Baseball Information

7/27/2019 Baseball Information

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Here is an article about Baseball from

Wikipedia.org

Baseball is abat-and-ball gameplayed between two teams of nine players who take turnsbattingand fielding.

The offense attempts to score morerunsthan its opponents by hitting aballthrown by thepitcher

with abatand moving counter-clockwise around a series of fourbases: first, second, third and

home plate. A run is scored when the runner advances around the bases and returns to home

plate.

Players on thebatting teamtake turns hitting against thepitcherof thefielding team, which tries

to prevent runs by getting hittersoutin any of several ways. A player on the batting team can

stop at any of the bases and later advance on a teammate'shitor other means. The teams switchbetween batting and fielding whenever the fielding team records three outs. One turn at bat for

both teams, beginning with the visiting team, constitutes aninning, and nine innings a game. Theteam with the most runs at the end of the game wins.

Evolving from older bat-and-ball games, an early form of baseball was being played in Englandby the mid-18th century. This game was brought by immigrants to North America,where the

modern version developed. By the late 19th century, baseball was widely recognized as the

national sportof the United States. Baseball is now popular in North America and parts of

Central and South America and the Caribbean, East Asia and Europe.

In the United States and Canada, professionalMajor League Baseball(MLB) teams are dividedinto theNational League(NL) andAmerican League(AL), each with three divisions: East,

West, and Central. The major league champion is determined byplayoffsthat culminate in the

World Series. The top level of play is similarly split in Japan between theCentral Leagueand

Pacific Leaguesand in Cuba between theWest League and East League.

Contents

1 Historyo 1.1 Origins of baseballo 1.2 History of baseball in the United States

1.2.1 The game turns professional 1.2.2 Rise of Ruth and racial integration 1.2.3 Attendance records and the age of steroids

o 1.3 Baseball around the world 2 Rules and gameplay 3 Personnel

o 3.1 Player rosterso 3.2 Other personnel
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4 Strategy and tacticso 4.1 Pitching and fielding tacticso 4.2 Batting and baserunning tactics

5 Distinctive elementso 5.1 No clock to killo

5.2 Individual focuso 5.3 Uniqueness of each baseball park

6 Statisticso 6.1 Sabermetrics

7 Popularity and cultural impacto 7.1 Baseball in popular culture

8 See also 9 References 10 Sources 11 Further reading 12 External links

History

Origins of baseball

Main article:Origins of baseball

Part of the Baseball series on

History of baseball

Origins of baseball

Early yearsFirst leagueKnickerbocker RulesMassachusetts rules

Alexander CartwrightDoubleday origin myth

First pro teamFirst pro league

Close relations:

Stoolball

RoundersOld CatTown ball

Softball

History of baseball in:

Worldwide
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lhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_baseball_outside_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_baseball_outside_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_baseball_outside_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_baseball_outside_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_ballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Cathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoolballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Professional_Base_Ball_Playershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Red_Stockingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_of_baseball#Abner_Doubleday_misconceptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Cartwrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Massachusetts_Gamehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knickerbocker_Ruleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Base_Ball_Playershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1845_to_1868_in_baseballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_of_baseballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_of_baseballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_of_baseballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#Sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#Baseball_in_popular_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#Popularity_and_cultural_impacthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#Sabermetricshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#Statisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#Uniqueness_of_each_baseball_parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#Individual_focushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#No_clock_to_killhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#Distinctive_elementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#Batting_and_baserunning_tacticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#Pitching_and_fielding_tacticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#Strategy_and_tactics


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The evolution of baseball from older bat-and-ball games is

difficult to trace with precision. A French manuscript from

1344 contains an illustration of clerics playing a game, possibly

la soule, with similarities to baseball.[1]

Other old French

games such as thque, la balle au bton, and la balle

empoisonne also appear to be related.

[2]

Consensus once heldthat today's baseball is a North American development fromthe older gamerounders, popular in Great Britain and Ireland.

Baseball Before We Knew It: A Search for the Roots of the

Game(2005), by David Block, suggests that the gameoriginated in England; recently uncovered historical evidence

supports this position. Block argues that rounders and early

baseball were actually regional variants of each other, and that

the game's most direct antecedents are the English games ofstoolballand "tut-ball".

