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The st.udy of Energy Consumption for Daily Travel by Bangkokians

for the Purpose of Select.i.ng Appropriate Housing Locations and Types

in order to Minimize Energy Consullption

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Am tract

The study on energy consumption by Bangkok commuters who

live in various types of dwellings is a study relating to the problems

of energy consumption caused in part by the increase in number of

dwelling units built around the city•s periphery. This in effect has

an impact on Bangkok•s ph,,vsical growth. with tendency to expand

infinitely as well as the commuting costs and energy consumption.

The research was undertaken in two parts: one was to studv

relevant informations pertaining to the subject matter from secondar:v

sources such as previous researches. reports a11d documents on

population census. categories and types of households. laud use

zoning for the Bangkok Metropolitan area and future transit routes: as

well as collecting first hand informations by observations and

photographic recordings. The other part of the research was to carrv

out field surveys on energy consumption in commuting by the use of

questionnaires and interviewing a sample of 300 households from the

middle income sector who live in dwellings under 3 different

categories. i.e. single detached houses. townhouses/rowhouses and

condominiums to the north. east, south and west of Bangkok within the

radius of 5-25 km. from the reference point at Ra..iprasong

intersection. The analyses were carried out usin~ basic statistical

-94-

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methods and tabulating frequencies,. averages and percentages.

The analyses illustrate the number of people,. mode of

transi>ortation,. frequencies, distance,. time and cost in travelling

which are then brought to formulate equations for finding the woow1t

of energy consumed in the process of commuting.

In conclusion,. it was found that in all 3 categories of

dwelling types,. commuters use private cars more than other modes of

transportation,. fallowed by buses and motorcycles respectively. Other

modes such as trains,. boats and bicycles were relatively little used.

Furthermore,. it was found that people living in detached houses use

private cars more than those living in other dwelling types and lend

to consume the most energy. The results on energy consumption are

been shown in chapter four.

Having concluded l.he analyses,. the following recoouneudal.ions

were made regarding the local context:-

1. Define an agricultural or green belt. zone w·ow1d

Bangkok's periphery: if it is not possible for"the state t.o reclaim

all such land,. restrictions should be made by probibil.iug land

sulrlivision for development of housing estates,. a.ml !Jt:;!l'IUil. onl:y

buildings of agriculturally relatf:ld nature as well as impose

restrictions on intensity of land use and population density.

2. Acquaint the public of .tbe middle and low inc01De sect.or

with the benefit and wa.ys of living in condominiums.

3. Set up measures to protect the condominium inhabitants

from being taken advantage of by the proprietors in the proces::> of

servicing and praperty maintenance, perhaps by allowing the

inhabitants to be represented in the managing committee.

4. Because there are st.ill plenty of undeveloped land in

the city which are too valuable to be developed for single family

-95-

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detached houses and thus left vacant by the owners., the state should

increase taxes on such land located in the inner urban areas. This

would force t.11e owners to develop their laud or lease it to other

developers and speculators in order to avoid high taxes.

5. Improve the service aud eff lciency of l.l1e mass l.ransit.

system.

6. Reduce energy consumption by creating dwelling places in

the vicinity of work place and/or schools.

7. Develop rural communities at all levels simuta11eously

with the development of urban communities to ease the rural - urban

migration.

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LnD'111flfl11LifiiiULU01'1LY1W"1 nu1UU1~Lnnii1'1 ~ EBfiuER1'1fl1~'¥in1~11a , . UlDJliW (UIUL~81 n11ULr1~ 81R11i~) 'bfliiuU'1D8UL118ti1u1Ull1~Lnni.61enn1ul~LU , . fiuu1nl..uie'1a1111~11nu1U1.11~Lnni.61ea'itatul'MU u~1l~Laen (u1u> i1e81'1~1

