8/21/2019 Bandura Theory

1/2

The concept of self-efficacy lies at the center of psychologist Albert Bandura’s social cognitive theory. 

Bandura’s theory emphasizes the role of observational learning, social experience, and reciprocal

determinism in the development of personality.

According to Bandura, a person’s attitudes, abilities, and cognitive skills comprise hat is knon as the

self-system. This system plays a ma!or role in ho e perceive situations and ho e behave inresponse to different situations. "elf-efficacy plays is an essential part of this self-system.

What Is Self-Efficacy?

According to Albert Bandura, self-efficacy is #the belief in one’s capabilities to organize and execute the

courses of action re$uired to manage prospective situations.# %n other ords, self-efficacy is a person’s

belief in his or her ability to succeed in a particular situation. Bandura described these beliefs as

determinants of ho people think, behave, and feel &'(()*.

"ince Bandura published his seminal '(++ paper, #"elf-fficacy Toard a nifying Theory of Behavioral/hange,# the sub!ect has become one of the most studied topics in psychology. 0hy has self-efficacy

become such an important topic among psychologists and educators1 As Bandura and other researchers

have demonstrated, self-efficacy can have an impact on everything from psychological states to behavior

to motivation.

The Role of Self-Efficacy

2irtually all people can identify goals they ant to accomplish, things they ould like to change, and

things they ould like to achieve. 3oever, most people also realize that putting these plans into action

is not $uite so simple. Bandura and others have found that an individual’s self-efficacy plays a ma!or role

in ho goals, tasks, and challenges are approached.

4eople ith a strong sense of self-efficacy

• View challenging problems as tasks to be mastered

• Develop deeper interest in the activities in which they participate

• Form a stronger sense of commitment to their interests and activities

• Recover quickly from setbacks and disappointments

4eople ith a eak sense of self-efficacy

• Avoid challenging tasks

• Believe that dicult tasks and situations are beyond their capabilities

• Focus on personal failings and negative outcomes

• uickly lose con!dence in personal abilities

Sources of Self-Efficacy

3o does self-efficacy develop1 These beliefs begin to form in early childhood as children deal ith a

ide variety of experiences, tasks, and situations. 3oever, the groth of self-efficacy does not end

during youth, but continues to evolve throughout life as people ac$uire ne skills, experiences, and

understanding.

http://psychology.about.com/od/developmentalpsychology/a/sociallearning.htmhttp://psychology.about.com/od/developmentalpsychology/a/sociallearning.htmhttp://psychology.about.com/od/profilesofmajorthinkers/p/bio_bandura.htmhttp://psychology.about.com/od/behavioralpsychology/ss/behaviorchange.htmhttp://psychology.about.com/od/behavioralpsychology/ss/behaviorchange.htmhttp://psychology.about.com/od/profilesofmajorthinkers/p/bio_bandura.htmhttp://psychology.about.com/od/behavioralpsychology/ss/behaviorchange.htmhttp://psychology.about.com/od/developmentalpsychology/a/sociallearning.htm

8/21/2019 Bandura Theory

2/2

According to Bandura, there are four ma!or sources of self-efficacy.

1. Mastery Experiences

#The most effective ay of developing a strong sense of efficacy is through mastery experiences,#

Bandura explained. 4erforming a task successfully strengthens our sense of self-efficacy. 3oever, failing

to ade$uately deal ith a task or challenge can undermine and eaken self-efficacy.

2. Social Modeling

0itnessing other people successfully completing a task is another important source of self-efficacy.

According to Bandura, #"eeing people similar to oneself succeed by sustained effort raises observers5

beliefs that they too possess the capabilities master comparable activities to succeed.#

. Social !ersuasion

Bandura also asserted that people could be persuaded to believe that they have the skills and

capabilities to succeed. /onsider a time hen someone said something positive and encouraging that

helped you achieve a goal. 6etting verbal encouragement from others helps people overcome self-doubt

and instead focus on giving their best effort to the task at hand.

". !sychological Responses

7ur on responses and emotional reactions to situations also play an important role in self-efficacy.

8oods, emotional states, physical reactions, and stress levels can all impact ho a person feels about

their personal abilities in a particular situation. A person ho becomes extremely nervous beforespeaking in public may develop a eak sense of self-efficacy in these situations.

3oever, Bandura also notes #it is not the sheer intensity of emotional and physical reactions that is

important but rather ho they are perceived and interpreted.# By learning ho to minimize stress and

elevate mood hen facing difficult or challenging tasks, people can improve their sense of self-efficacy.

9eferences Bandura, A. &'(++*. "elf-efficacy Toard a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review , :), '('-

;'e ?ork Academic 4ress,

pp. +'-:'.

Bandura, A. &'((