia n/a

Finland d - - - - Clopyralid; Cycloxydim; Fluazifop-P-butyl; Propaquizafop; Quizalofop ethyl; Triflusulfuron-methyl

Latvia n/a

Lithuania - - - - -

Sweden a - - - - Chloridazon; Clomazon; Clopyralid; Ethofumesate; Lenacil; Metamitron; Phenmedipham; Triflusulfuron-methyl

B Centre

Austria - - - - -

Belgium i - - Chloridazon; Clomazon; Quinmerac + Chloridazon

- Clethodim; Clopyralid; Cycloxydim; Ethofumesate; Fluazifop-P-butyl; Lenacil; Metamitron; Phenmedipham; Propaquizafop; Quizalofop ethyl; S-metachloor; Tepraloxydim;

Czech Republic - - - -

Germany h - - - - Chloridazon; Clethodim; Clopyralid; Cycloxydim; Desmedipham; Ethofumesat;

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Fluazifop; Metamitron; Phenmedipham Propaquizafop; Quinmerac; Quizalofop; Triflusulfuron; Tepraloxydim;

Hungary - - - - -

Ireland n/a

Luxembourg n/a

the Netherlands b - - - - -

Poland j - - - - Chloridazon; Clopyralid; Desmedipham; Ethofumesat; Lenacyl; Metamitron; Phenmedipham

Romania - - - - -

Slovakia - - - - -

Slovenia n/a

the United Kingdom c, f

100% 1 - 4 Chloridazon; Clopyralid; Cycloxydim; Desmedipham; Ethofumesate; Lenacil; Metamitron; Phenmedipham; Triflusulfuron-methyl

C South

Bulgaria n/a

Cyprus n/a

France e, j - - Quinmérac + Chloridazone Metamitrone

- Chloridazon; Clomazone. Ethofumesate; Desmedipham; Dimethenamid-P Lenacil; Metamitron; Phenmedipham; Quinmerac; S-metolachlor Triflusulfuron-methyl

Greece - - - - -

Italy - - - - Chloridazon; Clopyralid; Lenacil; Metamitron; S-metolachlor

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Malta n/a

Portugal n/a

Spain g - 1 - 3 Carbetamide; Chloridazon; Clethodim; Clopyralid; Desmedipham; Ethofumesate; Fluazifop-p-butyl; Glyphosate; Lenacil; Metamitron; Phenmedipham; Propaquizafop; Quizalofop-p-ethyl; S-metolaclor; Triflusulfuron-methyl


Table 13: Main active ingredients and examples of pre-emergence commercial herbicides available for use in sugar beet in the EU (Sources: information provided by EuropaBio member companies)

Active ingredient

HRAC classification

France Germany Spain Italy

Chloridazon C1 PYRAMIN DF PYRAMIN DF

Ethofumesate N TRAMAT

Metamitron C1 GOLTIX GOLTIX

Quinmerac + chloridazon

O C1

ZEPPLIN

Table 14: Main active ingredients and examples of post-emergence commercial herbicides available for use in sugar beet in the EU (Sources: information provided by EuropaBio member companies)

Active ingredient

HRAC classification


Chloridazon C1 PYRAMINE DF PYRAMIN WG/ TERLIN DF

PYRAMIN DF BETOZON

Chloridazon + metamitron

C1 C1

MENHIR VOLCAN COMBI

Clethodim A SELECT 240 EC CENTURION PLUS

Clopyralid O LONTREL LONTREL

Cycloxydim A FOLY R FOCUS ULTRA FOCUS ULTRA

Dimethenamid-P K3 ISARD

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Active ingredient

HRAC classification


Ethofumesate N BOXER ETHOSAT TRAMAT

TRAMAT

Ethofumesate + metamitron

N C1

TORNADO COMBI

GOLTIX SUPER GOLTIX UNO

Fluazifop A FUSILADE MAX FUSILADE MAX FUSILADE MAX

Lenacil C1 VENZAR LENACILO FLO VENZAR

Metamitron C1 GOLTIX BEETIX SC GOLTIX GOLD

GOLTIX GOLTIX RAZOR VOLCAN

Metamitron + lenacil

C1 C1

GOLTIX STAR

Metamitron + s-metolachlor

C1 K3

GOLTIX + DUAL GOLD

Phenmedipham C1 FASNET SC BETOSIP SC ASKET 470 KONTAKT 320 SC

BETANAL NEOTEC

Phenmedipham + desmedipham

C1 C1

BETANAL AM 22

Phenmedipham + ethofumesate

C1 N

POWERTWIN PLUS

Phenmedipham + ethofumesate + desmedipham

C1 N C1

BETANAL BOOSTER

BETANAL EXPERT

BETANAL EXPERT

BETANAL

Propaquizafop A AGIL-S AGIL

Quinmerac + chloridazon

O C1

ZEPPLIN REBELL

Quizalofop A PANAREX TARGA SUPER

NERVURE MASTER D

S-metolachlor K3 MERCANTOR GOLD

Tepraloxydim A ARAMO

Triflusulfuron-methyl

B SAFARI DEBUT DEBUT SAFARI

For weed control farmers may consult via internet: online diagnosis program (a common weed identification system in seven languages serving Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and the UK); FAR-Consult (Belgium); HerbInfo and LIZ-Herbizid (Germany); BETSY (France); Betakwik Weed Control (the Netherlands) (CIBE-CEFS, 2010).

5.2.2 Pest management Seed treatment (see 4.3 Seed treatment) protects the crop at sowing against soil insects (usually combined with protection against diseases). To prevent damage by underground parasites insecticides (CURATER: Carbofuran) are applied to the soil as granules at the time of sowing (in Belgium and France this product is prohibited). In the second half of the growing season the crop is sprayed against leaf diseases 1-2 times and against aphids, again 1-2 times (Van den Brink, 2008) (Table 15). Typical timings of pesticide applications are presented in Figure 7. Most foliar insecticides are applied in May, June and July to control aphids and flea beetles.

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Figure 7: Pesticide use - time and frequency of treatments (source: FERA, Pesticide use survey report 213 – Arable crops in Great Britain in 2006)

Soil-applied nematicides are applied at drilling, with the peak in March (FERA, 2006). IRS states that granulates are rarely cost effective to control beet-cyst nematodes. Partially resistant varieties and catch crops are used to reduce white beet-cyst nematode damage. Resistant varieties reduce the multiplication rate, whereas appropriate catch crops allow for cysts to hatch but prevent completion of the life cycle and therefore multiplication.

Table 15: Use of insecticides in foliar sprays and soil-applied nematicides (Sources: b IRS; c ITB; d FERA; e AIMCRA; f FSE; g SJT; h Pflanzenschutzdienst Mecklenburg-Vorpommern; I EuropaBio member companies)

Zone Member State Insecticides

(% of cultivated sugar beet area)

Insecticides

(number of applications)

Active ingredients

Nematicides Active ingredients

A North

Denmark - - - - -

Estonia n/a

Finland g - - Beta-cyfluthrine; Clothianidin; Dimethoate; Imidacloprid; Pyrethroids: e.g. Fenvalerate

Thiamethoxam

- -

Latvia n/a

Lithuania - - - - -

Sweden - - - - -

B Centre

Austria - - - - -

Belgium - - Cyhalothrin; Dimethoate; Deltamethrin; Lambda-cyhalothrin; Pirimicarb

- -

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Insecticides


Active ingredients


Czech Republic - - - - -

Germany h - - Beta-cyfluthrin; Dimethoate; Lambda-cyhalothrin; Pirimicarb

- -

Hungary - - - - -

Ireland n/a

Luxembourg n/a

the Netherlands b

- - - - -

Poland i - - Alpha-cypermethrin; Chlorpyrifos; Lambda-cyhalothrin

- -

Romania e - - - - -

Slovakia e - - - - -

Slovenia n/a

the United Kingdom d, f

33% d 22,7% f

< 1 d 0,3 f

Cypermethrin; Lambda-cyhalothrin; Oxamyl; Pirimicarb; Zeta-cypermethrin

5% Aldicarb; Oxamyl

C South

Bulgaria n/a

Cyprus n/a

France c, i - <1 Alpha-methrin; Deltamethrin; Lambda-cyhalothrin; Pirimicarb; Thiacloprid;

- -

Greece - - - - -

Italy - - - - -

Malta n/a

Portugal n/a

Spain e - 1-3 Alpha- cypermethrin; Beta-cyfluthrin; Chlorpiriphos; Cyfluthrin; Cycloxidim; Cypermethrin; Deltametrin; Dimethoate; Fenvalerate;

- 1,3-Dichloropropene

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Insecticides


Active ingredients


Lambda-cyhalothrin; Pirimicarb; Tefluthrin; Zeta-cypermethrin

n/a: not applicable -: no data available Integrated pest management (IPM) promotes the use of different techniques in combination to control pests efficiently, with an emphasis on methods that are least injurious to the environment and most specific to the particular pest (Endure, 2009).

5.2.3 Disease management Fungi are tackled by seed treatment (see 4.3 Seed treatment) and foliar spraying. The use of resistant plant material remains the most effective and practical method to control fungi.

Table 16: Use of fungicides in on plant sprays (Sources: a AIMCRA, b ITB; c BBRO; d FERA; e FSE; f SJT; g NBR; h Pflanzenschutzdienst Mecklenburg-Vorpommern; I KBIVB; j EuropaBio member companies)

Zone Member State Fungicides


Fungicides


active ingredients

A North

Denmark g - - Epoxiconazole; Pyraclostrobin;

Estonia n/a

Finland f - - Propiconazole

Latvia n/a

Lithuania - - -

Sweden g - - Pyraclostrobin; Strobilurin; Sulphur; Triazol

B Centre

Austria - - -

Belgium i - - Carbendazim; Difenoconazol; Epoxiconazole; Fenpropidin; Fenpropimorf; Flusilazole; Propiconazole; Pyraclostrobin; Quinoxyfen; Tetraconazole; Triazol


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Fungicides


active ingredients

Germany h - - Azoxystrobin; Carbendazim; Difenokonazol; Epoxiconazol; Fenpropidin; Flusilazol; Kresoxin-methyl; Propiconazol; Prochloraz; Tetraconazol

Hungary - - -

Ireland n/a

Luxembourg n/a

the Netherlands - - Cyproconazol; Difenokonazol; Epoxiconazole; Fenpropidin; Fluazinam; Trifoxystrobin

Poland j - - Epoxiconazole; Tebuconazole; Tetraconazol; Thiophanate-methyl

Romania - - -

Slovakia - - -

Slovenia n/a

the United Kingdom c, d, e

71% d 40.2% e

1 d 0.4 e

Carbendazim; Flusilazole; Strobilurin; Sulphur; Triazole

C South

Bulgaria n/a

Cyprus n/a

France b - 1-3.2 Azoxystrobin; Cyproconazole; Difenoconazol; Epoxiconazole; Fenpropidin; Flutriafol; Kresoxin-methyl; Propiconazol; Pyraclostrobine; Quinoxyfen; Zineb

Greece - - -

Italy - - -

Malta n/a

Portugal n/a

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Fungicides


active ingredients

Spain a - 1-3 Bitertanol; Bupirimate; Carbendazim; Cypermetrin; Cyproconazol; Difenoconazol; Epoxiconazol; Fenpropimorf; Flutriafol; Mancozeb; Maneb; Miclobutanil; Pencicuron; Prochloraz; Propiconazol; Strobilurin; Sulphur; Tetraconazol; Thiram; Triadimenol; Triazole

n/a: not applicable -: no data available Online documents and software programs are available for farmers to decide on pest and disease control: online diagnosis program (serving Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Lithuania, the Netherlands and Sweden); BISZ Warning Service and LIZmonitoring (Germany); Cercostop (Italy); Betakwik Pests and Diseases (the Netherlands) (CIBE-CEFS, 2010); ResauBet Fongi in France.

5.2.4 Plant Protection Products The placing on the market of plant protection products is regulated by Regulation (EC) No 1107/200910. Whereas the active substance is approved at EU level, the actual plant protection products are authorised at Member State level and the authorisation includes details of each authorised use. Potential environmental impacts already addressed by that Regulation include impact on non-target species and the likelihood of resistance development. A plant protection product must -among other aspects- not have any unacceptable effects on plants or plant products; and have no unacceptable effects on the environment, having particular regard to its fate and distribution in the environment, its impact on non-target species and its impact on biodiversity and the ecosystem. In addition to management measures, the holder of an authorisation for a plant protection product is also required to monitor and to report annually to the competent authorities of the Member States which authorised the plant protection product if the holder has any information available relating to the lack of expected efficacy, the development of resistance and to any unexpected effect on plants, plant products or the environment. Any agricultural development that would include a change in the use of a crop protection product, will need to fulfil the requirements imposed by this legislation and will be evaluated in line with similar products by the relevant competent authorities. 10 Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market and repealing Council Directives 79/117/EEC and 91/414/EEC. OJ L 309, 24.11.2009, p.1-50.