'I •

"fi1uu1" ~1~111ih11011Lun11ii11~~ ~e u"J~1nnne'1ihwm11Ra it'1uli'1at:1mfiu

3 u1~111n ;le utuL;~n n11U1fh~ vi;a (iinuc11iinu1Rm e1f11'fd61 6i-3~~-naenU'ite!i , 'II ~

il1R888LUU1Ufi'1 3 u1~1nnft n1~11altffi1n1'3L11W"1 ff-3 3 1~ n1~&1ilUL"11il &l~lUililn 'I , ,

'lR ua~nuu1 ((;l~1ueinu.a~'UI) Lita1i1~a~~1'111n~na1'1L~e'1 11n1~iuan11iu1~ , 'I 1

... ~ ... LD1N1LnB1D8'1

n1111.tidui1sa1•

L ns .. 111n 'Ui L 'l~'l'1 L aanu1~111n1ot1na1wt1'1 ~ LU01'1 L Y1W"1 i"'1U'1DBn L iii& , 3 a1U ua~u~~a1U'Ui1aenu1~i1n1~eae-i«a1ue1R11ilne1«afi'1 a u1~111T1 ~'1a11111n • uu-3liui1ea1'1ff~een1i1u 9 iu 1~Dlie'1n11R1Reuit'lnaLAa'1nu ua~1n1~rm1ihuiau . , 1d~aa1t1itilR1~a1.niea ~-iili1ea1'1~ 30 i1en1'1 1w1~~~~e~~1e81'3 , en1...n&en 210 i1ea1-3 ~~'1nl'Ml.a~1U1111i1~81~"1lll.I~ aoo •1en1'1 Litauu-Hl111

111~1nnne'1ihiufiueG1"J1a1UUh ~ nu ;te U1~Lnna~ 100 R1D1M1~ w'Ui'it~&l1Nlfil1il1 ... • ):I ... ... ,. -Y.- ... ... ... ... ~ .. " 1ll "'

Lw1~Naae1"n1ue1fi111i~ot1un.nwsu1nL"e1nnunirutu1~n1 &1nun1 u~n11ULd1~ 'II • •

-1 01-

iJ..i "' ..i "' "ll1C1'11 Cl'9.11. 'YI 12 '1UU'YI 2 1!'U'llfl1J 2532

Ji 'l.u'1y n n .., .., !l..~ ...,... '!l\ ..., o.• o 'l.Y LWBLMm~1U1Ui'l1~B1.ITW1flTISitUa~LlJWol1~BU'tUIU1~~TIDn1W on~a~UUUBULD , ..

1Barn.Jn1"u~111fi11tMRR~L~1Mii'li11DtM11M1ai1urm~•1"110Liff;J1~eu'Ui , Ji 41 .., !'1. .... -J.f...- ' ' .., LR1e~"anL~uum.w11HC11 •i1~»1~1nn11~n~1uirui~1HC11Lns1nun11Liu

n1~DB~'l.11~n11'ULULMB~Lwjne~~1~111~LTM i~uLnRilALun11•aun1~ LUu n1Me~n11

n71u11u1~n11'ULiun1~~R~~~a1u unun11Liii~et.M1n1~Me~~~ ~~n1~i11u11.Mii~~ .. Ln11.GiLiun1~'h.JlMiW1lMUu1~ i~~~n11*-'1~11nUi.i~1u1'M't~~1ii u~n1~a~n11ni"»1~

.... ~ .., .... .., .... '1.~ • d ..;. l1n1L~UTI1~fl~~01~L1n1TIBBOL61UTI1~Ua~L1i1TIL61UTI1~Ll.RJ~ M1B01~1~8~TI1~ nn~n~

an1Uib1a~61~aamiun1~ ua~an~1e~61~Liurn~luii~ Lihmlu uan~1nffr1-il61ai1~ , , LR~a~~a~1nnaL~~~1~~1ii~1nn11TMaa~n~uuitM1HCU ua~u1'h.JaM~1""1R1atM11

..., n o.• '1. .., n '1.!'1Y'!s.> n .., !l.. 9' •. ,(.., U ""'"' J: 't ua~G\1UflU~1U1U 10 RU DB LMUTIR10~ ~ Ljl L1*l1~aumw'l.11t: wTJ"wmna"anG\61TI~ 11 .. ua~~1n1~lMU~a1nurin11~au~n1n111.lit.M1n1~'tVDi ~1.Gi~1~auTta~11nL~na"a~•~u1"1