[3]It has long been believed thatcricket

also descended from such games, though evidence uncovered

in early 2009 suggests that the sport may have been importedto England fromFlanders.[4]

The earliest known reference to baseball is in a 1744 Britishpublication,A Little Pretty Pocket-Book, byJohn Newbery. It

contains a rhymed description of "base-ball" and awoodcut

that shows a field set-up somewhat similar to the moderngamethough in a triangular rather than diamond

configuration, and with posts instead of ground-level bases.[5]

David Block discovered that the first recorded game of "Bass-

Ball" took place in 1749 in Surrey, and featured thePrince ofWalesas a player.

[6]William Bray, an English lawyer, recorded

a game of baseball on Easter Monday 1755 inGuildford,

Surrey.[7]

This early form of the game was apparently brought

to North America by English immigrants. Rounders was alsobrought to the continent by both British and Irish immigrants.

The first known American reference to baseball appears in a

1791Pittsfield, Massachusetts, town bylaw prohibiting the playing of the game near the town'snew meeting house.

[8]By 1796, a version of the game was well-known enough to earn a mention

in a German scholar's book on popular pastimes. As described by Johann Gutsmuths, "englische

Base-ball" involved a contest between two teams, in which "the batter has three attempts to hit

the ball while at the home plate." Only one out was required to retire a side.[9]

AustraliaCanadaCuba

GreeceIreland

JapanSouth KoreaNetherlands

NicaraguaPalau

SpainUnited StatesUnited Kingdom

Venezuela

Negro league baseballWomen in baseballMinor League BaseballCricket comparison

Baseball(Ken Burns documentary)

Baseball Hall of FameSociety for American

Baseball Research (SABR)

Baseball year-by-year

MLB season-by-season

Baseball Portal

v t e
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/wiki/Baseball_in_Venezuelahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro_league_baseballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro_league_baseballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro_league_baseballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_baseballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_baseballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_baseballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_League_Baseballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_League_Baseballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_League_Baseballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_cricket_and_baseballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_cricket_and_baseballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_cricket_and_baseballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_%28TV_series%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_%28TV_series%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_%28TV_series%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_%28TV_series%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_%28TV_series%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_American_Baseball_Researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_American_Baseball_Researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_American_Baseball_Researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_American_Baseball_Researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Years_in_baseballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Years_in_baseballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Years_in_baseballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_seasonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_seasonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_seasonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Baseballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Baseballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:History_of_baseballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:History_of_baseballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_baseballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_baseballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:History_of_baseball&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:History_of_baseball&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:History_of_baseball&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_baseballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:History_of_baseballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Baseballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_seasonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Years_in_baseballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_American_Baseball_Researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_American_Baseball_Researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_%28TV_series%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_%28TV_series%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_cricket_and_baseballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_League_Baseballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_baseballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro_league_baseballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_in_Venezuelahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_in_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_baseball_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_in_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_in_Palauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_baseball_in_Nicaraguahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_in_the_Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_in_South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_in_Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_in_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_in_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_in_Cubahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_in_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_in_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsfield,_Massachusettshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surreyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildfordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodcuthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Newberyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Little_Pretty_Pocket-Bookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flandershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crickethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoolballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_Before_We_Knew_Ithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_Before_We_Knew_Ithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_soule


4/15

Alexander Cartwright, father of modern baseball

By the early 1830s, there were reports of a variety of uncodified bat-and-ball games recognizable

as early forms of baseball being played around North America. These games were often referredto locally as "town ball", though other names such as "round-ball" and "base-ball" were also

used.[10]Among the earliest examples to receive a detailed descriptionalbeit five decades after

the fact, in a letter from an attendee toSporting Lifemagazinetook place in Beachville,Ontario, in 1838. There were many similarities to modern baseball, and some crucial differences:

five bases (orbyes); first bye just 18 feet (5.5 m) from the home bye; batter out if a hit ball was

caught after the first bounce.[11]

Theonce widely accepted storythatAbner Doubledayinventedbaseball inCooperstown, New York, in 1839 has been conclusively debunked by sports

historians.[12]

In 1845,Alexander Cartwright, a member of New York City's Knickerbockers club, led thecodification of the so-calledKnickerbocker Rules.

