Barriers to developmentBarriers to development

Transatlantic Slave TradeTransatlantic Slave Trade One of the worst examples of man’s One of the worst examples of man’s

inhumanity to maninhumanity to man

Both Latin America & Africa Both Latin America & Africa were exploited by the were exploited by the

EuropeansEuropeans

Colonial LegaciesColonial Legacies What are the legacies of European What are the legacies of European

colonization?colonization? Social and cultural disruptionSocial and cultural disruption Underdeveloped human potentialUnderdeveloped human potential Weak infrastructuresWeak infrastructures Exploited resourcesExploited resources Disoriented trade patternsDisoriented trade patterns Preset colonial boundariesPreset colonial boundaries Colonial govt. role modelColonial govt. role model

Social and Cultural Social and Cultural DisruptionDisruption

Europeans had Europeans had new way of doing new way of doing thingsthings

No regard for No regard for traditional ways of traditional ways of lifelife

By independence, By independence, many old ways are many old ways are lost and stability is lost and stability is gonegone

Underdeveloped Human Underdeveloped Human PotentialPotential

Few had opportunity for educationFew had opportunity for education Most are exploited – cheap laborMost are exploited – cheap labor Unprepared for self-rule at Unprepared for self-rule at

independenceindependence ie: Congo had only 30 people out of 16 ie: Congo had only 30 people out of 16

million with college degrees at time of million with college degrees at time of independenceindependence

Disoriented Trade PatternsDisoriented Trade Patterns Pre-colonial trade within Pre-colonial trade within

Africa, (Northern Africa is Africa, (Northern Africa is the exception along the the exception along the Mediterranean)Mediterranean)

Trade goes from internal Trade goes from internal links to links links to links with the coast with the coast and Europeand Europe

Colonial BoundariesColonial Boundaries Berlin Conference of Berlin Conference of

1884 – Europe divided 1884 – Europe divided Africa using lines on a Africa using lines on a mapmap

Focused on balance of Focused on balance of power in 19power in 19thth century century EuropeEurope

•Division of ethnic groups

•Inclusion of hostile ethnic groups in new boundaries

Colonial Govt. Role ModelColonial Govt. Role Model

Political power grew out of the barrel Political power grew out of the barrel of a gunof a gun Authoritarian, manipulativeAuthoritarian, manipulative

Did not encourage democracy or Did not encourage democracy or lawful rulelawful rule

International ChangesInternational Changes

Cold War (of course!)Cold War (of course!) Many gain independence and become pawns in the Many gain independence and become pawns in the

Cold War Cold War Worsened internal conflict and supported poor Worsened internal conflict and supported poor

leaders leaders Transfer of lots of small arms weapons to African Transfer of lots of small arms weapons to African

states (not for hunting)states (not for hunting)

International EconomicsInternational Economics Political instability doesn’t bring in the investorsPolitical instability doesn’t bring in the investors

Domestic ProblemsDomestic Problems Ethnic ConflictsEthnic Conflicts

Civil wars in Angola, Chad, Republic of Congo, Civil wars in Angola, Chad, Republic of Congo, Liberia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda, Zaire, Zimbabwe…Somalia, Sudan, Uganda, Zaire, Zimbabwe…

Death, destruction, political instabilityDeath, destruction, political instability

CorruptionCorruption

Rigged electionsRigged elections Leaders seek Leaders seek

personal gain and personal gain and richesriches

Mobutu made $5 Mobutu made $5 million on mineralsmillion on minerals

Case Study: South AfricaCase Study: South Africa

Richest in resources of Sub-Saharan nations Richest in resources of Sub-Saharan nations – farmlands, gold and diamonds– farmlands, gold and diamonds

Unequal distribution – Afrikaners, Unequal distribution – Afrikaners, descendants of Dutch settlers, had the mostdescendants of Dutch settlers, had the most

White minority control – 75% Black along White minority control – 75% Black along with Asians and mixed races have very with Asians and mixed races have very limited rts.limited rts. No vote, not freedom of speech, No vote, not freedom of speech,

assembly, or pressassembly, or press

Armed AfrikanersArmed AfrikanersIn 1948 Afrikaners come to In 1948 Afrikaners come to powerpower

Boer War had resulted in Boer War had resulted in white rule in S. Africa and white rule in S. Africa and apartheidapartheid

Sanctions by Sanctions by international community international community

Still prosper from Still prosper from minerals, Afrikaners minerals, Afrikaners don’t seem to caredon’t seem to care

Boers had Boers had fought the fought the British for British for control of S. A. control of S. A.