·a

LCeLlilR11"a~611nu~~18LU011RBU 1iiu8n~1n1"ean1fiu 2 a1U ~a d1U

1MRnUa~~1UR1Blli111 ,

~1~n1W111"1iiu~1~ ~in1~T'i~~~L~1n1"¥..au1ii~1~ LUU n1"ii~an1uiiiaanL~un1~

ua~an1ui\ i ltm~ litstr-l~a~~~1M11~a~n1~La1LB~~1nLiun1«La~1~s~n1~1uu.uMN'~ 'II

n11~11~111a~Liun1~R~1R"

B. UtruaM1~1UR1Bl.li111:

1iin~a~~1U1URULUU1UU.a~i1u1URuiiL~Un1~l11n1~1UV11olift1~L1m..&nn1u 'I

L0B~~1.Gin111ii~~1U1~U~L~UTI1~~~6111Lflue~11a1uLn1'16.n11t1U~BnU1uu.a~~ti1.GiU1~1 'd

-102-

ii.I ., .I ., 1l1tf11 "9.1. 'YI 12 ~tflJ'Yl 2 11U11tl11 2532

uan~1nil'uin1un~~1ulU!l1uw1~iilluii1u ~ 11u1~ ua~n11Lna1uw1i~ iu L~eu1u1n1~11~1n111nwa~~1uLUA1e1.1R1116i

... ..J 5), cl ... ~n18 LW11'1Lfltn11J'11JIDilJU~ .. ..

18.00 u •

.. LGIBU

~1en1~nna~nauu1A1u 100% Li1ui1u1u 300 i1e81~ tm11Vn~i1ii11nn1n11ilM111~ .. .., ._, ..... ...! 4 1¥'1"" .. ., ., ...! ,.., 1 .,. .., ' ...!... " 'L!:J ..J .4 ~1111U1A1Bl.IR11nLaen .,jjt L,...,11J1UflD80i u ""1~~1B81~llilA1mB1J~nGIL~U lDULUB . .. 11uu~16i1iun1~u~1iun1~1~u ~1e1~n1~ean,.1nu111L~1"16ina1.Wiu ~1u1iun1~een

~1nn1~1Tl\M 1t.M1~~..niiift ~~uanu1~1nnna~~1~D1JL,.,a,duaima"1u~wilj16i1iun1~1ilu ~ .. .. ..

fi,.19111.l'tt:i11u

uli1ea1~trulsul~1~ina" na"L"li AEnaune~u1uu1~1nnii1u1;&1 in . ~ , un1 n11'11l1~ LLi~D1il11~aiJne1«& uaa:na"DD8 ~B na"DD~81\&W1~;tun.W111l~U

1 1 ..

"" • ..lltlu .4 I HD naiin1.11n11U1~L~1e~ma 1.300 - 1.soo cc. , ""' I 1.so1 - 2.soo cc.> ua~1n,.n1a1UBUS1

... ,.,. fl111Lil't~liWa ..

I\ t.J ..a d '1~ ' ... • "' '"' .o.4'f ~.,~ '1~' • u111emm L nu11u11ll Ltfl,.1nnaii~1an1~"11 L A'i1~11~11n1fi &tomw11u wilLn .. .. <

n1~~~nall ~,~,L~iane~u~a~na" A11llrl ua~iR"10&1uaa~ 1~au1l~uatu111f11~1~ .. .. ...