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The Sixth Environment Action Programme and the Thematic Strategy on the Sustainable Use of Pesticides, adopted by the Council and Parliament for the period 2002-2012, aims towards a healthier environment. Amongst the objectives are the reduction of the levels of harmful active substances used, in particular by substituting the most dangerous with safer alternatives, and the promotion of low-input or pesticide-free cultivation. This resulted in the 2009/128/EC Framework Directive11 establishing the framework to achieve a sustainable use of pesticides by reducing the risks and impacts of pesticide use on human health and the environment and promoting the use of integrated pest management and of alternative approaches or techniques such as non-chemical alternatives to pesticides. This Directive obliges the Member States to adopt National Action Plans (NAPs) by 14 December 2012 to set up measures to implement Community legislation and to achieve individual objectives. Integrated pest management (IPM) is a key element in the NAPs. The use of disease and pest resistant or tolerant varieties, may add substantially to the implementation of IPM by farmers. Examples of pesticide-use reduction programmes include: - Denmark launched its first pesticide-use reduction programme in 1986. In 2000 the second

pesticide action plan began. It aimed to reduce pesticide use to attain a treatment frequency index (TFI) of 1.7. This target indirectly remains in a new pesticide action plan (Agreement on green growth, 2009) which is part of a wider action plan. For 2010-15 the indicator TFI is slightly changed and now also includes organic cultivated land. The new target is a modified index (pesticide impact index) of 1.4 by 2013.

- In Germany, the Plant Protection Product Reduction Programme was devised and published in 2004. This National Action Plan on Sustainable Use of Plant Protection Products builds on that programme (2008). The leitmotiv is the use of the necessary minimum of plant protection products when all other practicable options to prevent and deter harmful organisms have been exhausted.

- In 2008, France set a 50% reduction, where possible, by 2018 in the ‘Ecophyto 2018’. It also banned the 53 most problematic substances, 30 of which would have been banned by the end of 2008.

Any change in agricultural practice will need to be evaluated against these objectives. New developments may offer alternatives to existing products and present options for lower levels of application of active ingredients with an improved environmental profile. Additionally, integration of genetic tolerances or resistances to pests or diseases may expand IPM strategies.

Pest populations have the potential to develop resistance to the crop protection products used against them, particularly if they are regularly treated with a single product. The result is that once effective products are no longer able to control the pest and have to be replaced. Resistance is a natural phenomenon but its development is an important threat for sustainable crop protection that must be tackled proactively, through resistance management programmes. Resistance management is undertaken within the context of an Integrated Pest Management Strategy. It is possible that resistance management programmes require a change in agricultural practice, e.g. by implementing diversification of protective measures in adjacent field zones.

The 2000/60/EC Water Framework Directive12 states that aquatic environments throughout the EU will have to achieve good ecological status by 2015. Pesticides are one of the main sources of water pollution and aquatic environment degradation. The Groundwater Directive 2006/118/EC13 has been developed to elaborate further on the requirements of the Water Framework Directive. Member States have developed national laws and regulations, prohibiting the use of some products, limiting the application of others. E.g. in Belgium, buffer zones between the last treated row and water bodies are required for certain weed control products. Denmark established a mandatory 10 m non-sprayed, non-fertilised and unfarmed buffer zones on all water courses (by 2012) and a mandatory 25 m spraying-free buffer zones around public drinking water sources (NAP 2010-15). Buffer zones are also

11 Directive 2009/128/EC of 21 October 2009 establishing a framework for Community action to achieve the sustainable use of pesticides. OJ L309, 24.11.2009, p.71-86 12 Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a framework for the Community action in the field of water policy, OJ L 327, 22.12.2000, p. 1-72. 13 Directive 2006/118/EC of 12 December 2006 on the protection of groundwater against pollution and deterioration, OJ L372, 27.12.2006, p. 19-31.

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recommended near streams or dams in Portugal (Anpromis). It is expected that for new crop protection products a similar consideration will determine if a specific buffer zone is required.

5.3 Irrigation In EU-27 the total agricultural area equipped for irrigation in the year 2003 accounts for 16 million ha on a total of 182 million ha of agricultural land (Eurostat, Farm structure survey data 2000, 2003). The majority of irrigated areas are concentrated in the Mediterranean region. France, Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain account for 12 million ha corresponding to 75% of the total area equipped for irrigation in EU-27 (JRC, 2008, Water Requirements for Irrigation in the European Union). Germany has less than 0.5 million ha of irrigated land on a total of 17 million ha (<3%). Poland and the UK, with the same acreage of arable land as Germany, have even less than 0.2 million ha irrigated each (<1.2%) (CIBE-CEFS, 2010). Whereas in Central and Northern Europe agriculture is generally rain-fed and irrigation is only temporarily used to overcome water shortages during summer to optimise crop yields, in Southern Europe it is an essential element of agricultural production (Figure 8).

Figure 8: European Irrigation Map (EIM) - Irrigation intensity in the EU as irrigated area in % of total area calculated over a 10x10 km raster, composed from 2000 and 2003 data (source: JRC, 2008, Water Requirements for Irrigation in the European Union)

Sugar beet is irrigated in regions with low rainfall during the growing season. The actual water use (intensity) at the farm level is not known. However, the total irrigable area as the maximum area which could be irrigated in the reference year using the equipment and the quantity of water normally available on the farm (EUROSTAT) can be used as an indication, although actual irrigated area is generally lower than the irrigable area.

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As an example to show the necessity for irrigation in the South Sugar beets consume up to 560-600 mm of water during the growing season. In Southern Europe even more, up to 800 mm (AIMCRA). Sugar beets are most sensitive to moisture shortages in the early growing stages but their peak moisture use comes late in the season when they have complete ground cover (400 to 480 mm water is used between May and October) (IRS). Moisture stress reduces the growth rate of the storage root. Irrigation is often needed to maintain soil moisture until two weeks prior to harvest. Irrigating near harvest reduces sugar content. Table 17 is included. Fields in Andalucía without irrigation only produce 60% of the yield of irrigated fields. Sugar beets consume up to 560-600 mm of water during the growing season. In Southern Europe even more, up to 800 mm (AIMCRA). Sugar beets are most sensitive to moisture shortages in the early growing stages but their peak moisture use comes late in the season when they have complete ground cover (400 to 480 mm water is used between May and October) (IRS). Moisture stress reduces the growth rate of the storage root. Irrigation is often needed to maintain soil moisture until two weeks prior to harvest. Irrigating near harvest reduces sugar content.

Table 17: Production and yield of sugar beet in Andalucía in the 2008/2009 season (AIMCRA)

Irrigation Number of farmers

Surface (ha) Production (t) Yield (t/ha)

without 183 1,686 66,207 39.3

with 1,271 10,321 708,145 68.6

Total 1,453 12,007 774,352 64.5

In order to speed seedling emergence irrigation is practised in dry periods (IRS). In the growing season irrigation is started when leaves that tend to wilt during daytime do not recover completely in the evening (IRS). In Belgium, Poland, Denmark and Finland (representing about 20% of EU beet area), sugar beet is not irrigated at all (CIBE-CEFS, 2010). In the Czech Republic, Germany, France, the Netherlands, Romania, Sweden and the UK (representing more than 2/3 of the sugar beet area in the EU), only a small proportion of beet area (<10%) is irrigated. In Italy, Hungary, Austria and Slovakia (representing about 10% of the sugar beet area in the EU), between one quarter and one third of beet area may be irrigated. In Spain and Greece sugar beet fields are commonly irrigated. Table 18 and Table 19 give an overview. Table 18 lists the number of sugar beet hectares that were irrigated at least once in 2003 compared to the total of harvested sugar beet areas per region. In order to adapt irrigation to the actual need of the crop at each moment in its development and to save water National Irrigation Plans are designed (e.g. Plan de Asesoramiento de Riegos, in Spain) (AIMCRA). Water consumption is estimated using evapotranspiration data as calculated by meteorological stations and communicated to farmers by service organisations like e.g. Azucarera Ebro in Spain. Farmers may connect to online tools for better irrigation management: IRRIBET (France); Balance Hidrico (Spain) and Acqua Facile (Italy) (CIBE-CEFS, 2010).

Table 18: Irrigation of sugar beet in 2003 (EUROSTAT)

Zone Member State Total area (ha) of Irrigated

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Region Sugar beet production

Irrigated sugar beet

as % of sugar beet

area

A North

Denmark 49,600 0 0.0 Estonia 0 0 Finland 28,800 0 0.0 Latvia 14,400 0 0.0 Lithuania 25,600 - - Sweden 50,100 - -

B Centre

Austria 43,200 9,130 21.1 Ostösterreich 37,300 9,130 24.5

Belgium 91,200 180 0.2 Czech Republic 77,300 - - Germany 445,600 - - Hungary 51,500 1,290 2.5

Közép-Magyarország 2,900 0 0.0 Közép-Dunántúl 3,500 0 0.0 Nyugat-Dunántúl 11,900 460 3.9 Dél-Dunántúl 3,900 0 0.0 Észak-Magyarország 2,300 0 0.0 Észak-Alföld 17,700 540 3.1 Dél-Alföld 9,300 260 2.8

Ireland 31,500 0 0.0 Luxembourg 0 0 the Netherlands 102,800 2,390 2.3

Noord-Nederland 30,300 150 0.5 Oost-Nederland 19,900 220 1.1 West-Nederland 28,800 250 0.9 Zuid-Nederland 23,700 1,770 7.5

Poland 286,300 - - Romania 45,200 1,690 3.7

Nord-Vest 4,400 160 3.6 Centru 8,600 220 2.6 Nord-Est 15,900 380 2.4 Sud-Est 6,000 600 10.0 Sud - Muntenia 6,600 290 4.4 Bucuresti - Ilfov 0 0 Sud-Vest Oltenia 1,900 0 0.0 Vest 1,800 0 0.0

Slovakia 32,000 12,640 39.5 Bratislavský kraj 2,000 1,400 70.0 Západné Slovensko 26,000 10,820 41.6 Stredné Slovensko 2,000 290 14.5 Východné Slovensko 2,000 0 0.0

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Zone Member State Region

Total area (ha) of Irrigated as % of

sugar beet area

Sugar beet production


Slovenia 5,400 60 1.1 United Kingdom 162,100 - -

C South

Bulgaria 400 30 7.5 Cyprus 0 0 France 399,800 49,000 12.3

Île de France 41,200 8,550 20.8 Champagne-Ardenne 79,900 1,980 2.5 Picardie 148,500 5,870 4.0 Haute-Normandie 21,100 0 0.0 Centre 24,300 25,030 100.0* Basse-Normandie 6,400 690 10.8 Bourgogne 7,400 2,810 38.0 Nord - Pas-de-Calais 60,000 20 0.0 Lorraine 200 0 0.0 Alsace 5,400 1,180 21.9 Franche-Comté 1,100 670 60.9 Pays de la Loire 400 0 0.0 Bretagne 0 0 Poitou-Charentes 0 0 Aquitaine 0 0 Midi-Pyrénées 0 0 Limousin 0 0 Rhône-Alpes 200 170 85.0 Auvergne 3,700 1,970 53.2 Languedoc-Roussillon 0 0 Provence-Alpes - Côte d'Azur 0 0 Corse 0 0

Greece 41,400 35,250 85.1 Anatoliki Makedonia 13,100 12,860 98.2 Kentriki Makedonia 15,000 12,110 80.7 Dytiki Makedonia 2,600 2,080 80.0 Thessalia 8,800 6,700 76.1 Ipeiros 0 0 Ionia Nisia 0 0 Dytiki Ellada 0 0 Sterea Ellada 1,900 1,490 78.4 Peloponnisos 0 0 Attiki 0 20 - Voreio Aigaio 0 0 Notio Aigaio 0 0 Kriti 0 0

Italy 214,200 83,200 38.8 Piemonte 12,300 5,920 48.1 Valle d'Aosta 0 0

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Zone Member State Region

Total area (ha) of Irrigated as % of

sugar beet area

Sugar beet production


Liguria 0 0 Lombardia 15,100 9,790 64.8 Provincia Autonoma Bolzano 0 0 Provincia Autonoma Trento 0 0 Veneto 33,600 11,200 33.3 Friuli-Venezia Giulia 4,800 1,930 40.2 Emilia-Romagna 67,900 22,440 33.0 Toscana 6,600 2,240 33.9 Umbria 4,600 2,140 46.5 Marche 30,300 6,340 20.9 Lazio 5,100 3,880 76.1 Abruzzo 5,400 2 880 53.3 Molise 4,000 2,010 50.3 Campania 1,300 370 28.5 Puglia 18,400 8,410 45.7 Basilicata 1,000 760 76.0 Calabria 1,600 1,810 100.0* Sicilia 0 0 Sardegna 2,200 1,080 49.1

Malta 0 0 - Portugal 7,500 4,720 62.9

Norte 0 0 Algarve 0 0 Centro 400 300 75.0 Lisboa 500 100 20.0 Alentejo 6,400 4,320 67.5

Spain 99,800 84,100 84.3 Galicia 0 0 Principado de Asturias 0 0 Cantabria 0 0 País Vasco 2,400 2,410 100.0* Comunidad Foral de Navarra 100 0 0.0 La Rioja 1,700 1,480 87.1 Aragón 0 0 Comunidad de Madrid 0 20 Castilla y León 50,600 50,120 99.1 Castilla-la Mancha 4,300 6,560 100.0* Extremadura 700 620 88.6 Cataluña 0 0 Comunidad Valenciana 0 0 Illes Balears 0 0 Andalucía 40,300 22,880 56.8 Región de Murcia 0 0 Canarias 0 0

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-: figure not available

*: As data from two different Eurostat tables were combined, the figure for irrigated soybean may be higher than for the total area of production. It was then assumed that 100% of the area was irrigated.