ApartheidApartheid

System of complete racial separationSystem of complete racial separation

No social contact between racesNo social contact between races Separate schools, hospitals, Separate schools, hospitals,

neighborhoods, jobs, playgrounds, neighborhoods, jobs, playgrounds, beaches etc. beaches etc.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jsOrKUfkh2khttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jsOrKUfkh2k

Homelands Policy Homelands Policy Govt. created separate Govt. created separate

Bantustans for major black Bantustans for major black groupsgroups 13% of land, poor quality, 13% of land, poor quality,

reserved for 75% of populationreserved for 75% of population

Forced 1000s to moveForced 1000s to move

Built shanty towns on outskirts Built shanty towns on outskirts of white residential areas for of white residential areas for work – had to carry registration work – had to carry registration passes (only for workers)passes (only for workers)

African National CongressAfrican National Congress

Founded in 1912Founded in 1912

Organized strikes and Organized strikes and boycotts to protest boycotts to protest apartheidapartheid

Banned after Banned after Sharpeville Massacre, Sharpeville Massacre, Nelson Mandela Nelson Mandela sentenced for lifesentenced for life

Rivonia TrialRivonia Trial Police found documents Police found documents

dooming leadership of dooming leadership of ANC – ANC – connected 9 of them to connected 9 of them to

acts of sabotage and acts of sabotage and guerrilla warfareguerrilla warfare

Sentenced to life in Sentenced to life in prison – lost some of prison – lost some of ANC’s effectivenessANC’s effectiveness

Black ConsciousnessBlack Consciousness Social and political movement that Social and political movement that

pressed for increased rights and an end pressed for increased rights and an end to “separate development”to “separate development” No white help allowed – other races can No white help allowed – other races can

succeed on their own powersucceed on their own power

Steve Biko – “The most potent Steve Biko – “The most potent weapon in the hands of the weapon in the hands of the oppressor is the mind of the oppressor is the mind of the oppressed.”oppressed.”

Afrikaner Interview – Witness Afrikaner Interview – Witness to Apartheidto Apartheid

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T_z_9GH4NlY&safety_mode=true&persiv=T_z_9GH4NlY&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=activest_safety_mode=1&safe=active

Soweto DemonstrationsSoweto Demonstrations 1976 More than 700 1976 More than 700

students killed students killed protesting the use of protesting the use of Afrikaner language in Afrikaner language in classesclasses

Leader died a year Leader died a year later in police custodylater in police custody

World response is World response is economic sanctionseconomic sanctions

How did the economy effect How did the economy effect Apartheid?Apartheid?

Need for more skilled workers, (not enough whites Need for more skilled workers, (not enough whites available)available)

Economic success depended on happiness and well-being Economic success depended on happiness and well-being of growing group of skilled black workersof growing group of skilled black workers

Guerilla attacks on railroads, mines, police stations etc. Guerilla attacks on railroads, mines, police stations etc. cost the govt. millionscost the govt. millions

1985 State of Emergency declared and govt. was losing 1985 State of Emergency declared and govt. was losing the funds to keep control – escalates violence on massive the funds to keep control – escalates violence on massive scalescale

F.W. de Klerk Brings ChangeF.W. de Klerk Brings Change Elected President in 1989 – Elected President in 1989 –

wanted to end isolationwanted to end isolation

1990 lifted ban on ANC and 1990 lifted ban on ANC and released Nelson Mandelareleased Nelson Mandela

Repealed apartheid laws of Repealed apartheid laws of segregation and land restrictionsegregation and land restriction

1991 President Bush ends 1991 President Bush ends economic sanctionseconomic sanctions

Nelson Mandela – the Symbol Nelson Mandela – the Symbol of South African Independenceof South African Independence

1994 – first universal elections, blacks and 1994 – first universal elections, blacks and whites vote (lines are up to a mile long!)whites vote (lines are up to a mile long!)

ANC wins majority in National Assembly – ANC wins majority in National Assembly – Mandela elected PresidentMandela elected President

Inaugural AddressInaugural Address

““We must therefore act together as a We must therefore act together as a united people…Never, never again united people…Never, never again shall it be that this beautiful land will shall it be that this beautiful land will again experience the oppression of again experience the oppression of one by another and suffer the one by another and suffer the indignity of being the skunk of the indignity of being the skunk of the world…Let Freedom reign.”world…Let Freedom reign.”

Truth and Reconciliation Truth and Reconciliation TrialsTrials

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ujOL8FS2wv4&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=activehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ujOL8FS2wv4&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active

““We will thereby contribute to the healing of We will thereby contribute to the healing of a traumatized and wounded people…and in a traumatized and wounded people…and in this way to promote national unity and this way to promote national unity and reconciliation.” reconciliation.” ~Archbishop Desmund Tutu~Archbishop Desmund Tutu

Some perpetrators could receive amnesty if Some perpetrators could receive amnesty if acts were proven to be politically motivated acts were proven to be politically motivated to meet needs of apartheid or anti-apartheid.to meet needs of apartheid or anti-apartheid.

Not always considered effective at achieving Not always considered effective at achieving its goals…why?its goals…why?

What is the message of the What is the message of the cartoon?cartoon?

Apartheid’s Last Stand – 26 min. to Apartheid’s Last Stand – 26 min. to endend

After becoming president of South Africa, what upsets some people about Mandela’s policy of reconciliation?

What has been disappointing about the ANC’s government and its promises?

Poverty in South AfricaPoverty in South Africa http://www.whypoverty.net/en/http://www.whypoverty.net/en/

video/miseducationvideo/miseducation What challenges does Kelina face every day? What would you go through to get an education?What would you go through to get an education? Every child has the right to grow up in a safe

environment and access education. How does Kelina's environment affect these rights?

Whose responsibility is it to ensure that children have safe access to school?