-103-

11... "' ... "' l11D'l1 l'f'D.fi. '1 12 ~UU'1 2 11'U11tllJ 2532

irla1LR11~~»a"a~1Ji,1nn11R111"Ul1RSU1""a1 ~~U1"1R1U1flrlll1R1n11i.I .. . . wa~~1ui.un11L~un1~t1il~tl1~i1n1J\.wna1~8LUB1R11~1~ ~ u~iif~1~ ~ 1¥.~n11~11~

iu1ulJfl11R1ulftlfl11Lnwa~.,,1una.,,~aa11~1nn1uw1~~1.,, ~ Lu1t:n~n1~~n~1~nu . ..

n111.h~-.i1'Wi~"''IW..,.,Wl11LWrn"' i.un11Riu1l1Ma~n1"W!1R1~~~s1uff 1. n11i.nwa~~1uLun111iun1~na~RU~iu1u-mi~•1nna"~1ae1~ ~a1RaLu ., .

u1ULL~a~u1~1T1T1L~L~un1~Tunu~a~n1uw1~ ~~~a'3Vl1i1Au i 1ii~tlWw1\.mt;;U~a~

U1~LnTI•t:'lil'Wa~~1usiantaL"~1Lilu.Ln11'1 ua1~'3Vl11~8~Tl1~ff-nw~ ua1~~1"1~ll'W~~ 'II

~iutti~an'taL"~1 ~a~~~awa~~iu~u~1u1~"'1~a1«nas"Luu1ULLGia~tl1tiLnn ua~ .. i.in1uw1~n~'lrlu 1 1u (~1u1una~Ru~1iun1"'1tuna"i1a81~~'Ui~a tuu1u1~a1

•

w~~~Lnwa~~iu1n11'.tu 1 1u

a. 1111R1LQinn11tnwa~~1utun111iun1~~eRusieRi~LULL~a~n1uw1'Vl'l,.&1:

i111111Mu.~ena1«n tuu1w.6iat:tl1~ um . "t6.ml.1.i1n11 'l.ilwa"'1~1u11"11a"'1LLGia~1'Vl'l,.&1:"111111 .. ~1niiu1\&iti.,,i.un11L~un1~ ~~~'1IA1n11Ltlwi~"'11usien11Liun1~ 1 Ri.,,

4. 1'nil1n11'1.ilwa~~iutun11 Liun1~na"'1n11n1"'1 L mr1 i.u 1 1u 1&.aR(i'l•1n •

,,ntio"all.1RLDna11 ua~~1u1\&ff"1ini.u.it101.W111~L~un1~,1ntia"~JRsu1" i1"~~wa"'1 .. .. ~iu~u1~n1n1u~a~Ru~a1fisi.uu1ULL~a~tl~1nT1La~Liun1"'1u~a~n1U'W1V1Ut:'l.il~a 1 1u

1i'inn11R1U10UJ1ua1 u1uan11tflwa~~iw.Ra~Rufm1fillllilu~iu1uu1~n1n1~1iun1~LULL~a~ ..

5. 1111R1n11'1.ih.ra~~1ULW111L~UTl1~DB~D11n1~LTIW"1 ~aa~~~n 1i'itm1 . ~

~iu1Utlu~L~n1~tuiun1~1u ua~iiu11M'\U~1~n1~i.u1\WllWI ua~1"1Rliflutri"1'll'W~~ • 'II

-104-

~.I .. .I .. 1111111 H.1. uYI 12 nmm 2 11u11fl1J 21>32

i1U~uu.~a~u1~Lnni.il Na11Mnein11liwiii1Ufliune'*1unn i u1~Lnn•~Liluu1M1W , Waii1Uff-WWCil;br11n1iLTIW'1 irtun11L~Tl1i ,

1. ~1U1UDBidJJ1DJleiBR1BURi1 = 5 RU

2. n ~ ~ 1 n 1if'[ ... •1U'1'Ur..lnLCilUTl1i UTl1i1ULHl~ 1iL18U = 3 RU .. 3. 11ai1&Lun11LWTI1i~BR1BUR11 :::: 2,001 U1l1

fiBURt>li = 400 U1l1 , 4. 11n'Ui.ieL;tnaBR18UR;1 = 12,460 U1Tl

5. th 'l.if~1aLun11 L~\m1i L mn'UL ilmJL iJu 001 ~., ~ • L L n'UL'IULCilBU = 16%

6. w~Tttrlun11LiUTI1iLilua1ULW!i RB 1na1Ulli111.~1mMa

7. .4 ' '#111 11U1'1LR1Bi!UtllDBi1DR'UBITl = 1300-2500 cc.

8. ~ ~ v ~ 1~8t>Tl1~TlLjl\lTl1i•1fl'U1U 1i1U

LaD'lna1Wi1 = 11. 2 i'iuu "".,

1an1nu.1~ = 10.6 nuuJJtil'l

9. ~•L1a1tlrlun11L"wn1i

1an1na-Ml1 42 ...

= U1Tl

Lsin.,nuia = 44.3 'U1Tl

10. t:1'111Jtlun11Litm1~e11.MBftU

i.tlihna1U11 ...

= 2 fl1i .. utli1n L JJQ "' = 2.35 Rii ..

11. ~1U11lfl1BURi'1T\il1nma1a1'liwLiluLUB1Lius1 ... ~ U1ULCil!l1 = 59 %

" I " Tl11UL 16' = 43 %

a1t:111iilWila1«t1 = 35 % ,

-1 05-

~~ "' ~ ., l11i:r11 i:r9.I. lJTI 12 nuuTJ 2 !JU11fllJ 2632

n1''1 'ltwa~~1U U1UL 6fs1 n1'111ilh~ B1tll111'6l'Wnil 1ff S ,

' ......... 2.18 avt"J i.6 a911 1.2

... L Q'W1~rJm ~UTl1'11 a911

'II . I ....

1,874.8 OOE 1,376 OOH 1,032 OOE Pl iltrUG'I B 1U

.

L Tisuffut11:::tr1n1 1.16 ., 0.82 aG11 0.64 ... aG11

~ _t_ •

Tl../IVIJJ~Gl B~UlilB 'iu 997.6 OOH 705.2 OOE 522.2 OOE

oi0~1u1URui.ui:i1U 610,594,132 a911 447,536,953.5 a911 35,574,283.6 aG11 ,.,..,

tht: L1lnUfi~WJ(il 678,695.6 TOE 384,875.4 TOE 30,578.6 TOE

i.u7un1'111u

oie~1u1Um&i.uii1U 128,777,187.8 ., 80,420,s59 a911 3.,965,301.4 aG11

1.1" 1.11::: Ltnmfi'2W.I~ 110.,748.4 TOE 69, 161. 7 TOE 3,410.1 TOE

LU1UlllS(;I •

oie~1U1'URULuti1U 199,a11,319.a ai11 521.,957,512.5 a911 39,539,591 aG11 SllJ ; ........ . i1 tht: L11TIUTl'2W.!Mil 687,480 TOE 454,037.1 TOE 33,988.7 TOE

= 1,366,863,423

= 1,209,458.6 TOE

-1 06-

ii..( "' ..I "' ll11r11 at.I. ll 12 ~UUll 2 11'1J11f'l11 2632

011L~1~i1ulwje8,U1~8~TI1~ 5-10 n1aLJM1 i~nn~ 36.a'X. 1B~a~1u .. eniu1~8~ 11-15 n1aL>M1 NTtLiun1~Liiu1~a~n1~"1nni1 20 nlaL11~1iu11.Jil

11 ..

1'1::a.nm 8. 91.

NT\eauiuL;n1LilL1a1L\Ul11L~n1~"1n~ Lu1u\.1~L~11-e1Tiit~Liun1~ 'I .. ·1 , 'II

n1nL\Ul1~LTl\M \ioani17lm11116l1 u1uL;a1L~n1~"1nni1u1u'lfU6iiu e11LiiuLw11~ • ~1D~111nni1u1utril6'~ a~6l1n~rln1111.1Wn~eu L~&>1J1i~~1~atiiane~

ua11nn11u1~1111lii1n11Lilwa~~iu'hm11L~n1~ne~i11n1~LJn.M 't6ten11 • M1U10I a11.11'ii1 n11'liNi~~1ULTimJL~1iiuilH a1M1tn.J1~i1n1~a8u1uL~n1'lil 1.16 , ..