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Table 19: Irrigation of sugar beet fields (Sources: a IRS, b AIMCRA; c CIBE-CEFS, 2010)

Zone Member State Irrigation % of sugar beet area c

A North

Denmark Mostly not 0%

Estonia n/a

Finland - 0%

Latvia n/a

Lithuania - -

Sweden - <10%

B Centre

Austria - 25-33%

Belgium Sometimes on sandy soil 0%

Czech Republic - <10%

Germany - <10%

Hungary - 25-33%

Ireland n/a

Luxembourg n/a

the Netherlands Not on clay soil a: Sometimes on sandy soil a:

0% 33%

<10%

Poland Mostly not 0%

Romania - <10%

Slovakia - 25-33%

Slovenia n/a

the United Kingdom - <10%

C South

Bulgaria n/a

Cyprus n/a

France - <10%

Greece - -

Italy - 25-33%

Malta n/a

Portugal n/a

Spain N: - S: 6-17 times/season

-

n/a: not applicable -: no data available Water may be available as ground water, or as surface water either on-farm (ground water, water basins) or off-farm (rivers, canals). Sometimes water from public water supply networks is used. Studying the figures for irrigation methods and sources in general (Table 20), it is clear that most often sprinklers are used to irrigate fields. In the southern countries irrigation by surface flooding also takes an important part. Ground water is the dominating source for water in the northern countries. More to the south surface water and water from water supply networks is taken.

P

age

49 o

f 66

Tab

le 2

0:

Irrig

atio

n m

etho

ds a

nd s

ourc

es o

f irr

igat

ion

wat

er f

or a

gric

ultu

ral

land

in

gene

ral

expr

esse

d in

hec

tare

s irr

igat

ed a

t le

ast

once

in

2003

(E

UR

OS

TA

T)

(cro

ps u

nder

gla

ss a

nd in

kitc

hen

gard

ens

are

not i

nclu

ded)

