Demystifying the Role of Agroforestry in Biodiversity Conservation Mohamed I Bakarr
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Demystifying the Role of Agroforestry in Biodiversity Conservation
Mohamed I Bakarr
ICRAF’s Scientific Renewal Seminar Series
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Creates livelihood options for poor farmers and their families in conservation landscapes
‘Agroforest’ forms of tree crop production form a matrix that matters for conservation of biodiversity
Principles can be applied in landscape approaches to biodiversity conservation
Agroforestry….
…..needs to be mainstreamed.
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Why mainstream agroforestry in biodiversity
conservation?
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Global Biodiversity Conservation
• The message is clear and consistent --– Maintaining representative networks of natural
habitats – Protected Areas– Eliminate threats to species– Sustainable use of natural resources– Access and benefit sharing
• But, the extent to which we are integrating these efforts in broader landscapes remains questionable
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Agroforestry and Biodiversity Conservation
• Agroforestry contributes to biodiversity conservation through three major pathways:1. Reducing pressure on natural forests,
2. Providing habitat for native plant and animal species, and
3. Serving as a benign matrix land use for fragmented landscapes
Schroth et al. 2004
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Fragmentation is deleterious
Loss of habitat results in:– wildlife population
declines– local “extinctions” --
particularly large mammals
– Increased in marginalized habitats
Miss Waldron’s Red Colobus, aWest African endemic believed to be extinct across its range.
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• Edge effects can be pronounced by “harshness” of the matrix == > – incidence of fires --
changes in biotic and abiotic features
– exotic and invasive species
• Receding edges lead to increased impoverishment of the habitat interior
Fragmentation causes forest edges to recede
Gascon et al. 2000
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The Future of Biodiversity is in Landscape-scale approaches
• Livelihood options for local people – top priority in forest management and conservation
• Effective linkages between protected areas and other land use practices – “beyond boundaries”
• Innovations in land use practices to create alternative sources of income
• Opportunities to recognize and reward land use innovations (e.g. payments for environmental services)
• Participatory processes for integrated natural resource management
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Landscape-scale Conservation• Integrating the
management of:– Protected Areas– Watersheds – Degraded forests– Farms and Plantations
• To accommodate:– Species and habitat
conservation needs– Ecological processes– Effects of biophysical
changes such as climate – Traditional or
subsistence livelihood practices
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The science and practice of agroforestry embodies several
conservation principles that are amenable to landscape
approaches
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Principle 1:
Maintaining genetic diversity of exploited species through in situ
and ex situ conservation
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Domestication of high value indigenous trees
1. Product development
2. Business development
3. Marketing
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Principle 2:
Protecting biodiversity and enhancing ecological
processes
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‘Shade coffee’ supports diversity of avifauna in the landscape.
Agroforestry for Biodiversity: ‘Shade’ coffee
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AF in the Humid Tropics & C Stocks
100
0
100
200
300
400Primary Forest
Managed forest
Tree-based systems
Crops, Pastures, Grasslands
Vegetation Carbon
Soil Carbon(M
g h
a(M
g h
a-1-1))
From ASB Climate Change Working Group,Palm et al.
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Principle 3:
Management and conservation of belowground biodiversity
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Tephrosia candidaTephrosia candida fallow: Nutrient fallow: Nutrient Cycling by: Leaf Litter; BNF; Deep Cycling by: Leaf Litter; BNF; Deep capturecapture
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Principle 4:
Improvement and sustainable management of landscapes for
livelihoods and biodiversity
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Improved fallows
Grass fallow
Improved fallow
continuous cropping
Poor yields
Improved yields
Miombo woodlands
Clearing
NPK Fertilizer
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Fencing is a major cause of deforestation in drier areas.
Live fences are alternatives to dead fences—limit tree clearance—and are sources of income .
LIVE FENCES
Jatropha
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Harvey et al. 2005
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Rotational Woodlots Acacia species yield approx 100t/ha after 5 years
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Principle 5:
Addressing livelihood needs in the margins of conservation areas
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Effective management of protected buffer zones to reduce encroachment
e.g. ICRAF’s work in Philippines
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How can Agroforestry be mainstreamed in Biodiversity
Conservation?
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Option 1
• Linking agroforestry science to landscape conservation planning– targeting agroforestry
innovations for habitat connectivity
– landscape reclamation or restoration
– improving land productivity and habitat quality for wild species
Strategic alliances with mainstream conservation NGOs
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Option 2
• Use of INRM approaches for defining livelihood priorities and tree-based options in conservation landscapes – Tradeoff analysis in the forest margins (e.g.
ASB Matrix)– Negotiation support systems for conflict
management– Collective action for improved natural
resource management (e.g. Landcare)
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Option 3
• Engaging conservation biologists in the science and practice of agroforestry – defining biodiversity targets – analyzing metapopulation
dynamics – mitigating impacts of climate
change – types of trees, spatial
configurations of trees, densities of trees
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Option 4
• Expanding the range of agroforestry options offered to farmers to enhance conservation values– enhance the use of
multiple species of trees, especially indigenous species,to diversify production landscapes
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Option 5• Harnessing and
maintaining complex agroforestry systems for biodiversity conservation – rewards and incentive
mechanisms for poor farmers engaged in conservation-friendly practices (e.g. shade coffee, rubber agroforests)
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Option 6• