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CHAPTER ONE

1. IDENTIFYING PERSONAL COMPUTERCOMPONENTS

In this chapter, you will learn how to identify personalcomputer components, including the following:

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1. IDENTIFYING PERSONAL COMPUTER COMPONENTS

� Motherboards� Processors

� Memory

� Storage devices

� Power supplies

� Display devices

� Input devices� Adapter cards

� Ports and cables

� Cooling systems

� Most computers today are modular .That is, they havecomponents that can be removed and replaced with a component

of similar function in order to improve performance

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. IDENTIFYING PERSONAL COMPUTER COMPONETS

� This is the olive green or brown circuit board that lines the bottom of the computer . It is the most important component in the computer because it connects all the other components of a PC together .

� Figure 1.1 shows a typical PC system board, as

� Types of System Boards

(Two Types)

� 1. Non - integrated System Board.

Each major assembly is installed in the computer as an expansion

card. The major assemblies we¶re talking about are items like thevideo circuitry, disk controllers, and accessories.

� 2. Integrated System Board

Most of the components that would otherwise be installed asexpansion cards are integrated into the motherboard circuitry.

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IDENTIFYING PERSONAL COMPUTER COMPONETS

� Disadvantage of integrated

� If one component breaks, you can¶t just replace the component

that¶s broken; the whole mother board must be replaced. Although

these boards are cheaper to produce, they are more expensive to

repair .

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COMPONETS OF MOTHERBOARDS

� Chipsets

� Expansion slots

� Memory slots and external cache

� CPU and processor slots or sockets

� Power connectors� Onboard disk drive connectors

� Keyboard connectors

� Peripheral port and connectors

� BIOS chip

� CMOS battery

� Jumpers and DIP switches

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IDENTIFYING PERSONAL COMPUTER COMPONETS

1.Chipsets

A chipset is a collection of chips or circuits that perform interface andperipheral functions for the processor .

2. Expansion Slots� The most visible parts of any motherboard are the expansion slots.

These look like small plastic slots, usually from 3 to 11 inches longand approximately 1» 2 inch wide.

� As their name suggests, these slots are used to install variousdevices in the computer to expand its capabilities. Some expansion

devices that might be installed in these slots include video, network,sound, and disk interface cards.

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3. Memory Slots and External Cache (RAM) Memory or randomaccess memory (RAM)

They contain the modules that hold memory chips that make upprimary memory, the memory used to store currently used data and

instructions for the CPU.

RAM is not as fast as the CPU, and the CPU must wait. The result isthat the entire system slows down noticeably, on average. Onesolution for this is to use the hard drive as RAM. This space on thehard drive is known as virtual RAM (VRAM).

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4. Central Processing Unit (CPU) and Processor Socket or Slot

The processor is the easiest component to identify on themotherboard

The ³brain´ of any computer is the central processing unit (CPU). This component does all the calculations and performs 90 percent of all the functions of a computer .

There are many different types of processors for computers

Processor slot is another method of connecting a processor to amotherboard, but one into which an Intel Pentium II or Pentium III±

class processor on a special expansion card can be inserted.

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� 5. Power Connectors

In addition to these sockets and slots on the motherboard, a specialconnector allows the motherboard to be connected to the power supply to receive power .

� 6. Onboard Floppy and Hard Disk ConnectorsAlmost every computer made today uses some type of disk drive tostore data and programs until they are needed. Most drives need aconnection to the motherboard so the computer can ³talk´ to the diskdrive. These connections are known as drive interfaces, and thereare two main types: floppy drive interfaces and hard disk interfaces.

Floppy disk interfaces allow floppy disk drives (FDDs) to beconnected to the motherboard and, similarly, hard disk interfaces dothe same for hard disks. When you see them on the motherboard,these interfaces are said to be onboard,

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� 7. Key board Connectors (INPUT DEVICE)

All PC motherboards contain a connector that allows a keyboard tobe connected directly to the motherboard through the case. Thereare two main types of keyboard connectors.

These were the AT and PS/2 connectors. Today, the PS/2-styleconnector remains popular, but it is quickly being replaced by USB-attached keyboards.

Most new PCs you can purchase today contain a PS/2 keyboard

connector as well as a PS/2 mouse connector right above it on themotherboard. Compare your PC¶s keyboard connector with

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� 8. Peripheral Ports and Connectors

These helps to get the data into and out of it of a computer .

� The seven most common types of ports you will see on a computer are serial, parallel, Universal Serial Bus (USB), video, Ethernet,sound in/out, and game ports.