Zone

Member

State

Irrigation methods

Irrigation source

Total

Surface

irrigation

Sprinkler

irrigation

Drip

irrigation

Several

irrigation

methods

A

North

D

enm

ark

Tot

al

201,

480

0 19

9,78

0 35

0 1,

340

a gr

ound

wat

er

201,

480

0 19

9,78

0 35

0 1,

340

a La

tvia

T

otal

0

0 0

0 0

Fin

land

T

otal

0

0 0

0 0

Sw

eden

T

otal

53

,440

0

53,4

40

0 0

grou

nd w

ater

11

,830

0

11,8

30

0 0

on-f

arm

sur

face

wat

er

9,31

0 0

9,31

0 0

0 of

f-fa

rm s

urfa

ce w

ater

14

,250

0

14,2

50

0 0

off-

farm

wat

er fr

om w

ater

sup

ply

netw

orks

1,

280 a

0

1,28

0 a

0 0

grou

nd a

nd s

urfa

ce w

ater

8,

450

0 8,

450

0 0

grou

nd w

ater

and

pub

lic n

etw

ork

450 a

0

450 a

0

0 m

ixed

sur

face

wat

er

1,68

0 0

1,68

0 0

0 su

rfac

e w

ater

and

pub

lic n

etw

ork

770 a

0

770 a

0

0 ot

her

sour

ces

or a

t lea

st 3

mix

ed s

ourc

es

5,95

0 0

5,95

0 0

0

B

Centre

Aus

tria

T

otal

34

,230

a 2,

310

c 24

,680

a 2,

830

a 4,

400

a gr

ound

wat

er

24,2

00 a

1,98

0 c

17,6

90 a

1,54

0 b

2,99

0 a

on-f

arm

sur

face

wat

er

580

c 11

0 c

260

c 12

0 c

90 c

off-

farm

sur

face

wat

er

1,28

0 c

100

c 1,

090

c 60

c 0

off-

farm

wat

er fr

om w

ater

sup

ply

netw

orks

1,

440

b 50

c 31

0 c

930

b 15

0 c

grou

nd a

nd s

urfa

ce w

ater

2,

760

b 0

2,35

0 c

0 34

0 gr

ound

wat

er a

nd p

ublic

net

wor

k 2,

050

c 0

1,35

0 c

110

c 59

0 b

surf

ace

wat

er a

nd p

ublic

net

wor

k 22

0 c

0 16

0 c

40 c

10 c

othe

r so

urce

s or

at l

east

3 m

ixed

sou

rces

1,

090

b 0

910

c 20

c 0

Bel

gium

T

otal

1,

850

200

1,35

0 15

0 15

0 gr

ound

wat

er

1,03

0 90

76

0 11

0 70

P

age

50 o

f 66

Zone

Member

State

Irrigation methods

Irrigation source

Total

Surface

irrigation

Sprinkler

irrigation

Drip

irrigation

Several

irrigation

methods

on-f

arm

sur

face

wat

er

420

40

350

0 0

off-

farm

sur

face

wat

er

280

20

190

0 0

off-

farm

wat

er fr

om w

ater

sup

ply

netw

orks

50

0

0 0

0 ot

her

sour

ces

or a

t lea

st 3

mix

ed s

ourc

es

70

0 0

0 0

Cze

ch

Rep

ublic

T

otal

16

,860

28

0 c

14,0

60

1,31

0 1,

210

grou

nd w

ater

1,

000

b 40

c 74

0 b

190

b 30

b on

-far

m s

urfa

ce w

ater

53

0 a

110

a 28

0 a

140

0 of

f-fa

rm s

urfa

ce w

ater

14

,800

13

0 c

12,7

60

970

940

off-

farm

wat

er fr

om w

ater

sup

ply

netw

orks

11

0 b

0 10

0 b

10 c

0 gr

ound

and

sur

face

wat

er

210

a 0

40 b

0 17

0 a

surf

ace

wat

er a

nd p

ublic

net

wor

k 20

a 0

0 0

20 b

othe

r so

urce

s or

at l

east

3 m

ixed

sou

rces

19

0 0

0 0

0 H

unga

ry

Tot

al

148,

690

10,8

50

111,

920

8,83

0 17

,090

gr

ound

wat

er

27,9

90

3,20

0 16

,960

6,

040

1,78

0 so

urce

: on-

farm

sur

face

wat

er

6,95

0 1,

100

4,48

0 1,

250

b 0

off-

farm

sur

face

wat

er

20,6

40

800

a 18

,020

82

0 1,

000

off-

farm

wat

er fr

om w

ater

sup

ply

netw

orks

76

,150

5,

430

64,2

20

660

5,84

0 gr

ound

and

sur

face

wat

er

4,17

0 25

0 b

2,15

0 40

b 1,

720

grou

nd w

ater

and

pub

lic n

etw

ork

2,73

0 50

b 1,

490

10 c

1,18

0 su

rfac

e w

ater

and

pub

lic n

etw

ork

9,10

0 0

3,81

0 0

0 ot

her

sour

ces

or a

t lea

st 3

mix

ed s

ourc

es

940

20 b

760

0 16

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elan

d T

otal

0

0 0

0 0

Luxe

mbo

urg

Tot

al

0 0

0 0

0 T

he

Net

herla

nds

Tot

al

62,1

90

0 56

,910

1,

600

3,67

0 gr

ound

wat

er

36,0

90

0 33

,710

82

0 1,

570

on-f

arm

sur

face

wat

er

3,04

0 0

2,37

0 30

0 37

0 of

f-fa

rm s

urfa

ce w

ater

22

,710

0

20,7

10

300

1,70

0

P

age

51 o

f 66

Zone

Member

State

Irrigation methods

Irrigation source

Total

Surface

irrigation

Sprinkler

irrigation

Drip

irrigation

Several

irrigation

methods

off-

farm

wat

er fr

om w

ater

sup

ply

netw

orks

34

0 0

130

180

40

Pol

and

Tot

al

46,9

10

- -

- -

Rom

ania

T

otal

40

0,52

0 24

,040

34

1,62

0 57

0 34

,290

gr

ound

wat

er

25,5

10

6,47

0 17

,210

14

0 1,

690

on-f

arm

sur

face

wat

er

66,2

50

1,72

0 64

,000

60

47

0 of

f-fa

rm s

urfa

ce w

ater

44

,240

1,

980

38,4

20

30

3,80

0 of

f-fa

rm w

ater

from

wat

er s

uppl

y ne

twor

ks

220,

870

11,0

80

189,

830

320

19,6

40

grou

nd a

nd s

urfa

ce w

ater

2,

610

180

730

10

1,69

0 gr

ound

wat

er a

nd p

ublic

net

wor

k 9,

860

660

7,83

0 0

1,37

0 m

ixed

sur

face

wat

er

2,11

0 20

1,

870

0 21

0 su

rfac

e w

ater

and

pub

lic n

etw

ork

26,1

60

1,91

0 19

,570

0

4,69

0 ot

her

sour

ces

or a

t lea

st 3

mix

ed s

ourc

es

2,90

0 30

2,

140

0 73

0 S

lova

kia

Tot

al

104,

560

37,5

80

49,8

30

1,31

0 15

,830

gr

ound

wat

er

4,58

0 1,

720

1,76

0 60

0 50

0 on

-far

m s

urfa

ce w

ater

8,

140

2,88

0 5,

030

0 0

off-

farm

sur

face

wat

er

60,0

60

18,5

00

33,0

40

270

8,24

0 of

f-fa

rm w

ater

from

wat

er s

uppl

y ne

twor

ks

1,14

0 78

0 35

0 0

0 gr

ound

and

sur

face

wat

er

2,94

0 48

0 1,

170

0 0

grou

nd w

ater

and

pub

lic n

etw

ork

60 a

10 c

0 0

0 m

ixed

sur

face

wat

er

70

0 0

0 0

othe

r so

urce

s or

at l

east

3 m

ixed

sou

rces

27

,520

13

,150

8,

430

350

5,59

0 S

love

nia

Tot

al

1,88

0 a

70 c

1,28

0 a

250

a 27

0 c

grou

nd w

ater

14

0 a

0 50

50

b 30

on

-far

m s

urfa

ce w

ater

19

0 a

10 c

30 c

110

b 40

a of

f-fa

rm s

urfa

ce w

ater

1,

390 a

40

c

1,18

0 a

80 b

90 b

off-

farm

wat

er fr

om w

ater

sup

ply

netw

orks

10

a

0 0

0 0

grou

nd a

nd s

urfa

ce w

ater

12

0 c

10 b

0 0

90 c

P

age

52 o

f 66

Zone

Member

State

Irrigation methods

Irrigation source

Total

Surface

irrigation

Sprinkler

irrigation

Drip

irrigation

Several

irrigation

methods

mix

ed s

urfa

ce w

ater

20

c

0 10

c

0 0

surf

ace

wat

er a

nd p

ublic

net

wor

k 10

c

0 0

0 0

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

T

otal

22

7,12

0 -

- -

-

C

South

B

ulga

ria

Tot

al

79,3

70

65,9

20

7,17

0 1,

250

5,03

0 gr

ound

wat

er

13,9

80

12,5

00

830

280

380

on-f

arm

sur

face

wat

er

2,09

0 1,

370

710

0 10

of

f-fa

rm s

urfa

ce w

ater

15

,280

12

,280

2,

490

290

210

off-

farm

wat

er fr

om w

ater

sup

ply

netw

orks

38

,950

32

,790

2,

430

430

3,29

0 gr

ound

and

sur

face

wat

er

1,41

0 93

0 26

0 90

13

0 gr

ound

wat

er a

nd p

ublic

net

wor

k 4,

640

3,82

0 33

0 0

480

mix

ed s

urfa

ce w

ater

31

0 11

0 0

0 0

surf

ace

wat

er a

nd p

ublic

net

wor

k 2,

170

1,65

0 10

0 0

270

othe

r so

urce

s or

at l

east

3 m

ixed

sou

rces

55

0 47

0 0

0 0

Cyp

rus

Tot

al

35,4

10

3,44

0 6,

760

15,8

60

9,34

0 F

ranc

e T

otal

1,

938,

730

70,4

80

1,64

7,27

0 49

,880

16

4,95

0 gr

ound

wat

er

617,

790

4,78

0 b

573,

930

12,0

90 a

26,9

10 a

on-f

arm

sur

face

wat

er

133,

350

1,18

0 c

121,

600

3,83

0 b

6,61

0 b

off-

farm

sur

face

wat

er

135,

460

11,2

70 b

113,

880

2,26

0 b

6,99

0 b

off-

farm

wat

er fr

om w

ater

sup

ply

netw

orks

46

6,02

0 39

,230

a 35

6,25

0 19

,530

a

47,0

50 a

grou

nd a

nd s

urfa

ce w

ater

13

2,56

0 a

310

c 11

5,49

0 a

2,09

0 b

14,6

30 a

grou

nd w

ater

and

pub

lic n

etw

ork

130,

650

a 88

0 c

109,

770

a 2,

820

b 17

,170

a m

ixed

sur

face

wat

er

44,5

00 a

50 c

40,1

60 a

1,42

0 c

2,86

0 c

surf

ace

wat

er a

nd p

ublic

net

wor

k 12

9,91

0 11

,060

a 10

0,06

0 a

2,22

0 b

15,7

70 b

othe

r so

urce

s or

at l

east

3 m

ixed

sou

rces

14

8,49

0 1,

690

c 11

6,12

0 a

3,63

0 a

26,9

60 a

Gre

ece

Tot

al

1,29

4,40

0 21

6,66

0 32

3,89

0 23

2,22

0 52

1,63

0 gr

ound

wat

er

351,

160

37,1

40

123,

310

95,9

30

94,7

70

on-f

arm

sur

face

wat

er

16,5

90 a

3,39

0 b

5,26

0 b

2,38

0 b

5,56

0 a

P

age

53 o

f 66

Zone

Member

State

Irrigation methods

Irrigation source

Total

Surface

irrigation

Sprinkler

irrigation

Drip

irrigation

Several

irrigation

methods

off-

farm

sur

face

wat

er

129,

830

48,5

60

53,1

10

6,74

0 a

21,4

30 a

off-

farm

wat

er fr

om w

ater

sup

ply

netw

orks

43

8,75

0 91

,510

90

,680

10

0,69

0 15

5,87

0 gr

ound

and

sur

face

wat

er

54,0

80

6,33

0 b

12,3

20 a

3,42

0 b

32,0

10 a

grou

nd w

ater

and

pub

lic n

etw

ork

210,

140

14,9

10 a

25,5

80

19,4

70

150,

180

mix

ed s

urfa

ce w

ater

93

0 b

380

c 35

0 c

20 c

190

c su

rfac

e w

ater

and

pub

lic n

etw

ork

63,0

50

11,5

20 a

7,84

0 a

2,41

0 b

41,2

70

othe

r so

urce

s or

at l

east

3 m

ixed

sou

rces

29

,870

2,

920

b 5,

430

b 1,

170

b 20

,350

a Ita

lia

Tot

al

2,73

2,73

0 89

2,72

0 88

1,81

0 38

7,94

0 a

406,

260

grou

nd w

ater

64

8,24

0 98

,890

a 21

3,50

0 a

205,

960

a 63

,360

b on

-far

m s

urfa

ce w

ater

15

6,90

0 a

33,6

50 b

62,2

50 a

31,6

50 b

17,2

40 b

off-

farm

sur

face

wat

er

820,

350

381,

350

274,

290

35,9

10 c

106,

600

a of

f-fa

rm w

ater

from

wat

er s

uppl

y ne

twor

ks

510,

360

191,

130

a 15

9,49

0 a

46,7

70 b

76,1

00 b

grou

nd a

nd s

urfa

ce w

ater

24

5,32

0 94

,910

a 73

,850

a 15

,220

b 58

,000

a gr

ound

wat

er a

nd p

ublic

net

wor

k 14

6,20

0 a

26,9

70 b

37,5

80 b

35,7

30 c

33,0

80 b

mix

ed s

urfa

ce w

ater

75

,170

a 21

,070

c 30

,230

b 3,

610

c 17

,890

b su

rfac

e w

ater

and

pub

lic n

etw

ork

88,0

50 a

33,1

00 a

23,1

60 b

6,67

0 c

18,9

60 c

othe

r so

urce

s or

at l

east

3 m

ixed

sou

rces

42

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a 11

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b 7,

490

b 6,

420

c 15

,030

b M

alta

T

otal

2,

130

50 c

220 c

71

0 a

1,10

0 a

grou

nd w

ater

1,

770

a 30

c 15

0 c

620

a 93

0 a

off-

farm

wat

er fr

om w

ater

sup

ply

netw

orks

10

c 0

0 0

10 c

grou

nd w

ater

and

pub

lic n

etw

ork

20 c

0 0

0 10

c ot

her

sour

ces

or a

t lea

st 3

mix

ed s

ourc

es

330

b 20

c 80

c 90

b 14

0 b

Por

tuga

l T

otal

24

8,04

0 10

6,47

0 63

,580

36

,650

41

,080

gr

ound

wat

er

95,4

90

41,2

80

20,4

30

21,9

80

11,6

30 a

on-f

arm

sur

face

wat

er

28,4

40

7,35

0 a

11,6

50 a

2,72

0 a

6,72

0 a

off-

farm

sur

face

wat

er

21,1

00

12,1

00 a

5,09

0 a

1,44

0 a

2,45

0 a

off-

farm

wat

er fr

om w

ater

sup

ply

netw

orks

15

,110

a

6,29

0 a

4,89

0 b

870

b 3,

060

b

P

age

54 o

f 66

Zone

Member

State

Irrigation methods

Irrigation source

Total

Surface

irrigation

Sprinkler

irrigation

Drip

irrigation

Several

irrigation

methods

grou

nd a

nd s

urfa

ce w

ater

53

,830

24

,050

13

,730

7,

030

a 8,

980

grou

nd w

ater

and

pub

lic n

etw

ork

5,76

0 a

2,06

0 b

1,02

0 c

870

b 1,

790

a m

ixed

sur

face

wat

er

9,16

0 a

6,93

0 a

1,27

0 b

350

b 60

0 b

surf

ace

wat

er a

nd p

ublic

net

wor

k 7,

650

b 1,

860

b 2,

290

c 60

3,

450

b ot

her

sour

ces

or a

t lea

st 3

mix

ed s

ourc

es

11,4

90 a

4,55

0 a

3,20

0 a

1,33

0 b

2,41

0 S

pain

T

otal

3,

437,

370

1,30

2,78

0 95

6,36

0 1,

178,

220

0 gr

ound

wat

er

1,27

2,20

0 13

5,86

0 a

486,

670

a 64

9,67

0 0

on-f

arm

sur

face

wat

er

100,

650

a 19

,960

b 29

,310

b 51

,370

b 0

off-

farm

sur

face

wat

er

405,

650

a 17

9,17

0 a

123,

460

b 10

3,03

0 a

0 of

f-fa

rm w

ater

from

wat

er s

uppl

y ne

twor

ks

1,65

0,35

0 96

4,70

0 31

4,82

0 a

370,

830

0 ot

her

sour

ces

or a

t lea

st 3

mix

ed s

ourc

es

8,52

0 b

3,09

0 c

2,11

0 b

3,32

0 b

0

-: n

o da

ta a

vaila

ble

a : sam

plin

g er

ror:

5-<

10%

; b : s

ampl

ing

erro

r: 1

0-<2

0%;

c : sam

plin

g er

ror:

≥20

%

of 66

The main overall objective of EU water policy is to ensure access to good quality water in sufficient quantity for all Europeans, and to ensure the good status of all water bodies across Europe. While Europe is by large considered as having adequate water resources, water scarcity and drought is an increasingly frequent and widespread phenomenon in the EU. This major challenge has been recognised in the Communication “Addressing the challenge of water scarcity and droughts" from the European Commission14 adopted in 2007. Based on the results of a workshop on farm advisory and water protection organised by DG Environment, a handbook of ideas for administrations about integrating water issues in farm advisory services was developed. The handbook15 confirms that as the use of water for irrigation contributes to increase water scarcity, especially in southern Europe. Crop selection (water needs of the plants) irrigation technology and irrigation management are identified as sources of the problem. Good farming practices in relation to irrigation methods and equipment are addressed in the codes of Spain, Greece, Portugal and France where the scale of irrigation is significantly greater than in northern countries (EEA, 2005). E.g. in Spain the National Irrigation Plan (PNR), which was passed by Royal Decree 329/2002 (valid until 2008), followed by an Emergency Plan (Royal Decree 287/2006), aimed to modernise Spanish irrigation. As a result 41.6% of irrigation area currently uses drip irrigation. More than 60% of irrigated land in Spain has improved its efficiency in recent years (OECD, 2007).

14 COM(2007)414 15 Berglund M., Dworak T. (2010) Integrating water issues in Farm advisory services - A Handbook of ideas for administrations.

of 66

6 Harvest and post-harvest land use

6.1 Harvest Harvest is done mechanically. A beet harvester uses a series of blades to chop the leaf and crown from the root. The beet crown of the sugar beet contains high levels of impurities, which impede the factories ability to extract the sugar from the remainder of the harvested root. The beet harvester then lifts the root, and removes excess soil from the root. Currently up to six rows are harvested at a time. The harvester also separates soil partially and conveys the sugar beets to the border of the sugar beet field to be stored there or conveys the beets into a truck or tractor to be transported to other storage yards. The stored beets are piled up in clamps (i.e. heaps) and later transported to the factories to ensure that the raw material is continuously supplied throughout the campaign. In Germany, Denmark, the Slovak Republic and Sweden all beet is pre-cleaned in the field. This saves transport costs and emissions (CIBE-CEFS, 2010). Leaving fertile soil in the fields instead of transporting it to the sugar factory is another positive effect. Breeding efforts and advanced harvesting equipment has lowered soil tare to 10% and less in most EU countries. To prevent the spread of beet yellows disease it is forbidden in the Netherlands to keep beet (residues) in stock after April 1 in the southern part of the country, and after April 15 in the North, respectively (PA). The aphids that would pick up the causing virus from the young leaves emerging on theses beets, are in this way prevented to transfer the disease to the next crop.

