Banana
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Transcript of Banana
Banana
Introduction• Food security in the broad spectrum
encompasses issues of :
– Food availability
– Food accessibility
– Food affordability
– Food safety
• Known as AAA’S
Features• Increase in food demand – increase
population.
• Competition for resource use - agricultural vs. non-agricultural
• Occurrence of calamities – climate change
• Technology needs – productivity enhancement
• Changing trends in food habit – Raw vs. Processed.
Banana in Malaysia
• Most important fresh fruits
Durian > Pineapple > Banana
• Main producing areas
– Pahang: Raub & Lipis
– Perak: Parit, Kuala Kangsar & Larut Matang
– Johor: Kulang, Pontian & Batu Pahat
• Varieties planted more than 70 species.
Scientific Classification
• Family : Musaceae
• Genus : Musa
• Species : Musa acuminata
Desert banana ( A genome )
Musa balbisiana
Plantain / cooking banana ( B
genome )
Climate• Suitable to the tropical climate with small
temperature fluctuations from day to night and
throughout the year.
• Temperature: determine the rate of banana growth &
developemnet.
– 21 C – 32 ̊ C̊
• Rainfall: crop has high water demand.
– Average requirement = 2000 mm – 2500 mm / year
– Evenly distributed throughout the year.
– 8 – 12 liter per day.
Soil• Rich which means high fertility status & organic
matter content.
– 40 % clay, 75 % silt, 85 % loam.
• Suitable soil series:
– Tok Yong Series, Penambang Series, Kerayong
Series, Beserah Series, Kuantan Series, Gong
Chenak Series.
• Optimum soil pH is 6.0 – 7.5.
• Low soil pH makes banana more susceptible to
Panama disease.
Desert – Pisang Berangan ( AA )
• Each bunch has 8 -12 hands and weighed 12 – 20 kg.
• Every hand has 12 -20 fingers.
• Medium to large size fingers ranges 12 – 18 cm in
length and 2.5 – 3.5 cm in thickness.
• Fruit skin is thick, smooth and yellow in colour when
ripen.
• It has yellowish orange, pleasant aroma and sweet
flesh.
Desert – Cavendish ( AAA )
• The most popular cultivar grown is Montel,
Comel, Cabana and Sun King.
• Each bunch has 15 – 25 hands and weighed more
than 20 kg.
• Large size fingers range 15 – 22 cm in length and
3.5 – 4.5 cm in thickness.
• Fruit skin is thick, smooth and yellow in colour
when ripen.
• It has white, fine texture, pleasant aroma and
sweet flesh.
Propagation Method
ConventionalIn Vitro Planting
Tissue Culture
BIT( Corm / Rhizome)
Suckers
SwordSuckers
WaterSuckers
Sword Sucker Water Sucker
Banana Corm
Planting Materials - Conventional
• The bit ( corms / rhizome ) – flesh
structure at the base of the plant.
– Functioning as a food storage.
• Banana root systems arise from the
corm.
• Suckers develop from the newer portion
of the corm.
• Suckers – vegetative shoots which
develop from the root stalk of corm.
• Young plants which grow at the base
of the parent plant.
• There are 3 types of suckers:
– Peepers
– Sword suckers
– Water suckers
• Sword suckers
– Robust conical in shape.
– Large suckers with narrow leaves & large rhizome.
– Best material planting material.
• Water suckers
– Poorly developed suckers.
– Broad leaves, weak & narrow pseudostem.
– Small corms.
– Lack of vigor and not recommended as planting
material.
Peepers Plant Morphology
Planting Materials – In - vitro
• In vitro techniques
– Process of tissue culture from parent plant
to produce young plantlets as planting
materials.
• The processed to be done in a sterile condition.
• Mostly utilized by the big and established
plantations company.
Advantages of in - vitro
i. Large number of planting materials can be produced
within a short time.
ii. Ensures uniformity of size, shape and time of harvest.
iii. Healthy & vigorous growth.
iv. Shorter harvesting period.
v. Produce high yield potential.
vi. Pest and diseases tolerant if planted on clean
uninfected soil.
Disadvantages of in - vitro
i. High initial cost
ii. Intensive initial care
iii. Transmission of virus
iv. Physical instability in the field
Land Preparation
• Selected land must be cleared from any
vegetation, ploughed and harrowed.
• Followed by lining and holing
according to planting system and
planting distance selected.
• Square, rectangle / triangle planting
systems are recommended.
