Berent Balaban Phonological constraints on speech identification
Balaban was it a neuroweapon test brief reduced - nsiteam.com
Transcript of Balaban was it a neuroweapon test brief reduced - nsiteam.com
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Mechanistic Bases for Examining Effects of Acoustic and Electromagnetic Energy
Exposures
Carey D. BalabanUniversity of Pittsburgh
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3D Digitization for “Prescription” Ear Plugs
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
In-Ear Dosimetry
Shipboard PPE
Underwater comms & hearing protection
Hearing loss simulator
Incidence, Susceptibility & Evaluation
Assessment tools
Systems Approach for an Integrated 6.1 / 6.2 / 6.3 Program
Source Noise Reduction
Shipboard noise assessment
Shipboard noise path validation
Laboratory modeling/ scale tests of jet noise reduction
Jet noise Reduction
Medical Prevention & Treatment
Blast Auditory Injuries
Cell regeneration
Pharmacologic interventions and drug delivery
ONR Noise-Induced Hearing Loss PortfolioProgram Officer: Kurt Yankaskas
2NIHL markers
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Operational Scenario for Technology
US Embassy in Cuba to reduce staff indefinitely after 'health attacks'
By Laura Koran and Patrick Oppmann, CNN Updated 6:38 PM ET, Fri March 2, 2018
The American flag flies at the U.S. Embassy following a ceremony August 14, 2015, in Havana.
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Source of Exposure Unknown
• Potential directed energy sources include– Hypersonic sound (and LRAD)– Pulsed radiofrequency– Pulsed laser source– Ultrasound (e.g., from photoacoustic device)
• Receiver characteristics: Waveguide, resonance and cavitation properties of intracranial contents
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Order of Discussion
• Overview of literature from 1960s-1990s on ultrasound and RF effects on the inner ear and brain– Organs of hearing include the saccule and utricle
• COTS devices for ultrasound and pulsed RF emissions
• Objective tests of eye movement and pupil coordination that distinguish control, acute mTBI and individuals affected from Havana
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Intracranial Wave Guide, Resonance and Cavitation
Carey BalabanJeffrey Vipperman, George Klinzing,
Brandon Saltsman, Scott Mang
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Biological Effects of Directed Energy
• Directed energy can produce peripheral and central neurosensory symptoms and signs
• Examples:– Occupational exposures– Environmental exposures– Military domain
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Current ONR Support
• Characterize wave guide, resonance and cavitation features of cranial contents– Blood vessels (surrounded by Virchow-Robin
spaces) as coaxial fluid-filled wave guides and resonance cavities
– Ventricles and cisternal system– Inner ear– Air spaces (sinuses, pharynx, etc.)
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Integrated View• Cranial resonances may differentially amplify
incident energy
Model from http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0113264
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Integrated View• Cranial resonances may differentially amplify
incident energy
Model from http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0113264
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Vestibule and Hook Portion
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Classical Cochlear Mechanics
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Stria Vascularis Structure
• Parallel network of capillaries, fed and drained at even intervals by arterioles and venules, in the lateral cochlear wall
• Capillaries (12-16 µm diameter, 40-50 µm spacing) – Non-pulsatile flow – Packed tightly with blood cells for most of the length
of the cochlea
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Acoustic Cavitation
Edmonds PD (ed) Ultrasonics 1981
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Energy Thresholds: Transfer to Cochlear Fluids
• Incident sound energy in the audible range produces considerable pressure differences in endolymph and perilymph compartments of the cochlear partition
• Published transfer functions are suitable for predictive modeling of cavitation
• Cavitation noise profiles can be measured directly
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Local Strial Blood Flow Altered During Sound Exposure
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Integrated View
• Cavitation of water and blood can occur in the audible frequency range at intensities produced in the cochlear fluids
• Pressures recorded in the cochlea during acoustic stimulation suggest that the threshold for blood cavitation is exceeded by several orders of magnitude at maximum resonance sites along the basilar membrane
• Dissolved gas (nitrogen and oxygen) in body fluids may form bubbles
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The Frey Effect
• Humans can ‘hear’ radar (microwave) emissions
Aerospace Medicine Dec 1961
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The Frey Effect
The American Journal of Medical Electronics 1963
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The Frey Effect
• Tyazhelov et al. (Radio Science, 14 (1979), 259-263): Human minimum detection thresholds for pulsed microwaves in the 10-15 kHz pulse repetition range
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The Frey Effect
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The Frey Effect
• A thermoelastic response of the inner ear was proposed for audibility of radar pulses
• Acoustic cavitation emissions from blood in the stria vascularis and fluids the inner ear (endolymph and perilymph) are one such plausible mechanism
• Effects on utricle and saccule (proximate to hook portion of cochlea) in inner ear? – Excited by sound (Vestibular Evoked Myogenic
Potential)• Intracranial blood vessels may also be affected?