Table 21: Yields: in tonnes of beets per hectare (Source: EUROSTAT)

Zone Member State

2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001

A North

Denmark 60.10 49.95 60.09 57.22 55.86 58.76 58.03 57.61 58.56 55.91

Estonia n/a

Finland 37.13 37.77 34.41 42.07 39.83 37.74 34.64 30,98 34.84 35.54

Latvia - - - 37.00 37.31 38.51 36.64 36.97 39.14 34.84

Lithuania 47.22 45.17 38.98 47.33 38.76 38.02 38.84 38.18 36.04 33.22

Sweden 52.08 60.47 53.70 52.55 49.55 48.42 48.02 49.59 48.60 48.50

B Centre

Austria 69.84 70.29 71.84 62.84 63.27 70.86 64.87 57.50 68.05 62.04

Belgium 75.29 82.70 73.31 69.29 68.35 69.98 70.80 70.72 67.74 58.72

Czech Republic 54.36 57.91 57.26 53.25 51.48 53.31 50.34 45.20 49.45 45.41

Germany 65.01 67.57 62.29 62.43 57.74 60.19 61.65 53.22 58.32 55.24

Hungary 58.34 53.60 59.67 41.04 52.41 57.04 52.50 35.15 41.07 44.19

Ireland - 45.00 45.00 45.00 45.00 44.52 59.79 47.78 41.59 48.20

Luxembourg n/a

the Netherlands 74.37 78.88 72.25 67.15 66.02 64.95 64.38 60.41 57.40 54.50

Poland 49.13 54.26 46.48 51.25 43.79 41.63 42.83 41.00 44.33 35.80

Romania 38.36 38.30 34.56 26.06 28.94 28.93 32.29 16.92 22.93 22.45

Slovakia - - - - - - 45.75 37.71 52.18 39.52

Slovenia 54.52 56.37 61.06 44.86 49.51 52.42 45.36 36.77 44.65 41.64

the United Kingdom - 74.18 63.86 53.87 56.86 58.58 58.75 57.34 56.50 46.99

of 66

Zone Member State

2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001

C South

Bulgaria - - - 12.68 19.76 19.11 24.35 23.04 23.74 14.10

Cyprus n/a 0.00

France 83.21 93.70 86.77 84.40 78.75 82.30 80.06 73.36 76.42 62.55

Greece 81.25 66.12 81.96 62.94 61.34 65.88 63.48 56.41 61.00 65.70

Italy 60.05 54.57 ? 54.06 52.28 55.94 45.60 33.32 51.80 44.52

Malta n/a

Portugal 48.98 48.98 86.38 84.07 74.86 70.15 74.96 64.61 71.22 52.28

Spain 76.74 84.83 79.75 71.92 68.14 71.33 69.59 63.76 72.06 63.17

n/a: not applicable -: no data available, or real zero or zero by default

Table 22: Harvest date (Sources: a La filière betteravière; b NBR ; e FSE; f EuropaBio member companies)

Zone Member State Harvest date

A North

Denmark b Mid-September – mid-November

Estonia n/a

Finland -

Latvia n/a

Lithuania -

Sweden b Mid-September – mid-November

B Centre

Austria -

Belgium End of September – first frost

Czech Republic -

Germany -

Hungary -

Ireland n/a

Luxembourg n/a

the Netherlands End of September – first frost

Poland -

Romania -

Slovakia -

Slovenia n/a

the United Kingdom e September - November

C South

Bulgaria n/a

Cyprus n/a

France End of September – mid November a

Greece -

Italy -

Malta n/a

Portugal n/a

of 66

Spain N: October - February S: July


6.2 Intercropping Catch crops sown before or after the main crop can fix the amount of residual nitrate in the soil at the end of the vegetation period. Intercropping is also a remedy against weed growth thereby preventing herbicide leakage to the groundwater. It also decreases soil erosion in winter time. Nematode-resistant cruciferous species like Sinapis alba and Raphanus sativus are often used to combat nematodes (Heterodera schachtii and H. betae). Time of flowering and sensitivity to frost are factors that determine the variety and plant choice. In France 50% of the beet acreage is preceded by a crop to cover the soil in winter time (CIBE-CEFS, 2010; IBT). In vulnerable zones local regulations impose rules on the part of field to be covered, dates of sowing and crop destruction etc. (ITB).

6.3 Soil management & rotation To avoid disease problems sugar beet is most often cultivated in a four-year rotation. Also one in three, one in five and even one in six year rotations exist (CIBE-CEFS, 2010). In the UK sugar beets are commonly grown in conjunction with wheat, barley or pulses16. In the Netherlands winter wheat, spring barley, potatoes, onions, grass seed, linseed, chicory and sometimes vegetables and flower bulbs are grown between two sugar beet crops in case of clay soils. On sandy soils usually spring barley, potatoes or maize is sown (Van den Brink et al., 2008). Barley or wheat are advised as the ideal crop preceding beets because of the early harvest leaving time for a good soil and seedbed preparation (Beta Italia). Sugar beet provides a valuable break crop in the mainly cereal-based crop rotations returning organic matter to the soil and preventing the build-up of diseases. Sugar beet is seldom a host to pests and diseases which affect combinable crops. If the following crop is a cereal, possibly occurring weed beets and volunteers can be managed chemically by applying e.g. metsulferon-methyl, MCPA, pendimethalin, iodosulferon, mesosulferon, diflufenacan, isoproturon, ioxynil, fluroxypyr or aclonifen (IRS). In potatoes weed beets are eliminated when preparing the soil and earthing up (IRS). Also the herbicides used in potato are effective against beets (metribuzin, pendimethalin, metazachloor and rimsulferon) (IRS). Oil seed rape is found more and more in a sugar beet rotation.

16 UK, http://www.ukagriculture.com/crops/sugar_beet_farming.cfm

http://www.ukagriculture.com/crops/sugar_beet_farming.cfm

P

age

59 o

f 66

7 References

The

fol

low

ing

tabl

e pr

ovid

es a

n ov

ervi

ew o

f th

e di

ffere

nt s

ourc

es t

hat

wer

e co

nsul

ted.

Whe

n no

inf

orm

atio

n us

eful

for

thi

s an

alys

is w

as f

ound

, th

is w

as

indi

cate

d.

Europe

E

UR

OS

TA

T

http

://ep

p.eu

rost

at.e

c.eu

ropa

.eu

E

urop

ean

Com

mis

sion

E

urop

ean

Com

mis

sion

, 200

6, T

he E

urop

ean

Sug

ar S

ecto

r –

A lo

ng-t

erm

com

petit

ive

futu

re

http

://ec

.eur

opa.

eu/a

gric

ultu

re/c

apre

form

/sug

ar/in

fopa

ck_e

n.pd

f

Inte

rnat

iona

l Con

fede

ratio

n of

Eur

opea

n B

eet

Gro

wer

s (C

IBE

) w

ww

.cib

e-eu

rope

.eu

join

t pub

licat

ion

with

CE

FS

: The

EU

bee

t and

sug

ar s

ecto

r: a

mod

el o

f env

ironm

enta

l sus

tain

abili

ty

http

://w

ww

.cib

e-eu

rope

.eu/

Pre

ss/B

roch

ure%

20C

IBE

-CE

FS

%20

Fin

al_0

5.05

.201

0.pd

f

Com

ité E

urop

éen

des

Fab

rican

ts d

e S

ucre

(C

EF

S)

ww

w.c

efs.

org

E

urop

ean

Fer

tilis

er M

anuf

actu

rers

Ass

ocia

tion

(EF

MA

)

http

://w

ww

.efm

a.or

g/, I

nfor

mat

ion

is to

o ge

nera

l

E

urop

ean

Cro

p P

rote

ctio

n A

ssoc

iatio

n

http

://w

ww

.ecp

a.be

/, In

form

atio

n is

too

gene

ral

E

ND

UR

E, E

U n

etw

ork

for

the

dura

ble

expl

oita

tion

of c

rop

prot

ectio

n st

rate

gies

(F

P6,

200

7-20

10)

ht

tp://

ww

w.e

ndur

e-ne

twor

k.eu

/ D

eliv

erab

le D

R2.

17 S

WO

T a

naly

sis

of e

xist

ing

MB

CS

s in

the

fou

r re

gion

s; a

nd o

ther

pub

licat

ions

: ht

tp://

ww

w.e

ndur

e-ne

twor

k.eu

/end

ure_

publ

icat

ions

/del

iver

able

s

Jo

int R

esea

rch

Cen

tre

(JR

C)

Wrie

dt G

., V

an d

er V

elde

M.,

Alo

e A

., B

oura

oui

F.,

2008

, W

ater

Req

uire

men

ts f

or I

rrig

atio

n in

the

E

urop

ean

Uni

on, 7

0p.

http

://pu

blic

atio

ns.jr

c.ec

.eur

opa.

eu/r

epos

itory

/han

dle/

1111

1111

1/75

27

Jo

int R

esea

rch

Cen

tre

(JR

C)

Mes

sean

A.,

Ang

evin

F.,

Gom

ez-B

arbe

ro M

., M

enra

d K

., R

odrig

ues-

Cer

ezo

E.,

2006

, N

ew c

ase

stud

ies

on th

e co

exis

tenc

e of

GM

and

non

-GM

cro

ps in

Eur

opea

n A

gric

ultu

re.

http

://ftp

.jrc.

es/E

UR

doc/

eur2

2102

en.p

df

In

tern

atio

nal I

nstit

ute

for

Bee

t Res

earc

h (I

IBR

) T

o ad

vanc

e su

gar

beet

pro

duct

ion

by p

rom

otin

g th

e co

oper

atio

n be

twee

n al

l spe

cial

ists

inte

rest

ed in

im

prov

ing

beet

gro

win

g te

chni

ques

as

wel

l as

in r

esea

rch

in th

ese

field

s.

Pub

lishe

s ‘A

dvan

ces

in S

ugar

Bee

t Res

earc

h’

http

://w

ww

.iirb

.org

/

Eur

opea

n E

nviro

nmen

tal A

genc

y (E

EA

) A

gric

ultu

re a

nd e

nviro

nmen

t in

EU

-15

— th

e IR

EN

A in

dica

tor

repo

rt, E

EA

rep

ort,

No

6/20

05

http

://w

ww

.eea

.eur

opa.

eu/p

ublic

atio

ns/e

ea_r

epor

t_20

05_6

Pes

ticid

e A

ctio

n N

etw

ork

(PA

N)

NA

P B

est P

ract

ice.

Sus

tain

able

use

of p

estic

ides

: Im

plem

entin

g a

Nat

iona

l Act

ion

Pla

n,

http

://w

ww

.pan

-eur

ope.

info

/Res

ourc

es/R

epor

ts/N

AP

_bes

t_pr

actic

e.pd

f

http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/

http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/capreform/sugar/infopack_en.pdf

http://www.cibe-europe.eu/

http://www.cibe-europe.eu/Press/Brochure%20CIBE-CEFS%20Final_05.05.2010.pdf

http://www.efma.org/

http://www.ecpa.be/

http://www.endure-network.eu/

http://www.endure-network.eu/endure_publications/deliverables

http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/111111111/7527

http://ftp.jrc.es/EURdoc/eur22102en.pdf

http://www.iirb.org/

http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/eea_report_2005_6

http://www.pan-europe.info/Resources/Reports/NAP_best_practice.pdf

P

age

60 o

f 66

S

oCo

Pro

ject

Tea

m (

2009

) F

inal

rep

ort o

n th

e pr

ojec

t ‘S

usta

inab

le A

gric

ultu

re a

nd S

oil C

onse

rvat

ion

(SoC

o), E

dito

rs: G

eert

rui

Louw

agie

, Ste

phan

Hub

ertu

s G

ay, A

lison

Bur

rell

Luxe

mbo

urg:

Offi

ce fo

r O

ffici

al P

ublic

atio

ns o

f the

E

urop

ean

Com

mun

ities

EU

R –

Sci

entif

ic a

nd T

echn

ical

Res

earc

h se

ries

– IS

SN

101

8-55

93 /

ISB

N

978-

92-7

9-12

400-

6 / D

OI 1

0.27

91/1

0052

Austria

M

inis

try

of A

gric

ultu

re, F

ores

try,

Env

ironm

ent a

nd

Wat

er M

anag

emen

t (Le

bens

min

iste

rium

) ht

tp://

ww

w.le

bens

min

iste

rium

.at/

A

ustr

ian

Age

ncy

for

Hea

lth a

nd F

ood

Saf

ety

(AG

ES

) w

ww

.age

s.at

D

ie R

üben

baue

rn –

Ver

eini

gung

der

Ö

ster

reic

hisc

hen

Rüb

enba

uern

orga

nisa

tione

n ht

tp://

ww

w.r

uebe

n.at

/

Z

ucke

rfor

schu

ng T

ulln

Gm

bH (

ZF

I)

Wor

king

mai

nly

on s

ugar

pro

cess

ing

http

://w

ww

.zuc

kerf

orsc

hung

.at/

Belgium

Vla

amse

Ove

rhei

d, D

epar

tem

ent l

andb

ouw

en

viss

erij

The

Man

ure

Dec

ree

(Mes

tdec

reet

) ‘D

ecre

e fo

r th

e pr

otec

tion

of w

ater

aga

inst

pol

lutio

n by

nitr

ates

fr

om A

gric

ultu

ral

sour

ces’

ado

pted

on

22 D

ecem

ber

2006

(B

elgi

sch

Sta

atsb

lad

of 2

9.12

.200

6 p.

76

368)

http

://w

ww

.eju

stic

e.ju

st.fg

ov.b

e/cg

i/art

icle

.pl

K

onin

klijk

Bel

gisc

h In

stitu

ut to

t Ver

bete

ring

van

de B

iet (

KB

IVB

) -

Inst

itut R

oyal

Bel

ge p

our

l’Am

élio

ratio

n de

la B

ette

rave

(IR

BA

B)

http

://w

ww

.irba

b-kb

ivb.

be/n

l/men

u.ph

p/

In

stitu

ut v

oor

Land

bouw

- en

Vis

serij

onde

rzoe

k (I

LVO

) ht

tp://

ww

w.il

vo.v

laan

dere

n.be

/

B

odem

kund

ige

Die

nst v

an B

elgi

ë ht

tp://

ww

w.b

db.b

e/

Pub

licat

ions

app

ear

in e.g

. mag

azin

es e

dite

d by

the

Boe

renb

ond:

e.g

. Bem

estin

g va

n su

iker

biet

en ;

Sui

kerb

iete

n op

timaa

l bem

este

n vo

lgen

s ad

vies

.