[13]The practice, common to bat-and-ball

games of the day, of "soaking" or "plugging"effecting aputoutby hitting a runner with a

thrown ballwas barred. The rules thus facilitated the use of a smaller, harder ball than had beencommon. Several other rules also brought the Knickerbockers' game close to the modern one,

though a ball caught on the first bounce was, again, an out and only underhand pitching was

allowed.[14]

While there are reports that theNew York Knickerbockersplayed games in 1845, thecontest now recognized as the first officially recorded baseball game in U.S. history took place

on June 19, 1846, inHoboken, New Jersey: the "New York Nine" defeated the Knickerbockers,

231, in four innings.[15]

With the Knickerbocker code as the basis, the rules of modern baseballcontinued to evolve over the next half-century.

[16]

History of baseball in the United States

Main article:History of baseball in the United States

The game turns professional

In the mid-1850s, a baseball craze hit the New York metropolitan area.[17]

By 1856, local

journals were referring to baseball as the "national pastime" or "national game".[18]

A year later,sixteen area clubs formed the sport's first governing body, theNational Association of Base Ball
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_ballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_ballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_ballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_Life_%28American_newspaper%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_Life_%28American_newspaper%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_Life_%28American_newspaper%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontariohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontariohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubleday_mythhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubleday_mythhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubleday_mythhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abner_Doubledayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abner_Doubledayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abner_Doubledayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperstown,_New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperstown,_New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperstown,_New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Cartwrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Cartwrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Cartwrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knickerbocker_Ruleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knickerbocker_Ruleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putouthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putouthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putouthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Knickerbockershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Knickerbockershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Knickerbockershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoboken,_New_Jerseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoboken,_New_Jerseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoboken,_New_Jerseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_baseball_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_baseball_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_baseball_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Base_Ball_Playershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Base_Ball_Playershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alexander_Cartwright_Hawaii.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alexander_Cartwright_Hawaii.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alexander_Cartwright_Hawaii.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alexander_Cartwright_Hawaii.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Base_Ball_Playershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_baseball_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoboken,_New_Jerseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Knickerbockershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putouthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knickerbocker_Ruleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Cartwrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperstown,_New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abner_Doubledayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubleday_mythhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontariohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_Life_%28American_newspaper%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_ball


5/15

Players. In 1858 inCorona, QueensNew York, at the Fashion Race Course, the first games of

baseball to charge admission took place. The games, which took place between the all stars of

Brooklyn, including players from theBrooklyn Atlantics,Excelsior of Brooklyn, Putnams andEckford of Brooklyn, and the All Stars of New York(Manhattan), including players from the

New York Knickerbockers, Gothams (predecessors of theSan Francisco Giants), Eagles and

Empire, are commonly believed to be the first all-star baseball games.

[19]

[20]

[21]

In 1863, theorganization disallowed putouts made by catching afair ballon the first bounce. Four years later,it barred participation byAfrican Americans.

[22]The game's commercial potential was

developing: in 1869 the first fully professional baseball club, theCincinnati Red Stockings, was

formed and went undefeated against a schedule of semipro and amateur teams.[23]

The firstprofessional league, theNational Association of Professional Base Ball Players, lasted from 1871

to 1875; scholars disputeits status as a major league.[24]

The more formally structuredNational Leaguewas founded in 1876. As the oldest surviving

major league, the National League is sometimes referred to as the "senior circuit".[25]

Several

other major leagues formed and failed. In 1884, African AmericanMoses Walker(and, briefly,

his brother Welday) played in one of these, theAmerican Association.

[26]

An injury endedWalker's major league career, and by the early 1890s, agentlemen's agreementin the form of the

baseball color lineeffectively barred black players from the white-owned professional leagues,major and minor.

[27]ProfessionalNegro leaguesformed, but quickly folded. Several independent

African American teams succeeded asbarnstormers.[28]

Also in 1884, overhand pitching was

legalized.[29]

In 1887,softball, under the name of indoor baseball or indoor-outdoor, was

invented as a winter version of the parent game.[30]

Virtually all of the modern baseball ruleswere in place by 1893; the last major changecountingfoul ballsasstrikeswas instituted in

1901.[29]

The National League's first successful counterpart, theAmerican League, which

evolved from the minorWestern League, was established that year.[31]

The two leagues, each

with eight teams, were rivals that fought for the best players, often disregarding each other'scontracts and engaging in bitter legal disputes.