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Vestibule and Hook Portion
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COTS Device Examples
http://myskunkworks.net/index.php?route=product/product&path=61&product_id=60
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COTS Device Examples
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COTS Device Examples
On-line pest control products from a major retailer
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COTS Device Examples
https://gopestfree.com/pestfree-our-technologies/
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COTS Device Examples
https://www.soundlazer.com/
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SoundLazer Large (98 Element) Ultrasonic Speaker Array
SPECIFICATIONS FOR ONE TRANSDUCER• 40kHz Operating Frequency• 120 ± 3 dB SPL• 10 V (rms) sine wave• Standoff distance of 30 cm• Capacitance = 2,550 pF @ 1kHz• Operating Temperature -40°C to
85°CReference: Data Sheet for Murata Part No. MA40S4S Ultrasonic Transducer
BRS 8-10-
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Operational Scenario for Technology
US Embassy in Cuba to reduce staff indefinitely after 'health attacks'
By Laura Koran and Patrick Oppmann, CNN Updated 6:38 PM ET, Fri March 2, 2018
The American flag flies at the U.S. Embassy following a ceremony August 14, 2015, in Havana.
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Vergence Eye Movements Distinguish ‘Havana
Syndrome’ from mild TBI
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Colleagues
• Carey D. Balaban (University of Pittsburgh)• Michael E. Hoffer (University of Miami)• Bonnie Levin (University of Miami)
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Hardware and Software• Conducted with the I-PASTM (I-Portal® Portable
Assessment System, NKI Pittsburgh), a portable 3D head mounted display (HMD) system with integrated eye tracking technology.
– Sampling rate 100 Hz– Resolution < 0.1°
• All stimuli are created in a virtual environment.• Neuro Kinetics VEST™ software was used to run the
battery of tests and analyze the data.
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Prospects for Operational Monitoring of Eye and Pupil Movements
• Video-oculography permits unobtrusive monitoring of eye and pupil movements.
• Eye is imaged with digital video with infrared diode illumination
• Pupil detected and measured• Rotation of eyeball calculated with algorithms from center of
mass of pupil and iris features
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Prospects for Operational Monitoring of Eye and Pupil Movements
• Disconjugate Eye Movements (convergence and divergence)– Near response during convergence: Eyes converge, lens
curvature increases, and pupil constricts (e.g., focus on near or approaching target)
– Near response during divergence: Eyes diverge, lens curvature decreases, and pupil dilates (e.g., focus on far or receding target)
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Subjects• Controls: 51 normal subjects from University of Miami, Naval
Medical Center San Diego, and Madigan Army Medical Center
• mTBI patients: 18 subjects from University of Miami, Naval Medical Center San Diego, and Madigan Army Medical Center (17 with complete data)
• Havana Affected Subjects: 19 subjects with complete data
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I-PAS Vergence Tasks• Each eye viewed a white square with red center (0.1° visual
angle)– Step Binocular Disparity task : Disparity shifts in the horizontal
plane equivalent to symmetric, approximately ± 1.4° vergence eye movement steps.
– Pursuit Binocular Disparity task: Sinusoidal convergence (toward nose) and divergence (laterally) movement in the horizontal plane equivalent to symmetric, approximately ± 2.5° vergence pursuit at 10 sec/cycle.