Boe

renb

ond

Mag

azin

es a

.o. B

oer&

Tui

nder

(sy

ndic

al, e

cono

mic

and

jurid

ic-s

ocia

l new

s), L

andb

ouw

&T

echn

iek

(pra

ctic

al in

form

atio

n: a

rabl

e cr

ops,

mec

hani

satio

n, c

attle

, pig

s, p

oultr

y, s

mal

l ani

mal

s, fi

eld

vege

tabl

es),

boo

ks a

nd b

roch

ures

Bulgaria

Min

istr

y of

Agr

icul

ture

and

For

estr

y ht

tp://

ww

w.m

zgar

.gov

ernm

ent.b

g

Nat

iona

l Age

ncy

for

Adv

ices

in A

gric

ultu

re

http

://w

ww

.naa

s.go

vern

men

t.bg

A

gric

ultu

ral U

nive

rsity

Plo

vdiv

ht

tp://

ww

w.a

u-pl

ovdi

v.bg

/en/

Czech Republic

M

inis

try

of A

gric

ultu

re

http

://ea

gri.c

z/pu

blic

/web

/en/

mze

/

http://www.lebensministerium.at/

http://www.ages.at/

http://www.rueben.at/

http://www.zuckerforschung.at/

http://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/cgi/article.pl

http://www.irbab-kbivb.be/nl/menu.php/

http://www.ilvo.vlaanderen.be/

http://www.bdb.be/

http://www.bdb.be/Portals/0/docs/vul201003.pdf

http://www.bdb.be/Portals/0/docs/vul201003.pdf

http://www.mzgar.government.bg/

http://www.naas.government.bg/

http://www.au-plovdiv.bg/en/

http://eagri.cz/public/web/en/mze/

P

age

61 o

f 66

C

rop

Res

earc

h In

stitu

te

http

://w

ww

.vur

v.cz

/, no

rel

evan

t inf

orm

atio

n fo

und

S

vaz

Pes

titel

u C

ukro

vy C

eske

Rep

ublik

y ht

tp://

ww

w.s

pcc.

cz/

Ř

epař

šký

inst

itut s

.r.o

. Sem

cice

S

ugar

Bee

t Ins

titut

e

http

://w

ww

.sem

cice

.cz

Denmark

D

anis

h M

inis

try

of E

nviro

nmen

t M

iljø

min

iste

riet

Agr

eem

ent o

n G

reen

Gro

wth

ht

tp://

ww

w.m

im.d

k/N

R/r

donl

yres

/548

8789

1-D

450-

4CD

7-B

823-

CD

5B12

C68

67A

/0/D

anis

hAgr

eem

ento

nGre

enG

row

th_3

0090

9.pd

f

Min

istr

y of

Foo

d, A

gric

ultu

re a

nd F

ishe

ries

http

://w

ww

.fvm

.dk/

Dan

ske

Suk

kerr

oedy

rker

e ht

tp://

ww

w.d

ansk

esuk

kerr

oedy

rker

e.dk

/

Nor

dic

Bee

t Res

earc

h (N

BR

) V

arie

ty tr

ials

and

res

earc

h on

bee

t cul

tivat

ion

http

://w

w-w

.nor

dicb

eet.n

u/

Finland

S

oker

ijuur

ikka

an T

utki

mus

kesk

us (

SJT

)

Sug

ar B

eet R

esea

rch

Cen

tre

Var

iety

tria

ls a

nd r

esea

rch

on b

eet c

ultiv

atio

n ht

tp://

ww

w.s

jt.fi/

France

La

Fili

ère

Bet

tera

vièr

e ht

tp://

ww

w.la

bette

rave

.com

/la_f

ilier

e_be

ttera

vier

e/po

rtra

it_et

_cul

ture

/12/

inde

x.ht

ml

M

inis

tère

de

l'Alim

enta

tion,

de

l'Agr

icul

ture

et d

e la

Pêc

he

Agr

este

, La

stat

istiq

ue, l

'éva

luat

ion

et la

pro

spec

tive

agric

ole

SC

EE

S 2

006,

200

7, s

urve

y of

farm

ing

prac

tice,

ht

tp://

agre

ste.

agric

ultu

re.g

ouv.

fr/e

nque

tes_

3/pr

atiq

ues_

cultu

rale

s_46

5/in

dex.

htm

l E

coph

yto

2018

ht

tp://

agric

ultu

re.g

ouv.

fr/e

coph

yto-

2018

,510

Inst

itut T

echn

ique

de

la B

ette

rave

Indu

strie

lle

(IT

B)

The

ITB

exp

erim

ents

on

new

cul

ture

tech

niqu

es, m

akes

ava

ilabl

e to

sug

ar b

eet g

row

ers

info

rmat

ion

on th

e la

test

impr

ovem

ents

, stim

ulat

es r

esea

rch

by p

ublic

labo

rato

ries

w

ww

.itbf

r.or

g

A

ssoc

iatio

n de

Rec

herc

he T

echn

ique

B

ette

ravi

ère

(AR

TB

) C

ondu

cts,

pro

mot

e an

d co

ordi

nate

s re

sear

ch to

val

oris

e su

gar

beet

s an

d th

e be

et p

ulp.

w

ww

.art

b-fr

ance

.com

Con

fédé

ratio

n gé

néra

le d

es p

lant

eurs

de

bette

rave

s (C

GB

) ht

tp://

ww

w.c

gb-f

ranc

e.fr

/

In

stitu

t Nat

iona

l de

Rec

herc

he A

gron

omiq

ue

(IN

RA

) ht

tp://

ww

w.in

ra.fr

/ sc

ient

ific

publ

icat

ions

, the

ses,

lect

ures

, abs

trac

ts

G

roup

emen

t Nat

iona

l Int

erpr

ofes

sion

nel d

es

Sem

ence

s et

pla

nts

(GN

IS)

http

://w

ww

.gni

s.fr

/

C

entr

e na

tiona

l de

la r

eche

rche

sci

entif

ique

(C

NR

S)

http

://w

ww

.cnr

s.fr

/ fo

cus

on fu

ndam

enta

l res

earc

h In

stitu

te o

f Bio

logi

cal S

cien

ces

(IN

SB

) ht

tp://

ww

w.c

nrs.

fr/in

sb/

and

the

Inst

itute

of E

colo

gy a

nd

http://www.vurv.cz/

http://www.spcc.cz/

http://www.semcice.cz/

http://www.mim.dk/NR/rdonlyres/54887891-D450-4CD7-B823-CD5B12C6867A/0/DanishAgreementonGreenGrowth_300909.pdf

http://www.mim.dk/NR/rdonlyres/54887891-D450-4CD7-B823-CD5B12C6867A/0/DanishAgreementonGreenGrowth_300909.pdf

http://www.fvm.dk/

http://www.danskesukkerroedyrkere.dk/

http://ww-w.nordicbeet.nu/

http://www.sjt.fi/

http://www.labetterave.com/la_filiere_betteraviere/portrait_et_culture/12/index.html

http://agreste.agriculture.gouv.fr/

http://agreste.agriculture.gouv.fr/enquetes_3/pratiques_culturales_465/index.html

http://agriculture.gouv.fr/ecophyto-2018%2C510

http://www.itbfr.org/

http://www.artb-france.com/

http://www.cgb-france.fr/

http://www.inra.fr/

http://www.gnis.fr/

http://www.cnrs.fr/

http://www.cnrs.fr/insb/

P

age

62 o

f 66

Env

ironm

ent (

INE

E)

http

://w

ww

.cnr

s.fr

/inee

/

La C

onfé

déra

tion

Gén

éral

e de

s pl

ante

urs

de

Bet

tera

ve (

CG

B)

repr

esen

ts th

e in

tere

sts

of th

e su

gar

beet

gro

wer

s in

rel

atio

n w

ith th

e su

gar

proc

essi

ng in

dust

ry, a

t th

e le

vel o

f the

Fre

nch

gove

rnm

ent a

nd th

e E

U,

no te

chni

cal i

nfor

mat

ion

on c

ultiv

atio

n w

ww

.cgb

-fra

nce.

fr

Germany

D

achv

erba

nd N

ordd

euts

cher

Z

ucke

rrüb

enan

baue

r (D

NZ

)

Nor

th G

erm

an S

ugar

Bee

t Gro

wer

s' A

ssoc

iatio

n

http

://w

ww

.dnz

.de/

V

erba

nd S

üdde

utsc

her

Zuc

kerr

üben

anba

uer

http

://w

ww

.vsz

.de/

Rhe

inis

chen

Rüb

enba

uer-

Ver

band

(R

RV

),

Rhi

nela

nd S

ugar

Bee

t Gro

wer

s' A

ssoc

iatio

n

http

://w

ww

.rrv

bonn

.de/

In

stitu

t für

Zuc

kerr

üben

fors

chun

g (I

fZ)

http

://w

ww

.ifz-

goet

tinge

n.de

/

Juliu

s K

ühn-

Inst

itut –

Bun

desf

orsc

hung

sins

titut

fü

r K

ultu

rpfla

nzen

(JK

I) (

form

erly

par

t of

Bun

desf

orsc

hung

sans

talt

für

Land

wirt

scha

ft (F

AL)

)

Sci

entif

ic p

ublic

atio

ns, t

hese

s, h

ttp://

ww

w.jk

i.bun

d.de

/nn_

8070

80/

B

unde

sans

talt

für

Land

wirt

scha

ft un

d E

rnäh

rung

(B

LE)

http

://w

ww

.ble

.de/

cln_

090/

DE

/00_

_Hom

e/ho

mep

age_

_nod

e.ht

ml?

__nn

n=tr

ue

S

tatis

tisch

es B

unde

sam

t, D

euts

chla

nd

http

://w

ww

.des

tatis

.de/

jets

peed

/por

tal/c

ms/

Bun

desm

inis

teriu

m fü

r E

rnäh

rung

, Lan

dwirt

scha

ft un

d V

erbr

auch

ersc

hutz

T

he G

erm

an N

atio

nal A

ctio

n P

lan

on S

usta

inab

le U

se o

f Pla

nt P

rote

ctio

n P

rodu

cts,

200

8 ht

tp://

ww

w.b

mel

v.de

/cae

/ser

vlet

/con

tent

blob

/741

738/

publ

icat

ionF

ile/4

0210

/Nat

iona

lAct

ionP

lan2

008.

pdf

Bun

dess

orte

nam

t (B

SA

) T

est p

roto

col f

or s

ugar

bee

t var

iety

tria

ls:

http

://w

ww

.bun

dess

orte

nam

t.de/

inte

rnet

30/fi

lead

min

/File

s/P

DF

/Ric

htlin

ie_L

W20

00.p

df

In

form

atio

n on

Län

der

• B

aden

-Wür

ttem

berg

: Min

iste

rium

für

Länd

liche

n R

aum

, Ern

ähru

ng u

nd V

erbr

auch

ersc

hutz

: In

fodi

enst

Lan

dwirt

scha

ft -

Ern

ähru

ng -

Län

dlic

her

Rau

m, h

ttp://

ww

w.la

ndw

irtsc

haft-

mlr.

bade

n-w

uert

tem

berg

.de/

serv

let/P

B/m

enu/

1034

707_

l1/in

dex.

htm

l •

Bay

ern:

Bay

eris

ches

Sta

atsm

inis

teriu

m fü

r E

rnäh

rung

, Lan

dwirt

scha

ft un

d F

orst

en,

http

://w

ww

.stm

elf.b

ayer

n.de

/ In

fo a

bout

sug

ar b

eet:

http

://w

ww

.stm

elf.b

ayer

n.de

/land

wirt

scha

ft/pf

lanz

enba

u/ru

eben

/ B

ayer

isch

e La

ndes

anst

alt f

ür L

andw

irtsc

haft

(LfL

): h

ttp://

ww

w.lf

l.bay

ern.

de/ip

z/

Bay

eris

cher

Bau

ernv

erba

nd; h

ttp://

ww

w.b

ayer

isch

erba

uern

verb

and.

de

• B

rand

enbu

rg: L

ande

sam

t für

Län

dlic

he E

ntw

ickl

ung,

Lan

dwirt

scha

ft un

d F

lurn

euor

dnun

g (L

ELF

):

http

://w

ww

.mil.

bran

denb

urg.

de/c

ms/

deta

il.ph

p/bb

1.c.

