bansal classes biology

7/29/2019 bansal classes biology

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Bonus Test Review


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Define the word Evolution

Change over time within a species

Adaptation

A trait that gives an organism a survival advantage in its environment

Fitness

The likelihood that an organism will survive in reproduce

Microevolution Observable change within a species (i.e. bacteria becoming resistant

to antibiotics, insects becoming resistant to pesticides)

Macroevolution

Unobservable change where a species changes into another(remember interpretation of the footprints there may be more than

1 explanation)


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Microevolution Observablechange within a

species due tonatural selection


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MACROEVOLUTION: change from one species to anotherUnobservable

-See Evidences of Evolution

WHALE EVOLUTION


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Lamark vs Darwin-Lamark believed in evolution by

acquired trait(Giraffes got long necks over time

by stretching towards tall trees)

-Darwin believed in evolution bynatural selection

(Giraffes born with longer neckshad a higher fitness than giraffeswith short necks)

Published book

On the Origin of speciesWhere he made many of his importantobservations

Galapagos Islands


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How evolution happens

1) Overproduction

2) Competition for limited resources

3) Variation

4) Natural Selection (Survival of theFittest) and Heredity


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ORGANISMSOFTEN PRODUCEMORE OFFSPRING

THAN WILLSURVIVE

Some fish laymillions of eggs.Though most willnot survive, this

high numberensures that a fewwill.


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Variation is caused by:Sexual Reproduction

Mutation

Migration


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GENETIC DRIFT

Change in allele frequencies by chance

If a person accidentally stepped on more green beetles, then thenext generation would have more brown beetles (the trait did notprovide a survival advantage)

f l l h h h h b


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Type of natural selection in which the extreme phenotypes become mostcommon

Directional Selection


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OTHER TYPES OF NATURAL SELECTION

STABILIZING

SELECTION little

change in phenotypes

because of stable

environments

DISRUPTIVE

SELECTION both

extreme phenotypes

are favored whileaverage phenotype

disappears


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Journal 4 - The

Footprint mystery

Remember we are

examining the same evidence

Sometimes theres more than

one interpretation

We are studying theevolutionary explanation


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VESTIGIAL

ORGANS

HOMOLOGOUS

ORGANS

EVIDENCES OF

EVOLUTION

EMBRYO

SIMILARITIES

BIOCHEMICAL

SIMILARITIES

(DNA & AMINO

ACIDS)

FOSSIL

EVIDENCE

T f


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Type ofdatingtechniquewhere fossilsare datedbased on their

relationship toeach other(older fossils

are deeper) Ans = Relative

Dating


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Carbon half life = 5000 years. If a specimen was found with 1/8

of the original isotope, it would be how old (hint: 3 half lives)?

Ans = 15,000 years old

Type of dating method where radioactive isotopes are used

Ans = Radioactive Dating Time it takes for half of the isotope to decay = Half-Life


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2) Homologous structuresSimilar structure,different function - possibly originated from a

common ancestor(bat wing, whale flipper,

human hand)


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Whale flipper

Whale flipper


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Analogous = Similar function but no

relationship

Insect wing, bird wing, bat wing


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Evidences cont.3) Vestigial structures serve no purpose in

modern organism (tailbone, appendix) ConsideredLEFTOVERSThe appendix is

considered the remnants of the cecum (whichplays an important role in digestion in someanimals)


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Molecular and genetic evidence support

fossil and anatomical evidence. Two closely-related organisms will have similar DNAsequences.


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Isolation As species become separated by barriers they may develop different traits in

their new environment


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Pathways of EVOLUTIONCONVERGENT DIVERGENT

(ADAPTIVE RADIATION)

SIMILAR TRAITSDEVELOPEDINDEPENDENTLY (norelationship) due to similar

environmentWings of bat, bird, insects

Fins of fish and whales

Placental and marsupial anteaters

SIMILAR TRAITS DUE TOCOMMON ANCESTRY(related) but function laterchanges due to different

environmentWing of a bat and hand of a human(Homologous structures)

Darwins finches


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Darwins

finches

What are the different

adaptations they have?

ANS = different beaks


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Examine the pictures below. In the plant picture, the different leaf adaptations ar

theorized to branch out from 1 ancestor, while the 13 different species of

(Darwins) finches are also believed to branch out from a common ancestor. Both

of these represent what type of evolution?

Divergent (Adaptive Radiation)


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COMPETING explanations for RATE of EVOLUTION:

1) GRADUALISM

Evolution occurs at asteady slow rate over time Darwins idea

2) PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM Stable periods of no change are

interrupted by periods of rapidevolution

Ex. Cambrian explosion 530mya most complex animalsappeared on earth.


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HISTORY OFTHE EARTH

according tothe

evolutionary

timeline

Identify the following


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Identify the following Father of modern classification Linnaeus

Study of naming and classifying

Taxonomy

2-naming system used to name every organism (by Genus and

species)

Binomial nomenclature

How to write out the scientific name for humans

Homo sapiens

Write the 7 levels of classification from most broad to narrow

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species

Practice using dichotomous keys (pg 2 of notes)


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What is this

chart called?

Cladogram Based on this, what

organism is most

closely related to

dinosaurs and

birds?

Crocodiles


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1) True bacteria; Prokaryotic Eubacteria

2) Ancient bacteria; Prokaryotic

Archaebacteria

3) Eukaryotic; Uni and multicellular; Dumping Ground

Protista

4) Eukaryotic, Mostly multi-cellular; Heterotrophic with cell wall

Fungi

5) Eukaryotic, Multi-cellular; Hetertrophic with no cell wall

Animalia

6) Eukaryotic, Multi-cellular; Autotrophic with cell wall Plantae

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