Barter Final Capstone Presentation
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Transcript of Barter Final Capstone Presentation
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Forest Policy and Soil Erosion in Washington State Forests
By: Rebecca BarterEnvironmental Studies CapstoneSpring 2014
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Question• How effective are state and federal
forestry policies in mitigating erosion in Washington State forests?
Hypothesis• The policies are effective– Geology terminology– Monitoring
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Disciplines
• Geosciences– Erosion: long term vs. short-term– Water quality
• Political Science– Washington State Code– Language and action
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Road MapBackground Information
Historical Context
Geology in a Clear-Cut Forest
Informing Policy
Conclusion
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Terms
• Turbidity (NTUs)– Suspended Sediment Concentration– Clarity of the water
• Compaction– Water storage– Run off
(Ziemer 1981) (Mitchell and Stapp 2008)
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Watershed Health
• Land stores and filters water• Importance of trees and tree roots– Stability– Untouched vs. clear-cut
• Forestry impacts:– Roads and timber harvesting– Compaction, erosion, turbidity
(Ziemer 1981) (Mitchell and Stapp 2008)
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Why it Matters
• December 2007– Winter storm– Upper Chehalis
Basin– Weyerhaeuser
clear-cutting– 1147 landslides
in 91mi2 area– Contaminated
drinking water(Stewart 2013) (Bernton and Mayo 2008)
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Why it Matters
(Armstrong et al., 2014)
• March 2014– Oso landslide– Heavy rains– Uncertain
connection– Recent clear-
cutting in 2005– Stillaguamish River
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Historical Context
• Economic vs. Conservation interests• 19th century policy - agriculture• Policies to retain federal land– Watershed health and conservation
• Peak harvest levels in 1920s• Environmental policies in 60s and 70s• Northwest Forest Plan – 1994
(Washington Forest Protection Agency) (Chiang and Reese)
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Geology in Untouched Forest
• Low erosion rate• 0.5ton/acre/year of sediment• Surface litter cover, tree roots• Disturbed erosion rate increase by
several magnitudes
(Lal 1999)
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Untouched Forest
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British Columbia. Western Forest Products timber tenure clearcutting, Glditas Daqvu, May 2008. Photo: Ian McAllisterhttp://www.firstnations.eu/fisheries/heiltsuk-glditas_daqvu.htm
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Clear-Cut Forest
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Geology in Clear-Cut Forests
(Brown and Krygier, 1971)
• Long term erosion• Suspended sediment concentrations• Control– Peak average of 194ppm
• Clear-cut– Peak average of 640ppm– 5 fold increase
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Geology in Clear-Cut Forests
(Miller and Sias 1997)
• Short term erosion events– Hazel landslide area
• Environmental Factors: clear-cutting• Recharge of groundwater– Increase in time-average recharge of 17% =
condition failure 26% of the time
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Informing the Policy
• Washington State Code– Forest Protection Rules
• Watershed analysis – levels 1 and 2• Roads – Construction and maintenance– Outsloping, planting, culverts– Turbidity
• Minimize erosion – long term
(Title 222 WAC)
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Informing the Policy
• Timber Harvesting– Exposed erodible soils, saturated soils– Proximity to water
• Monitoring program for rate of timber harvests
• DNR Compliance Rates for FPR– 60-100% small forest landowners– 89-93% industrial landowners
(Title 222 WAC) (Obermeyer and Shelly 2012)
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Conclusion
• Was my hypothesis correct?• Mitigating slow erosion• Landslides• Watershed health• Overall: more can be done to mitigate
erosion in Washington State forests
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Conclusion
• Language– Roads; timber harvesting– Less on turbidity; landslides
• Action– Watershed analyses– Is the information acknowledged?– Uncertainty about monitoring programs– DNR and excess clear cutting
(Bernton and Mayo, 2008)
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Conclusion
(Washington State Department of Natural Resources: Forest Practices Protection 2014)
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Conclusion
• Economic vs. environmental interests– Still remain today
• Suggestions– Include more geology terminology• Turbidity, compaction, landslides• Long term vs. short term erosion
– Realistic and feasible monitoring programs• Information from analyses and supervision
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Questions?
Special Thanks to:Dr. Claire Todd; Dr. Sid Olufs
Dr. Kevin O’Brien499 Capstone Class