2188

91.d

e •

Mec

klen

burg

-Vor

pom

mer

n: L

ande

sam

t für

Lan

dwirt

scha

ft, L

eben

smitt

elsi

cher

heit

und

Fis

cher

ei

http://www.cnrs.fr/inee/

http://www.cgb-france.fr/

http://www.dnz.de/

http://www.vsz.de/

http://www.rrvbonn.de/

http://www.ifz-goettingen.de/

http://www.jki.bund.de/nn_807080/

http://www.ble.de/cln_090/DE/00__Home/homepage__node.html?__nnn=true

http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/

http://www.bmelv.de/cae/servlet/contentblob/741738/publicationFile/40210/NationalActionPlan2008.pdf

http://www.bmelv.de/cae/servlet/contentblob/741738/publicationFile/40210/NationalActionPlan2008.pdf

http://www.bundessortenamt.de/internet30/fileadmin/Files/PDF/Richtlinie_LW2000.pdf

http://www.landwirtschaft-mlr.baden-wuerttemberg.de/servlet/PB/menu/1034707_l1/index.html

http://www.landwirtschaft-mlr.baden-wuerttemberg.de/servlet/PB/menu/1034707_l1/index.html

http://www.stmelf.bayern.de/

http://www.lfl.bayern.de/ipz/

http://www.bayerischerbauernverband.de/

http://www.mil.brandenburg.de/cms/detail.php/bb1.c.218891.de

P

age

63 o

f 66

Mec

klen

burg

-Vor

pom

mer

n (L

ALL

F M

-V),

http

://w

ww

.lallf

.de/

P

lant

pro

tect

ion:

http

://w

ww

.lallf

.de/

filea

dmin

/med

ia/P

DF

/ps/

Bro

schu

eren

/PS

D-M

V-2

011.

pdf

• N

iede

rsac

hsen

: Nie

ders

ächs

isch

es M

inis

teriu

m fü

r E

rnäh

rung

, Lan

dwirt

scha

ft,

Ver

brau

cher

schu

tz u

nd L

ande

sent

wic

klun

g ht

tp://

ww

w.m

l.nie

ders

achs

en.d

e

Land

wirt

scha

ftska

mm

er N

iede

rsac

hsen

; http

://w

ww

.lwk-

nied

ersa

chse

n.de

/ La

ndw

irtsc

hafts

kam

mer

Ham

burg

; http

://w

ww

.lwk-

ham

burg

.de/

La

ndw

irtsc

hafts

kam

mer

Bre

men

; http

://w

ww

.lwk-

brem

en.d

e/

• N

ordr

hein

-Wes

tfale

n: L

ande

sam

t für

Nat

ur, U

mw

elt u

nd V

erbr

auch

ersc

hutz

NR

W,

http

://w

ww

.lanu

v.nr

w.d

e/ho

me.

htm

La

ndw

irtsc

hafs

kam

mer

Nor

drhe

in-W

estfa

len

http

://w

ww

.land

wirt

scha

ftska

mm

er.d

e/

• R

hein

land

-Pfa

lz: L

andw

irtsc

hafts

kam

mer

Rhe

inla

nd-P

falz

, http

://w

ww

.lwk-

rlp.d

e/in

dex.

jsp?

jses

sion

id=4

BF

A9A

CA

2693

233&

kont

ext=

mai

n

Land

wirt

scha

ftska

mm

er R

hein

land

-Pfa

lz; h

ttp://

ww

w.lw

k-rlp

.de/

•

Saa

rland

: Lan

desa

mt f

ür A

grar

wirt

scha

ft un

d La

nden

twic

klun

g,

http

://w

ww

.saa

rland

.de/

6455

1.ht

m

Land

wirt

scha

ftska

mm

er fü

r da

s S

aarla

nd; h

ttp://

ww

w.lw

k-sa

arla

nd.d

e/

• S

achs

en: S

ächs

isch

es L

ande

sam

t für

Um

wel

t, La

ndw

irtsc

haft

und

Geo

logi

e,

http

://w

ww

.sm

ul.s

achs

en.d

e/lfu

lg/in

dex.

htm

l A

bout

soi

l ero

sion

: http

://w

ww

.sm

ul.s

achs

en.d

e/la

ndw

irtsc

haft/

1193

6.ht

m

• S

achs

en-A

nhal

t: La

ndes

anst

alt f

ür L

andw

irtsc

haft,

For

sten

und

Gar

tenb

au, h

ttp://

ww

w.ll

g-ls

a.de

/ •

Sch

lesw

ig-H

olst

ein:

Min

iste

rium

für

Land

wirt

scha

ft, U

mw

elt u

nd lä

ndlic

he R

äum

e,

http

://w

ww

.sch

lesw

ig-h

olst

ein.

de/U

mw

eltL

andw

irtsc

haft/

DE

/Lan

dFis

chR

aum

/ein

_nod

e.ht

ml

Land

wirt

scha

ftska

mm

er S

chle

swig

-Hol

stei

n: h

ttp://

lwks

h.de

/cm

s/

• T

hürin

ger

Land

esan

stal

t für

Lan

dwirt

scha

ft (T

LL)

http

://w

ww

.thue

ringe

n.de

/de/

tll/

Greece

th

e N

atio

nal A

gric

ultu

ral R

esea

rch

Fou

ndat

ion

(NA

GR

EF

) ht

tp://

ww

w.n

agre

f.gr/

pub

lishe

s th

e “J

ourn

al o

f the

Nat

iona

l Agr

icul

tura

l Res

earc

h F

ound

atio

n”

the

Ben

aki P

hyto

path

olog

ical

Inst

itute

(B

PI)

ht

tp://

ww

w.b

pi.g

r/pa

ges/

cate

gory

.asp

edi

ts tw

ice

a ye

ar th

e “H

elle

nic

Pla

nt P

rote

ctio

n Jo

urna

l” Hungary

H

unga

rian

seed

ass

ocia

tion

http

://w

ww

.vsz

t.hu/

nyito

.php

?lan

g=a,

no

rele

vant

info

rmat

ion

A

gric

ultu

ral R

esea

rch

Inst

itute

of t

he H

unga

rian

Aca

dem

y of

Sci

ence

s M

arto

nvás

ár

Act

a A

gron

omic

a H

unga

rica

publ

ishe

s a.

o. o

n cr

op r

esea

rch,

ht

tp://

ww

w.a

kade

mia

i.com

/con

tent

/119

692

e.g.

M. R

ajić

, N. Č

ačić

, P. S

klen

ar a

nd S

. Den

čić

(200

2) S

eed

yiel

d of

sug

ar b

eet a

s af

fect

ed b

y st

and

dens

ity a

nd h

arve

stin

g da

te. A

cta

Agr

onom

ica

Hun

garic

a 50

(4):

417

-423

.

Cuk

orré

pa T

erm

eszt

ők O

rszá

gos

Szö

vets

ége

(CT

OS

Z)

N

atio

nal F

eder

atio

n of

Sug

ar b

eet g

row

ers

http

://w

ww

.cto

sz.h

u/

http://www.lallf.de/

http://www.lallf.de/fileadmin/media/PDF/ps/Broschueren/PSD-MV-2011.pdf

http://www.ml.niedersachsen.de/

http://www.lwk-niedersachsen.de/

http://www.lwk-hamburg.de/

http://www.lwk-bremen.de/

http://www.lanuv.nrw.de/home.htm

http://www.landwirtschaftskammer.de/

http://www.lwk-rlp.de/index.jsp?jsessionid=4BFA9ACA2693233&kontext=main

http://www.lwk-rlp.de/index.jsp?jsessionid=4BFA9ACA2693233&kontext=main

http://www.lwk-rlp.de/

http://www.saarland.de/64551.htm

http://www.lwk-saarland.de/

http://www.smul.sachsen.de/lfulg/index.html

http://www.smul.sachsen.de/landwirtschaft/11936.htm

http://www.llg-lsa.de/

http://www.schleswig-holstein.de/UmweltLandwirtschaft/DE/LandFischRaum/ein_node.html

http://lwksh.de/cms/

http://www.thueringen.de/de/tll/

http://www.nagref.gr/

http://www.bpi.gr/pages/category.asp

http://www.vszt.hu/nyito.php?lang=a

http://www.akademiai.com/content/119692

http://www.ctosz.hu/

P

age

64 o

f 66

C

entr

al A

gric

ultu

ral O

ffice

w

ww

.mgs

zh.g

ov.h

u op

erat

es a

s a

plan

t pr

oduc

tion

auth

ority

, so

il pr

otec

tion

auth

ority

, fo

od-c

hain

in

spec

tora

te,

bree

ding

aut

horit

y, f

ores

try

auth

ority

, hu

ntin

g au

thor

ity,

fishi

ng a

utho

rity,

win

e-gr

owin

g au

thor

ity,

agric

ultu

ral

man

ager

ial

auth

ority

, pá

linka

(br

andy

) co

ntro

lling

aut

horit

y an

d an

agr

icul

tura

l da

mag

e as

sess

men

t org

anis

atio

n.

M

inis

try

of A

gric

ultu

re a

nd R

ural

Dev

elop

men

t w

ww

.fvm

.hu

Agr

icul

tura

l and

Rur

al D

evel

opm

ent A

genc

y w

ww

.mvh

.gov

.hu

Ass

ocia

tion

of H

unga

rian

Pla

nt B

reed

ers

w

ww

.pla

ntbr

eede

rs.h

u

Italy

M

inis

try

of A

gric

ultu

re

http

://w

ww

.pol

itich

eagr

icol

e.it/

defa

ult.h

tml

A

gric

ultu

ral R

esea

rch

Cou

ncil

(CR

A)

http

://si

to.e

ntec

ra.it

/

Nat

iona

l Res

earc

h C

ounc

il (C

NR

) w

ww

.cnr

.it

A

ssoc

iazi

one

Naz

iona

le B

ietic

olto

ri (A

NB

) ht

tp://

ww

w.a

nb.it

/

Bet

a Ita

lia

Var

iety

test

ing

and

rese

arch

/adv

ice

on g

row

ing

suga

r be

ets,

ht

tp://

ww

w.b

etai

talia

.it/

The Netherlands

La

ndbo

uw, N

atuu

r en

Vis

serij

(LN

V)

Min

iste

rie v

an E

cono

mis

che

Zak

en, L

andb

ouw

en

Inno

vatie

In

form

atio

n on

man

ure:

ht

tp://

ww

w.h

etln

vlok

et.n

l/por

tal/p

age?

_pag

eid=

122,

1780

591&

_dad

=por

tal&

_sch

ema=

PO

RT

AL

Tab

les

for

2010

-201

3:

http

://w

ww

.het

lnvl

oket

.nl/p

orta

l/pag

e?_p

agei

d=12

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ad=p

orta

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chem

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iste

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an E

cono

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che

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en, L

andb

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en

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vatie

N

ota

Duu

rzam

e ge

was

besc

herm

ing

– B

elei

d vo

or g

ewas

besc

herm

ing

tot 2

010

http

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ww

.min

lnv.

nl/p

orta

l/pag

e?_p

agei

d=11

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4074

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ad=p

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ituut

voo

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atio

nele

Sui

kerp

rodu

ctie

(IR

S)

http

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ww

.irs.

nl/in

dex.

asp

Bet

atip

: http

://w

ww

.irs.

nl/o

verz

icht

.asp

?sO

nder

deel

=bet

atip

G

ewas

besc

herm

ing,

Feb

. 201

1: h

ttp://

ww

w.ir

s.nl

/ccm

supl

oad/

ccm

sdoc

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20G

ewas

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pdf

W

agen

inge

n U

R

Pra

ktijk

onde

rzoe

k P

lant

& O

mge

ving

B

usin

ess-

unit

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erbo

uw, G

roen

e ru

imte

en

Vol

legr

onds

groe

nte

http

://w

ww

.asg

.wur

.nl/N

L/

http

://w

ww

.bem

estin

gsad

vies

.nl/

V

an d

e B

rink

L.,

Bus

C.B

., G

rote

n J.

A.M

., T

imm

er R

.D.

and

Van

de

Wie

l C

. (2

008)

Gew

as-

en

teel

tbes

chrij

ving

van

sui

kerb

iet,

maï

s en

aar

dapp

el in

rel

atie

tot v

ersp

reid

ing

van

gene

tisch

mat

eria

al.

