Bamboo biomass an overlooked energy resource
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Transcript of Bamboo biomass an overlooked energy resource
Recent News….. From Jamaica http://jis.gov.jm/9600-pounds-organically-certified-bamboo-charcoal-shipped-tomorrow/
• Jamaica’s first major supply of internationally certified organic bamboo charcoal, totalling 9,600 pounds, is scheduled to be shipped to the United States (US) on Tuesday, April 14
Source:Jamaica information service
Contents• Introduction• Bamboo and its suitability• Charcoal production technologies and enterprises• Briquetting and pelleting models• Bamboo and Electricity• Bamboo based gasification and Ethanol production system – Life Cycle
Analysis• Economics of biomass power Vs Conventional power• Recommendations
Introduction• Energy and Environmental protection are the two today’s critical needs. •Major thrust towards renewable energy: Biomass is a promising option.• Focus shifted from first to second generation biofuels (lignocellulosic
materials – agricultural and forest waste, fast growing tree and grasses ).• Possibility of conversion into energy (electrical and thermal, liquid and
gaseous forms)• Perception: Biomass is carbon neutral. • Different options for energy usage and conversion – which one to
choose?
Bamboo: Its suitability as energy crop
• Bamboo is fastest growing plant on earth.• Perennial “Woody Grass”, rapid growth : annual selective harvesting possible
(no clear felling) for 50 years. • Environmental protection: Soil erosion, water recharge, reclaiming degraded
lands, etc.• Additional benefits: Bamboo shoots (food security), fodder, multiple uses, etc• Yield: 5 to 47 metric tons per hectare (Priority species: > 10 MT per annum).
Energy or Calorific values comparison (Bamboo Vs Wood)
• Calorific value of dry bamboo: ~ 19 MJ/kg or 4500 Kcal/Kg (Scurlock, 2000)
• Low ash and alkali content; C and H similar to wood.• Calorific value of bamboo charcoal: 26 - 29 MJ/Kg or ~ 6600 Kcal/Kg• Bulk density is low. Densification or briquetting is necessary
Biomass HHVMJ / Kg Kcal / Kg
Bamboo 19.8 4729Eucalyptus 19.6 4681Hybrid popular 19.7 4705Willow 19.7 4705
Modeling biomass / carbon dynamics of bamboo forest
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 450
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Modeled Above ground culm biomass of bamboo natural stands
Year
Abo
ve g
roun
d cu
lm b
iom
ass
of m
uli b
ambo
o (t
/ h
a)
• Rapid growth and regrowth.• Reach stable carbon in a period of 6 -10 years
(beyond that, bamboo forests are carbon neutral (Liese, 2009)
• Above ground and high underground biomass ratio: 66: 34 percent
• Leaf litter: 6 – 8 percent of total biomass ( 1 to 37 MT per annum) (Kleinhenz and Midmore, 2001).
• Soil carbon: 15 – 17 percent of leaf litter and underground biomass.
• Gregarious bamboo flowering at end of life cycle.
• Active management necessary for improving carbon sequestration.
Modeling carbon sequestration of Moso bamboo (INBAR, 2010)• Fast growing, annual yielding crop
• When managed, bamboo can outperform fast-growing species in terms of carbon sequestration
Bamboo and Electricity
• 1.2 Kg biomass produces 1 unit of electricity. • Bamboo biomass is a suitable feed stock for electricity generation.• Wastes arising out of industrial processes could be used for electricity
generation.• 100 per cent producer gas engine• Combined diesel and producer engine• Combined charcoal and electricity generation units
20 kW Pyrolytic Biomass Gasifier(Rajasthan, India
OwnershipCurrent: 100% CIBART NGOFuture (indicative): 30% CIBART30% Women30% Professionals10% Technical support
Cash benefit (US$)biomass : power
1 day: 12 : 801 month: 360 : 24001 year: 4380 : 29200
Charcoal produced: 5%: $ 4,38025%: $ 21,900Unit cost: $ 21,942
Broad usage of power(indicative)
0500-0900: HH power0900-1700: Enterprises1700-2100: HH power2100-0500: Water pumping
Other benefits• Value added production
from enterprises e.g. HHC, flour-mill, etc.