And each port is connected to different device e.g a game port usesa joystick port because that¶s the most common device connected toit). As discussed later in this chapter, the game port can be used to

connect to Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) devices aswell Game ports connect such peripheral devices to the computer

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� 10. CMOS Battery

It keeps certain settings when it¶s turned off and its power cord isunplugged.

� These settings include the following:

1.Date

2.Time

3.Hard drive configuration

4.Memory

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11. Jumpers and DIP Switches

These two devices are used to configure various hardware optionson the motherboard. For example, some processors use differentvoltages (1.5, 3.3, or 5 volts). You must set the motherboard to

provide the correct voltage for the processor it is using. You do soby changing a setting on the motherboard with either a jumper or aDIP switch shows both a jumper set and DIP switches. Motherboards often have either several jumpers

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B. IDENTIFYING THE PROCESSOR

� The CPU is one of the components of mother board. The role of the CPU or central processing unit is to control and direct all the activities of thecomputer using both external and internal buses.

Older CPUs are generally square

� What¶s Your CPU?

The surest way to determine which CPU your computer is using is toopen the case and view the numbers stamped on the CPU, whichtoday requires removal of the active heat sink. However, you may beable to get an idea without opening the case and removing the heatsink and fan,

ORhow to determine the PC CPU

Right-clicking My Computer and selecting Properties. The Generaltab, which is the default contains such information

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IDENTIFYING THE PROCESSOR

� Another way to determine a computer¶s CPU is to save your work,

exit any open programs, and restart the computer . Watch closely as

the computer returns to its normal state. You should see a notation

that tells you what chip you are using.

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C. IDENTIFYING THE MEMORY

� The more memory a computer has, the faster it will operate.

Four major types of computer memory

� DRAM,SRAM, ROM, and CMOS

� DRAM (dynamic random access memory).

You use DRAM to expand the memory in the computer because it¶scheaper .They are cheaper to manufacture than other typesbecause they are less complex.

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. IDENTIFYING THE MEMORY

� SRAM (Static random access memory)

The chips are more complex and are thus more expensive. However, they are faster .

� ROM (Read-only memory)

It is called read-only because the original form of this memory couldnot be written to. Once information had been written to the ROM, itcouldn¶t e changed. ROM is normally used to store the computer¶sBIOS, because this information normally does not change very

often.

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IDENTIFYING THE MEMORY

� CMOS

It holds the BIOS configurations eg which hard drive types are

configured for this computer to use, which drive(s) it should search

for boot sectors, and so on.

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. IDENTIFYING THE MEMORY

� CMOS

� It holds the BIOS configurations e.g which hard drive types are

configured for this computer to use, which drives it should search for

boot sectors, and so on.

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D. STORAGE MEDIA

1. Hard Disk Drive Systems

Hard disk drive (HDD) systems (hard disks or hard drives for short)are used for permanent storage and quick access. Hard diskstypically reside inside the computer although there are external and

removable hard drives) and can hold more information than other forms of storage.

2. Floppy Drives

A floppy disk is a magnetic storage medium that uses a flexiblediskette made of thin plastic enclosed in a protective casing. Today,

floppies are a little too small in capacity to be efficient anymore. They have been replaced by writable CD-ROMs and DVD-ROMs.

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. D. STORAGE MEDIA

3.CD-ROM Drives

Most computers today have a CD-ROM (Compact Disc Read-Only

Memory) drive. The compact disks are virtually the same as those

used in CD players. The CD-ROM is used for long term storage of

data. CD-ROMs are read-only, meaning that once information iswritten to a CD, it can¶t be erased or changed.

4. CD-R or CD-RW.

The difference between these two types of drives is that CD-R

drives can write to a CD only once. A CD-RW can erase information

from a disc and rewrite to it multiple times.

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D. STORAGE MEDIA

5. DVD-ROM Drives

A newer type of drive is finding its way into computers: the DVD-ROM drive. DVD (digital video disc) technology is in use in manyhome theater systems. A DVD-ROM drive is basically the same as

the DVD player¶s drive in a home theater system. As a result, acomputer equipped with a DVD-ROM drive and the proper videocard can play back DVD movies on the monitor . A single DVD-ROM,in a double-sided, double-layered configuration, can hold as muchas A DVD-ROM drive looks very similar to a CD-ROM drive. Theonly difference is the DVD logo on the front of most drives.

N.B Common names for the variations of DVD burning technologiesinclude DVD+R, DVD+RW, DVD-R, DVD-RW, DVD-RAM, DVD-RDL, and DVD+R DL. In some cases, the plus variants hold morethan their dash counterparts, and drives do not support all types.

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D. STORAGE MEDIA

� 6. Flash Memory

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