Mat

e va

n ve

rspr

eidi

ng v

an g

enet

isch

mat

eria

al in

de

land

bouw

prak

tijk

naar

and

ere

rass

en v

erw

ante

so

orte

n of

naa

r he

t mili

eu. P

PO

nr.

325

0099

300,

53p

. ht

tp://

edep

ot.w

ur.n

l/101

5

Van

der

Lan

s, M

., D

ekki

ng A

., R

over

s J.

, D

e H

aan

J.,

200,

Bes

t pr

actic

es g

ewas

besc

herm

ing

http://www.mgszh.gov.hu/

http://www.fvm.hu/

http://www.mvh.gov.hu/

http://www.plantbreeders.hu/

http://www.politicheagricole.it/default.html

http://sito.entecra.it/

http://www.cnr.it/

http://www.anb.it/

http://www.betaitalia.it/

http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/ministeries/eleni

http://www.hetlnvloket.nl/portal/page?_pageid=122%2C1780591&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL

http://www.hetlnvloket.nl/portal/page?_pageid=122%2C1785923&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&p_document_id=289200&p_node_id=6547617&p_mode

http://www.hetlnvloket.nl/portal/page?_pageid=122%2C1785923&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&p_document_id=289200&p_node_id=6547617&p_mode

http://www.minlnv.nl/portal/page?_pageid=116%2C1640743&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&p_document_id=109845&p_node_id=10412638&p_mode

http://www.minlnv.nl/portal/page?_pageid=116%2C1640743&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&p_document_id=109845&p_node_id=10412638&p_mode

http://www.irs.nl/index.asp

http://www.irs.nl/overzicht.asp?sOnderdeel=betatip

http://www.irs.nl/ccmsupload/ccmsdoc/5%20Gewasbescherming.pdf

http://www.asg.wur.nl/NL/

http://www.bemestingsadvies.nl/

http://edepot.wur.nl/1015

P

age

65 o

f 66

akke

rbou

w e

n vo

llegr

onds

groe

nten

. PP

O n

r. 3

30-1

, 68p

. ht

tp://

docu

men

ts.p

lant

.wur

.nl/p

po/a

gv/3

30-1

-agv

.pdf

LTO

Ned

erla

nd (

Land

- en

Tui

nbou

w O

rgan

isat

ie)

Ent

repr

eneu

rial

and

empl

oyer

s' o

rgan

isat

ion

for

the

agric

ultu

ral

sect

or.

No

guid

elin

es/s

tudi

es o

n th

e to

pic

foun

d. h

ttp://

ww

w.lt

o.nl

/tem

plat

es/d

ispa

tche

r.as

p?pa

ge_i

d=25

2227

54

P

rodu

ctsc

hap

akke

rbou

w (

PA

) O

rgan

isat

ion

of a

nd fo

r th

e ar

able

indu

stry

, sta

rtin

g w

ith th

e ba

sic

mat

eria

ls s

ecto

r to

the

reta

il (p

roce

ssed

) ag

ricul

tura

l pro

duce

, mai

nly

cere

als,

pot

atoe

s an

d su

gar.

Rec

omm

enda

tions

abo

ut

prev

entin

g di

seas

es.

http

://w

ww

.pro

duct

scha

pakk

erbo

uw.n

l/alg

emee

n/w

elko

m

K

enni

sakk

er

Tee

lthan

dlei

ding

sui

kerb

iete

n (b

etat

ip)

http

://w

ww

.ken

nisa

kker

.nl/k

enni

scen

trum

/han

dlei

ding

en/te

elth

andl

eidi

ng-s

uike

rbie

ten-

beta

tip

Poland

M

inis

try

of A

gric

ultu

re

http

://w

ww

.min

rol.g

ov.p

l/ , n

o re

leva

nt in

form

atio

n fo

und

K

rajo

wy

Zw

iąze

k P

lant

ator

ów B

urak

a C

ukro

weg

o (K

ZP

BC

) ht

tp://

ww

w.k

zpbc

.com

.pl/

Portugal

M

inis

try

of A

gric

ultu

re, o

f Rur

al D

evel

opm

ent a

nd

Fis

herie

s (M

AD

RP

: Min

isté

rio d

a A

gric

ultu

ra, d

o D

esen

volv

imen

to R

ural

e d

as P

esca

s)

Cod

e of

goo

d ag

ricul

tura

l pra

ctic

es (

1997

, und

er r

evie

w)

on f

ertil

isat

ion

and

prot

ectio

n of

sur

face

and

gr

ound

wat

er, i

rrig

atio

n m

anag

emen

t B

asic

Gui

de t

o A

gric

ultu

ral

Pra

ctic

es (

2000

) in

man

agem

ent

of i

rrig

atio

n, t

he u

se o

f pe

stic

ides

and

fe

rtili

sers

Romania

Min

istr

y of

Agr

icul

ture

and

Rur

al D

evel

opm

ent

http

://w

ww

.mad

r.ro

Agr

oWeb

Rom

ania

ht

tp://

ww

w.fa

rmne

t.eu/

Slovakia

Z

väz

pest

ovat

eľov

a s

prac

ovat

eľov

kuk

uric

e (Z

PS

K)

Ass

ocia

tion

of c

orn

grow

ers

and

proc

esso

rs

ww

w.z

psk.

sk a

im to

cre

ate

the

appr

opria

te b

usin

ess

cond

ition

s fo

r its

mem

bers

no

rel

evan

t inf

orm

atio

n fo

und

Slovenia

M

inis

try

of A

gric

ultu

re, F

ores

try

and

Foo

d ht

tp://

ww

w.m

kgp.

gov.

si/e

n/

N

atio

nal c

ham

ber

of a

gric

ultu

re a

nd fo

rest

ry o

f S

love

nia

Agr

icul

tura

l ad

viso

ry s

ervi

ce;

to r

epre

sent

and

to

prot

ect

the

inte

rest

s of

agr

icul

ture

, fo

rest

ry a

nd

fishe

ry; P

rovi

des

free

tech

nica

l aid

in a

gric

ultu

ral,

fore

stry

, leg

al a

nd e

cono

mic

con

sulta

ncy.

Spain

Azu

care

ra E

bro

T

he b

igge

st s

ugar

pro

duci

ng c

ompa

ny in

Spa

in,

part

of

Brit

ish

Sug

ar.

Has

an

aler

t sy

stem

for

pes

ts

and

dise

ases

. Giv

es a

dvic

e on

irrig

atio

n.

http

://w

ww

.azu

care

ra.e

s/

http://documents.plant.wur.nl/ppo/agv/330-1-agv.pdf

http://www.lto.nl/templates/dispatcher.asp?page_id=25222754

http://www.productschapakkerbouw.nl/algemeen/welkom

http://www.kennisakker.nl/kenniscentrum/handleidingen/teelthandleiding-suikerbieten-betatip

http://www.minrol.gov.pl/

http://www.kzpbc.com.pl/

http://www.madr.ro/

http://www.farmnet.eu/

http://www.zpsk.sk/

http://www.mkgp.gov.si/en/

http://www.azucarera.es/

P

age

66 o

f 66

A

soci

ació

n de

Inv

estig

ació

n pa

ra l

a M

ejor

a de

l C

ultiv

o de

la R

emol

acha

Azu

care

ra (

AIM

CR

A)

Inte

rpro

fess

iona

l or

gani

satio

n (f

arm

ers,

sug

ar i

ndus

try)

, co

nduc

ts t

rials

on

pest

icid

es a

nd f

or v

arie

ty

regi

stra

tion.

Pub

lishe

s ye

ar r

epor

ts o

n ex

perim

ents

, trim

estr

al r

ecom

men

datio

n fo

r fa

rmer

s ht

tp://

ww

w.a

imcr

a.co

m/

M

inis

terio

de

med

io a

mbi

ente

y m

edio

rur

al y

m

arin

o (M

AR

M)

Goo

d ag

ricul

tura

l pra

ctic

es

http

://w

ww

.mar

m.e

s/es

/agr

icul

tura

/tem

as/c

ondi

cion

alid

ad/c

uadr

ogui

a.as

px

Sweden

B

etod

larn

a ht

tp://

ww

w.b

etod

larn

a.se

/se/

inde

x.as

p

N

ordi

c B

eet R

esea

rch

(NB

R)

Var

iety

tria

ls a

nd r

esea

rch

on b

eet c

ultiv

atio

n ht

tp://

ww

w.n

ordi

cbee

t.nu/

United Kingdom

D

EF

RA

/ F

ER

A

http

://w

w2.

defr

a.go

v.uk

/ S

tatis

tics

on p

estic

ide

use:

http

://pu

ssta

ts.c

sl.g

ov.u

k/m

yind

ex.c

fm

‘Pes

ticid

e us

age

surv

ey r

epor

t 213

: ara

ble

crop

s in

Gre

at B

ritai

n 20

06

http

://w

ww

.fera

.def

ra.g

ov.u

k/pl

ants

/pes

ticid

eUsa

ge/d

ocum

ents

/ara

ble2

006.

pdf

Dre

w A

ssoc

iate

s, 2

006,

Ass

essm

ent

of t

he a

gron

omic

im

pact

of

Dire

ctiv

e 91

/414

/EE

C (

and

a dr

aft

regu

latio

n in

tend

ed to

rep

lace

it)

and

legi

slat

ion

on m

axim

um r

esid

ue le

vels

, fin

al r

epor

t to

DE

FR

A

http

://w

ww

.pes

ticid

es.g

ov.u

k/up

load

edfil

es/W

eb_A

sset

s/P

SD

/Agr

onom

ic_i

mpa

ct.p

df

U

K A

gric

ultu

re

Site

of

Livi

ng C

ount

rysi

de,

a co

mpa

ny t

hat

info

rms

the

grea

ter

publ

ic o

n ag

ricul

ture

th

e co

untr

ysid

e an

d th

e ru

ral e

cono

my.

ht

tp://

ww

w.u

kagr

icul

ture

.com

/cro

ps/s

ugar

_bee

t_fa

rmin

g.cf

m)

Brit

ish

Bee

t Res

earc

h O

rgan

isat

ion

(BB

RO

) S

et u

p jo

intly

by

Brit

ish

Sug

ar p

lc (

BS

) an

d th

e N

atio

nal F

arm

ers'

Uni

on (

NF

U).

R

esea

rch

and

tech

nolo

gy tr

ansf

er p

roje

cts

http

://w

ww

.bbr

o.co

.uk/

FS

E

Cha

mpi

on G

.T.,

May

M.J

., B

enne

tt S

., B

rook

s D

.R.,

Cla

rk S

.J.,

Dan

iels

R.E

., F

irban

k L.

G.,

Hau

ghto

n A

.J.,

Haw

es C

., H

eard

M.S

., P

erry

J.N

., R

andl

e Z

., R

ossa

ll M

.J.,

Rot

hery

P.,

Ske

llern

M.P

., S

cott

R.J

., S

quire

G.R

., an

d T

hom

as M

.R.,

2003

, C

rop

man

agem

ent

and

agro

nom

ic c

onte

xt o

f th

e F

arm

Sca

le

Eva

luat

ions

of

gene

tical

ly m

odifi

ed h

erbi

cide

–tol

eran

t cr

ops.

Phi

l. T

rans

. R

. S

oc.

Lond

. B

, 35

8:18

01-

1818

.

John

Nix

Far

m M

anag

emen

t Poc

ketb

ook

Yea

rly u

pdat

ed v

ersi

on

International

O

EC

D, W

orki

ng P

arty

on

Env

ironm

enta

l P

erfo

rman

ce

Env

ironm

enta

l per

form

ance

rev

iew

of S

pain

, Dec

embe

r 20

07,

http

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ww

.mar

m.e

s/es

/est

adis

tica/

tem

as/e

stad

istic

as-a

mbi

enta

les/

0904

7122

800c

4b79

_tcm

7-15

373.

pdf

http://www.aimcra.com/

http://www.marm.es/es/agricultura/temas/condicionalidad/cuadroguia.aspx

http://www.betodlarna.se/se/index.asp

http://www.nordicbeet.nu/

http://ww2.defra.gov.uk/

http://pusstats.csl.gov.uk/myindex.cfm

http://www.fera.defra.gov.uk/plants/pesticideUsage/documents/arable2006.pdf

http://www.pesticides.gov.uk/uploadedfiles/Web_Assets/PSD/Agronomic_impact.pdf

http://www.ukagriculture.com/crops/sugar_beet_farming.cfm

http://www.bbro.co.uk/

http://www.marm.es/es/estadistica/temas/estadisticas-ambientales/09047122800c4b79_tcm7-15373.pdf

http://www.marm.es/es/estadistica/temas/estadisticas-ambientales/09047122800c4b79_tcm7-15373.pdf

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