• Quality of life – power to 160-320 HH (8h basis)
• Water supply – farms, homes
Comparative Analysis of Bamboo-based Gasification and Ethanol Production Systems: Using Life Cycle Analysis
Approach (Durai, 2012)
http://www.keepbanderabeautiful.org/biomass.html
Energy and GHG balance of Bamboo gasification systemFunctional Unit: 1 MJ
Bam-boo
Grow-ing / C Saved
Biomass pro-
duction
Plant con-
struc-tion
Chip-ping
Trans-porta-tion
Energy conver-
sion
Main-tenance
Total saving
Se-ries1
-0.240 0.000 0.001 0.016 0.001 0.000 0.001 -0.220
-0.275
-0.225
-0.175
-0.125
-0.075
-0.025
0.025
-0.240
0.000 0.001 0.016 0.001 0.000 0.001
-0.220
GHG Balance: Gasification system - 1 MJ
Kg C
o2 E
q pe
r MJ
Net Energy Ratio: Energy Produced / FF Energy usedElectricity only: 1 : 4.4Electricity + Charcoal = 1 : 7.8
Life cycle Efficiency = ((Energy produced – energy used) / Biomass energy)LCE = 17 percent
Carbon closure: carbon emitted / carbon saved = 0.24 / 0.2 = 92 percent
Energy and GHG balance of Ethanol Production (Functional Unit: 1 MJ)
Energy Pro-
duced
Con-struc-tion
Trans-porta-tion
Pre-pro-
cessing
Steam Produc-
tion
Electric-ity
Sewage Others Net En-ergy
Se-ries1
1 -0.017 -0.03 -0.13 -0.84 -0.11 -0.011 -0.005 -0.143
-0.9
-0.7
-0.5
-0.3
-0.1
0.1
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.9
1
-0.017 -0.03-0.13
-0.84
-0.11-0.011 -0.005
-0.143
Energy Balance per MJ: Ethanol Produc-tion
Ener
gy In
put a
nd O
utpu
t per
MJ
GHG Saved
Con-struc-tion
Trans-porta-tion
Pre-process-
ing
Steam Produc-
tion
Electric-ity
Sewage Others Total re-lease
Se-ries1
-0.099 0.001 0.001 0.033 0.046 0.027 0.001 0.001 0.011
-0.125
-0.075
-0.025
0.025
0.075
-0.099
0.001 0.001
0.0330.046
0.027
0.001 0.0010.011
GHG Balance: Ethanol Production
KG C
o2 E
q pe
r MJ
Net Energy Ratio: Energy Produced / FF Energy usedElectricity : 1: 0.86
Life cycle Efficiency = ((Energy produced – energy used) / Biomass energy)LCE = - 9 percent
Carbon closure: carbon emitted / carbon saved = - 11 percent
Economics
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
700000
Cost (USD)Subsidy (USD)
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
Production cost of Electricity (USD)
Elec. Cost (USD)
Grow Your 24x7 Power!• 1.2 kg of bamboo biomass produces 1 unit of power (1 kWh)• A bamboo pole of 24 kg would power a rural household for a month;
12 poles for a year! 1-2 clumps• Empower rural HH to enhance their quality of life, operate water
pump sets, flour mills, etc. • Globally, 1.3 billion people live in energy poverty, huge market
The initial level of electricity consumption for rural households is assumed as 250 kWh per year (UN SE4ALL) (approx. 0.7kWh/day)
Biomass energy versus Solar energy
Biomass• Generates income
• Enhances resilience
• Benefits the land
• Powers HH
• Powers enterprises
• Local employment generation
• Enhanced food & water security
• No batteries. Optional since 24x7 power
Solar• Enhances expenditure
• Enhances indebtedness
• No benefit to the land
• Lights HH
• None that need power
• No employment generation
• No
• Recurrent expenditure on batteries
Action points• Demonstrate and promote bamboo based charcoal and briquetting
enterprise to replace wood charcoal.• Devise Certification systems and incentives.• Create policies to favor biomass based power generation (Vs LPG, solar,etc)• Bamboo plants can be grown by each willing HH in the homestead and farm
boundary. • 35 bamboo clumps could generate adequate bamboos for fuelwood and
livelihood use. Will plant if can make money.• 5 million HH (36 Million people)= 175 million plants, imagine the greening,
CO2 sequestration, ecosystem services! (IEA, 2014)• Would also provide feed and fodder – bamboo leaves are eaten by most
animals, and chicken; good for fish feed too