[32]

TheNew York Giantsbaseball team, 1913.Fred Merkle, sixth in line, committed abaserunning

gaffe in a crucial 1908 game that became famous asMerkle's Boner.

A modicum of peace was eventually established, leading to the National Agreement of 1903. The

pact formalized relations both between the two major leagues and between them and the National

Association of Professional Base Ball Leagues, representing most of the country'sminorprofessional leagues.

[33]TheWorld Series, pitting the two major league champions against each

other, was inaugurated that fall, albeit without express major league sanction: TheBoston

Americansof the American League defeated thePittsburgh Piratesof the National League.[34]

The next year, the series was not held, as the National League championNew York Giants,undermanagerJohn McGraw, refused to recognize the major league status of the American

League and its champion.[35]

In 1905, the Giants were National League champions again and

team management relented, leading to the establishment of the World Series as the majorleagues' annual championship event.

[36]
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ite_note-R71-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_League_%28original%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_League_%28original%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_League_%28original%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Giantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Giantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Giantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Merklehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Merklehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Merklehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baserunninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baserunninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baserunninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkle%27s_Bonerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkle%27s_Bonerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkle%27s_Bonerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_league_baseballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_league_baseballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_league_baseballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Serieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Serieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Serieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Americanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Americanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Americanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Americanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Giantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Giantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Giantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager_%28baseball%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager_%28baseball%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McGraw_%28baseball%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McGraw_%28baseball%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McGraw_%28baseball%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_York_Giants_Opening_Day_line-up_at_the_Polo_Grounds_New_York._Left_to_right_Fred_Snodgrass,_Tillie_Shafer,_George_Burns,_Larry_Doyle,_Red_Murray,_Fred_Merkle,_Buck_Herzog,_Chief_Meyers_(baseball)_(LOC).jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McGraw_%28baseball%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager_%28baseball%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Giantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Americanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Americanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Serieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_league_baseballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_league_baseballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkle%27s_Bonerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baserunninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Merklehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Giantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_League_%28original%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-R71-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foul_ballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-R71-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnstorm_%28sports%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro_league_baseballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_color_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentlemen%27s_agreementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_%2819th_century%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Fleetwood_Walkerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_as_a_major_leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Professional_Base_Ball_Playershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Red_Stockingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_ballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Giantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Knickerbockershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eckford_of_Brooklynhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excelsior_of_Brooklynhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Atlanticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklynhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona,_Queenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Base_Ball_Players


6/15

As professional baseball became increasingly profitable, players frequently raised grievances

against owners over issues of control and equitable income distribution. During the major

leagues' early decades, players on various teams occasionally attempted strikes, which routinelyfailed when their jobs were sufficiently threatened. In general, the strict rules of baseball

contracts and thereserve clause, which bound players to their teams even when their contracts

had ended, tended to keep the players in check.

[37]

Motivated by dislike for particularly stingyownerCharles Comiskeyand gamblers' payoffs, real and promised, members of theChicagoWhite Soxconspired tothrowthe1919 World Series. TheBlack Sox Scandalled to the

formation of a new National Commission of baseball that drew the two major leagues closer

together.[38]

The firstmajor league baseball commissioner,Kenesaw Mountain Landis, waselected in 1920. That year also saw the founding of theNegro National League; the first

significant Negro league, it would operate until 1931. For part of the 1920s, it was joined by the

Eastern Colored League.[39]

Rise of Ruth and racial integration

Babe Ruthin 1920, the year he joined theNew York Yankees

Compared with the present, professional baseball in the early 20th century was lower scoring andpitchers, the likes ofWalter JohnsonandChristy Mathewson, were more dominant. The "inside

game", which demanded that players "scratch for runs", was played much more aggressively

than it is today: the brilliant and often violentTy Cobbepitomized this style.[40]

The so-calleddead-ball eraended in the early 1920s with several changes in rule and circumstance that were

advantageous to hitters. Strict new regulations governing the ball's size, shape and composition,

coupled with superior materials available after World War I, resulted in a ball that traveled

farther when hit. The construction of additional seating to accommodate the rising popularity of

the game often had the effect of bringing the outfield fences closer in, makinghome runsmorecommon.[41]

The rise of the legendary playerBabe Ruth, the first great power hitter of the new

era, helped permanently alter the nature of the game. The club with which Ruth set most of hisslugging records, theNew York Yankees, built a reputation as the majors' premier team.

[42]In

the late 1920s and early 1930s,St. Louis Cardinalsgeneral managerBranch Rickeyinvested in

severalminor league clubsand developed the first modern "farm system".[43]

A newNegroNational Leaguewas organized in 1933; four years later, it was joined by theNegro American

League. Thefirst electionsto theBaseball Hall of Fametook place in 1936. In 1939Little
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useumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_League_Baseballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_League_Baseballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ruth1920.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ruth1920.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ruth1920.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ruth1920.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_League_Baseballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_Hall_of_Fame_balloting,_1936http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro_American_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro_American_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro_National_League_%281933%E2%80%931948%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro_National_League_%281933%E2%80%931948%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_league_baseballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branch_Rickeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_manager_%28baseball%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankeeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babe_Ruthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_runhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead-ball_erahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ty_Cobbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside_Baseball_%28strategy%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside_Baseball_%28strategy%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christy_Mathewsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Johnsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankeeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babe_Ruthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Colored_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro_National_League_%281920%E2%80%931931%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenesaw_Mountain_Landishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioner_of_Baseballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sox_Scandalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919_World_Serieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Match_fixinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_White_Soxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_White_Soxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Comiskeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_clause


7/15

League Baseballwas founded in Pennsylvania. By the late 1940s, it was the organizing body for

children's baseball leaguesacross the United States.

Jackie Robinsonin 1945, with the era's Kansas City Royals, abarnstormingsquad associated

with theNegro American League'sKansas City Monarchs

With America's entry into World War II, many professional players had left to serve in the armed

forces. A large number of minor league teams disbanded as a result and the major league gameseemed under threat as well.Chicago CubsownerPhilip K. Wrigleyled the formation of a new

professional league with women players to help keep the game in the public eyetheAll-

American Girls Professional Baseball Leagueexisted from 1943 to 1954.[44]

The inaugural

College World Serieswas held in 1947, and the Babe Ruth League youth program was founded.This program soon became another important organizing body for children's baseball. The first

crack in the unwritten agreement barring blacks from white-controlled professional ball occurred

the previous year:Jackie Robinsonwas signed by the National League'sBrooklyn Dodgerswhere Branch Rickey had become general managerand began playing for their minor league

team in Montreal.[45]

In 1947, Robinson broke the major leagues' color barrier when he debuted

with the Dodgers.Larry Dobydebuted with the American League'sCleveland Indiansthe same

year.[46]

Latin American players, largely overlooked before, also started entering the majors ingreater numbers. In 1951, two Chicago White Sox, Venezuelan-bornChico Carrasqueland black

Cuban-bornMinnie Mioso, became the first HispanicAll-Stars.[47][48]

Facing competition as varied as television andfootball, baseball attendance at all levels declined.While the majors rebounded by the mid-1950s, the minor leagues were gutted and hundreds of

semipro and amateur teams dissolved.[49][50]

Integrationproceeded slowly: by 1953, only six of

the 16 major league teams had a black player on the roster.[47]

That year, theMajor LeagueBaseball Players Associationwas founded. It was the first professional baseball union to survive

more than briefly, but it remained largely ineffective for years.[51]

No major league team had

been located west ofSt. Louisuntil 1958, when the Brooklyn Dodgers and New York Giantsrelocated toLos AngelesandSan Francisco, respectively.

[52]The majors' final all-white bastion,
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theBoston Red Sox, added a black player in 1959.[47]

With the integration of the majors drying

up the available pool of players, the last Negro league folded the following year.[53]

In 1961, the

American League reached the West Coast with theLos Angeles Angelsexpansion team, and themajor league season was extended from 154 games to 162. This coincidentally helpedRoger

Marisbreak Babe Ruth's long-standing single-season home run record, one of the most

celebrated marks in baseball.

[54]

Along with the Angels, three other new franchises werelaunched during 196162. With this, the first major league expansion in 60 years, each leaguenow had ten teams.

Attendance records and the age of steroids

The players' union became bolder under the leadership of formerUnited Steelworkerschiefeconomist and negotiatorMarvin Miller, who was elected executive director in 1966.