Planting System & Planting Distance
• Inter cropping with permanent crops
– Recommended planting distance 3 m x 3 m
– 1 111 plants / ha
• Monoculture crop
– Recommended planting distance is 3.0 m x
1.5 m
– 2 222 plants / ha
Holling & Planting• Size of planting holes is 45 cm x 45 cm x 45 cm.
• Allow holes to weather for 2 – 4 weeks.
• About 100 g of Christmas Island Rock Phosphate
(CIRP), 5 – 10 kg of organic fertilizer and 30 g of
Furadan are incorparated into each planting hole.
• Plant seedling with minimal disturbance to the roots.
• Soil around the plant should be tramped down firmly
to remove air pockets.
Pest & Diseases
Pests
Corm Weevil / Weevil Borer
Fruit Fly
Stem Borer, Weevil
Nematoda
Diseases
Sigatoka Leaf Fusarium
Wilt
Mycosphaerella musicola
Fusarium oxysporium
Fertilizer Application Program
Time of Application
Type of Fertilizer
Rate (kg) / Plant
At planting CIRP Organic fertilizer
0.110
1 month after planting
15:15:15 or 14:14:14
0.3
3 months after planting
15:15:15 or 14:14:14
0.4
5 -6 months after planting
12:12:17:2 or 12:16:22:3
0.5
Pruning• Leaves of the banana plant need to be pruned regularly.
• Type of fronds / leaves to be pruned:
– Dead fronds
– Diseased fronds
– Too close to the fruit brunch
• To avoid fruit damage ( bruising).
• To enable free air circulation around the developing fruits.
• The pruned leaves are gathered in a selected site (in
between the planting rows)
– Provides natural mulch to the plants.
Desuckering or Thinning of the Suckers
• Process of removing unwanted suckers.
• Involve in the selection of the suckers to be removed
and that to be maintained as ratoon.
• Proper desuckering enable farmer to regulate
cropping whether to plant or program the
harvesting seasons.
• Reduce unnecessary competition among suckers.
• Quality of bunches can also be improved.
Bunch Management – Bunch Propping
• Bunch propping is done to support
banana plants with bamboos or wooden
poles.
• Therefore, 2 bamboos should be
propped by placing 1 against the top of
the bunch and the other one is against
the stem on the leaning side.
Bunch Management – Bunch ProppingDeflowering
• Removal the “Bell” – the purple male
flower petals at the end of the bunch.
– Also known as “banana blosson” / “banana
heart”.
• It is cut off once the distance between the
distal hand and the top of the bell is at
least 15 cm at 8 -12 days after bunch
emergence.
• Fruit bunches normally ready to be
harvested in 7 -9 weeks after bell
formation.
• The time for harvesting depends on the
intended marketing strategy.
• Fruits for immediate marketing and foe
local consumption are harvested when
they are matured.
• For short distance transport, 90 %
maturity could be used.
• For long distance transport such as
by ship, 75 % maturity is normally
used.
• There are several criteria that can be
used as a guidance when harvesting
the bananas such as:
Maturation PeriodsVariety Maturation Period
( Weeks After Shooting)
Cavendish (AAA) 20 – 23
Berangan (AA) 11 – 14
Nangka (AAB) 22
Awak (ABB) 8
Harvesting IndicesRipene
ss Index
Fruit Colour Characteristics
1 Dark green Fruits is unripe and not suitable yet to be harvested.
2 Green with a little bit yellow
Fruit is almost matured, can be harvested for a long transportation journey through ships.
3 More green than yellow Fruit is fully matured. Not suitable to be harvested for a long transportation journey.
4 More yellow than green The fruit is almost ripe. Only suitable for the local market.
5 Yellow with a little bit at the fruit tips
The fruit is ripe. Only suitable for the local market.
6 Yellow The fruit is ripe. Only suitable for the local market. The best stage to be eaten freshly.
7 Yellow orangish The fruit is overripe. Only suitable for local market die to short shelf life.
Harvesting Method
• Mechanical harvesting system use
cable that can run the banana from
field to the processing house.
• Advantages:
– Faster
– Easier
– Less damage to the harvested bunches
Average Production
Variety 1st Year( mt / ha)
2nd Year( mt / ha)
3rd Year( mt / ha)
Berangan (AA)
13 26 24
Embun (AAA) 18 36 30
Mas (AA) 8 16 14
Post Harvest Operations
Removal of pronounced
ridges
Dehanding
Washing, delatexing &
fungicide treatment
Drying
Grading
Packing
Pre -cooling
Removal of air &
ethylene
Storage
Transportation
Banana ripening
room
Banana Production - Requirement
• Knowledge grower
• Systematic management