RilAUSieiu 11~~~iufi'1Mll~ihf11n1~LTIW"1 ii'l\Ul111Ru.n1~eu1n1ffH 1.366.868.423 , a., M1eLn1n" 2~ ne..vi1~n11nua~ff'41.l1~LTIA uHi1Liiuu;11~~"1nnL;n1 ..

L~e'lln11uii~ilsJ1ne~U,.,~a~~n8"afi'Ul11nn11a1U11tidDJ1~iii1&La~n11 'I

1.11~11111ii1en1~itttL"iftlla1 ~aJ1M1~,.e~1~n1nL~a ... n11'lid1ihiB~Liiun11il1a~~

~1ULff1lt]n111e~1~LTIAi'li&t.a~~1\Ul111nv1ni\ia1n1~11111i'lfina~1an a81..fiieaLu

~;hJ1~i1n1i11n1~LTIW"1 n1f~L~~iu1Ua11niueaL~B8 , ~1~'16'~iJa1if\w1niuLilu , . .. "' '1 .• Y TI1tU&t111 IJ.Jlit18

'II

IBLifwll~1\Ul1,m,m...,,iJ11Laeam.mrur11111wi~~111 .. " ~........... ... .r... •

1. 01'M'UtitB1m1L 1181WTIBL 11811'11BWm11LnltYl11uW9nL TJGI O'Nl. ri113

wa11111o"l~n1n11L 1uauiiiu, wi~ ~~ia.m1a11.11~n11iuu1 l1.1W.~11' flua1¥l1'riSna1ft21

-107-

ii.I "' .I "' 111lf11 &JI.I. YI 12 D1J1JYI 2 1J\Oltl1J 2632

tht: LflTIDiNn1"J i.m"~uil-l L w Prime use ·uuh.1i~tt1n,. L 'lJ11n'1~a1t1 ' 1

2. u,.i:;111ai1Wufi uJEuw1A11i11A11i1 L ti1 i. .. i.uL ~a~n,,.ll,.t:'Vlmiwa·N1mmi:; ..

3. a11~1i:;1.JllL~1a:;Lunun11eae1«n11i1nui.ua1R11n~ A11~"1t11n1iui .. 1

i.~L~1ne'1n7tn11ua1'8'11n111L~L~n~ei.lli'lWl11u7n11u1,.~1mt1e1A11 .. • 1

~1Lilun11'Wt~ai.iiis8a1«n1i111i11iiwi11i1n11u1"1~11aunu1u .. . ' ~ ... ~ • .... .... ... .J, • !:! ... ..,_!'LI "S..'

4. LU8'1't1n&~JJn11'1LULJJ8~BnJJ1n URt;flL'VIR1\AW11fi1a~'tU~ANnun11 ' .. 'I

Witru.1Lllu~a8a1«aA1aUA111~n1 11~~A11"L~1~~1'Vliulti1~i~n~u11~ .. 1ni'1riaa11~ .. i.u1n~1aa~iui.u 1~ai.~L~11a~iitu'UiW.U11ilu~aaa1«fMian7tn11Na81~~1n:ula1"11n .. Witru.11a~'Uifia1 .. ~1Liliul11i.ua~na~n1111i1a~nu "~ai1M\l1ni.~tlJ1iH1N11~n11.11~

1 ..

1nttU'Ui'Lu11R1~1 L w11~ wa1N11n'Vlie Wil&1nnuuuni'lJam11I11B~iN 'Ui ' ..

6. nnn1ui.lhJ1~U1nu-i1JJnw..l1t:l'laGrWa'1'11UlW111L~Tl1'1 1'tirm1~wnu1H~

i.na'Tin1~1UMiB'Vl111~L1nui."t1G11"a1ui.ni'T1wnB1fla 'I

7. W.U1m.wni~~,.~iinuiu1u ~1ua B1LflB1ll'W1ilJJ, nun11Witru.1LUB'1 .. 'Vlanua~nTIN. fi~L~BU71Ln1~18u1~iu .. 1nn11B'Wfl'WDil~U1~tt1n17t1nLDi!DU~~

1:via1i1"1i.ULD~ nnu.