[55]On the

playing field, major league pitchers were becoming increasingly dominant again. After the 1968

season, in an effort to restore balance, thestrike zonewas reduced and the height of thepitcher's

moundwas lowered from 15 to 10 inches. In 1969, both the National and American leagues

added two more expansion teams, the leagues were reorganized into two divisions each, and apost-season playoff system leading to the World Series was instituted. Also that same year,Curt

Floodof the St. Louis Cardinals made the first serious legal challenge to the reserve clause. Themajor leagues'first general players' striketook place in 1972.

[56]In another effort to add more

offense to the game, the American League adopted thedesignated hitterrule the following

year.[57]

In 1975, the union's powerand players' salariesbegan to increase greatly when the

reserve clause waseffectively struck down, leading to thefree agency system.[58]

In 1977, twomore expansion teams joined the American League. Significant work stoppages occurred again

in1981and1994, the latter forcing the cancellation of the World Series for the first time in 90

years.[59]

Attendance had been growing steadily since the mid-1970s and in 1994, before thestoppage, the majors were setting their all-time record for per-game attendance.

[50][60]

In May 2010, thePhiladelphia Phillies'Roy Halladaypitched the 20th major leagueperfect

game. That October, he pitched only the secondno-hitterin MLB postseason history.

The addition of two more expansion teams after the 1993 season had facilitated anotherrestructuring of the major leagues, this time into three divisions each. Offensive productionthenumber of home runs in particularhad surged that year, and again in the abbreviated 1994

season.[61]

After play resumed in 1995, this trend continued and non-division-winningwild card
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teams became a permanent fixture of the post-season. Regular-seasoninterleague playwas

introduced in 1997 and the second-highest attendance mark for a full season was set.[62]

The next

year,Mark McGwireandSammy Sosaboth surpassedMaris's decades-old single season homerun record and two more expansion franchises were added. In 2000, the National and American

leagues were dissolved as legal entities. While their identities were maintained for scheduling

purposes (and the designated hitter distinction), the regulations and other functionssuch asplayer discipline and umpire supervisionthey had administered separately were consolidatedunder the rubric ofMajor League Baseball(MLB).

[63]

In 2001,Barry Bondsestablished the current record of 73 home runs in a single season. There

had long been suspicions that the dramatic increase in power hitting was fueled in large part by

the abuse of illegal steroids(as well as by the dilution of pitching talent due to expansion), but

the issue only began attracting significant media attention in 2002 and there was no penalty forthe use of performance-enhancing drugs before 2004.

[64]In 2007, Bonds became MLB's all-time

home run leader, surpassingHank Aaron, as total major league and minor league attendance both

reached all-time highs.[65][66]

Even though McGwire, Sosa, and Bondsas well as many other

players, including storied pitcherRoger Clemenshave been implicated in thesteroid abusescandal, their feats and those of other sluggers had become the major leagues' defining

attraction.[67]

In contrast to the professional game's resurgence in popularity after the 1994interruption, Little League enrollment was in decline: after peaking in 1996, it dropped 1 percenta year over the following decade.

[68]With more rigorous testing and penalties for performance-

enhancing drug use a possible factor, the balance between bat and ball swung markedly in 2010,

which became known as the "Year of the Pitcher".[69]

Runs per game fell to their lowest level in18 years, and the strikeout rate was higher than it had been in half a century.

[70]Before the start

of the 2012 season, MLB altered its rules to double the number of wild card teams admitted into

the playoffs to two per league.[71]

Baseball around the world

Main article:History of baseball outside the United StatesSee also:Baseball in Cuba,Baseball in Japan, andBaseball in the United Kingdom

Baseball, widely known as America's pastime, is well established in several other countries aswell. The history of baseball in Canada has remained closely linked with that of the sport in the

United States. As early as 1877, a professional league, the International Association, featured

teams from both countries.[72]

While baseball is widely played in Canada and many minor leagueteams have been based in the country, the American major leagues did not include a Canadian

club until 1969, when theMontreal Exposjoined the National League as an expansion team. In

1977, the expansionToronto Blue Jaysjoined the American League. The Blue Jays won theWorld Series in 1992 and 1993, the first and still the only club from outside the United States todo so. After the 2004 season, Major League Baseball relocated the Expos to Washington, D.C.,

where the team is now known as theNationals.
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