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Control Subjects: Disparity Fusion Task
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Ver
genc
e A
ngle
(deg
)
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3Binocular Disparity Responses (Control)
Time (s)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Nor
mal
ized
Pup
il A
rea
(% P
LR)
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
MP198
MP168
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Control Subjects: Disparity Pursuit Task
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Ver
genc
e A
ngle
(deg
)
-4
-2
0
2
4Control Disparity Pursuit
Time (s)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Nor
mal
ized
Pup
il A
rea
(%P
LR)
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
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Data Analysis • Pupillary light response test used to normalize pupil area
– 0.42 to 65.4 cd/m² homogeneous illumination steps• Vergence angle represented in degrees relative to zero at initial fixation• Nonlinear least squares regression estimated:
– Parameters for the vergence disparity response as a weighted sum of phasic
(𝑲𝑲𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔−𝒕𝒕𝒗𝒗𝒔𝒔
𝒔𝒔+𝟏𝟏) and tonic ( 𝑲𝑲𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒔𝒔
−𝒕𝒕𝒗𝒗𝒔𝒔
𝟎𝟎.𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝒔𝒔+𝟏𝟏) processes, with delay tv and gains Kvh and Kvl,
respectively, for converging and diverging half-cycles.– Based upon Sun et al. (1983), the pupil dynamics were fitted from the
vergence data by a transfer function for pupil motion, 𝑲𝑲𝒑𝒑𝒔𝒔−𝒕𝒕𝒑𝒑𝒔𝒔
𝟎𝟎.𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝒔𝒔+𝟏𝟏, with delay tp
and gain Kp. – Symmetry tested by fitting separate gains for convergence versus divergence
and for pupil constriction versus dilatation.
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Analysis: Dynamic Modeling of Vergence and Pupil Responses
Data in Black, Modeled response in Grey
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Analysis: Affected Individual
Data in Black, Modeled response in Grey
Time (s)0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Nor
mal
ized
Pup
il A
rea
(% P
LR)
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
Time (s)0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Verg
ence
Ang
le (d
eg)
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
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Step Binocular Disparity Test
Control Group Acute mTBI Havana Affected Tukey HSD (p<0.05) comparisons
Low Pass Convergence Modulation Depth (Kvl converge direction)
1.43 ± 0.09° 0.63 ± 0.16° 1.75 ± 0.14° C>mTBI; C=HA; HA>mTBI
Low Pass Divergence Modulation Depth (Kvl diverge direction)
1.50 ± 0.09° 0.70 ± 0.15° 1.74 ± 0.13° C>mTBI; C=HA; HA>mTBI
Vergence R-squared 0.84 ± 0.04 0.45 ± 0.07 0.80 ± 0.06 C>mTBI; C=HA; HA>mTBI
Pupil Constriction Gain (re: vergence)
7.0 ± 1.2%/° 6.5 ± 2.0%/° 18.6 ± 1.8%/° C=mTBI; HA>C; HA>mTBI
Pupil (re: Vergence) R-squared 0.39 ± 0.04 0.29 ± 0.05 0.61 ± 0.05 C=mTBI; HA>C; HA>mTBI
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Pursuit Binocular Disparity Test
Control Group
Acute mTBI Havana Affected
Tukey HSD (p<0.05) comparisons
Low Pass Convergence Modulation Depth (Kvl converge direction)
2.41 ± 0.10° 1.68 ± 0.19° 1.86± 0.16° C>mTBI; C>HA; HA=mTBI
Low Pass Divergence Modulation Depth (Kvl diverge direction)
2.32 ± 0.10° 1.73 ± 0.17° 1.74 ± 0.15° C>mTBI; C>HA; HA=mTBI
Vergence R-squared 0.91 ± 0.04 0.57 ± 0.05 0.82 ± 0.05 C>mTBI; C=HA; HA>mTBI
Pupil Constriction Gain (re: vergence)
7.7 ± 0.7%/° 5.8 ± 1.3%/° 10.5 ± 1.1%/° C=mTBI; C=HA; HA>mTBI
Pupil (re: Vergence) R-squared 0.54 ± 0.03 0.29 ± 0.05 0.58 ± 0.04 C>mTBI; C=HA; HA=mTBI
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Classification: Discriminant Analysis (Vergence Data Only)
Control (Predicted)
mTBI(Predicted)
Havana Affected (Predicted)
Control 50 1 0
mTBI 6 11 0
Havana Affected 0 0 19
• Stepwise discriminant analysis, Wilks-lamba criterion, Vergence test data only
• 92.0% of original grouped cases correctly classified• 89.7% correctly classified in 1-out cross-validation
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Conclusion• The Havana Affected, Acute mTBI and Control Subjects
can be distinguished objectively by performance in binocular disparity vergence tasks.
• The Havana Affected subjects show an abnormal convergence and near response behavior that is distinct from acute mTBI.
• Binocular disparity vergence testing with a modified software on a COTS device (NKI I-PAS®) is a fieldable test for Havana-type events