-108-

ii"' ... "" f l11Cl'l1 CfUI. YI 12 fatnJYI 2 U11fl1J 2532

11111111 asatlL~, 011L~TI1~D8~l.IFl~R101101~ ffun11~a1ain1111'1~ iiJNafiB ,

n11a~iiJM111111LuLnan1~LTIWMM111A1. N.tl.n. 101a~nittln.11na1an ~

<2526)

{°'at1U11n1 i'lWau, 11a~1un111~nn11arrtt1 L~Dn1111U6luu1n1~1n1~LTnt1nJ11'U.R1uati

t11mam1u1'1~1Qm.ni 5 'W.R. 2525-2529 n1~LJJWUV11'U.R1:ne·-s ,

.., .... .., I ,.,,,, LTlfJUi\1& n1~T1ULL.WRJD::, S11111:n1~LM''!1t3n1"~~NUatitl1~u1n1na~u11n1~LTntln4111A1.

n1~LTl\rr1: if'A1a~n1~11na1aa <2525> , ' u1 Vqi11~~. i11a11a1UT1a~L"e~. "m.ni 2s <LN.a. 15>. (25151

N"' nwna, U1ULU111~LTl\rr1. n1~LTl\rr1: "l'111a~n~11na1ia (2525) , ' '

N1U'W 'W~RTM. Problem of Town Planning and Housing LDna11L1Li1fi1 ~

n1Nn111ln~11N,

n1Nn1~1~u~,

... '~ .... ' n1W'lii811m&'IJ,

n11LRl/ltiUM~i1i,

n11n1...n:;LtifHUM~tl1tiLnR'lna,

11n~1utl1tii1u 2525.

11a~1U111~i1n 2520.

11n~1\1111tii1u 2s21.

11n~1\'1.11tii1n 252s.

11n~11&111tii1n 2523.

ln'l1\Miil1 2513, N.tl.n. : N.tl.tl (2523)

n11'1.iW.iun1~LT'IWIJM111A1. N.tl.n.:

N.tl.tl (2523)

na-ai~Lne~., a1UTI~~. n1~LT1W1W1"1UR1, i~LM1'"ti.1~L"e~na1~ne~n1~Lnw ' .....--• ln'l1\Miil1&LatiL Dlilmmmi. N. ll. n.: N. ll. ll.

u1in iiuA1au u~eilitiLen i1n~.

N.tl.n.: N.tl.tl <2525)

-109-

ii... ., ... ., 'll"Hl'l1 iYi'l.I. Tl 12 U\JUTI 2 11U11fl" 2532

~ \

nl~ L fl'WJJV11u~1. _LLw_n_n1.,_1 ~"""L..;...nwsm-"-"" ..... 1 .... 'Uil .......... 1 __ u ..... 1_ltl_1_1_a_1_u_1 ..... :_5_o .... , _ou_· o.....__LL_a_~

1:100,000. ~.1..1.n.: u.1..1.1..1.

n1~Lnwsm1Uil1, a1'Un~1UAi~. ~1Ln~1nna~1nu1n11 (l11~~1u 2522' , a1iifN1ui"ni.L..W11-M, 1'1fN1wl1U~ Luth~1'1n11..11~~1i1 2524 n1~ L mr1: u. ti. ti. ( 2524) .,

a1'Un~iuwa~~1uaui~111~, LIDLWa-3\la~w~~~1UDB~tl'J'~l TIM1nn 2526, Thailand

Energy Situation, (1983).

a1Unei"~L~D~~ N~11Gl1~ a1t1~1n11n~1un111..11u1..11~~~1111a1~ft~~~ 1

n1~L11W"1 : au1~ugn1t.6lnan1uLuw1~un.111nt1n~. , ~

Lena1111Liln1. u.1..1.n. : u.1..1.1..1.

2543

e~n11nua~u1a11un1~L11W"1, LDna11L~n1nun11Liu1n11Uri~Lun1~LflWUl.11UA1 1..11~~1u , 2527. u.1..1.n. : u.u.u. <2528>

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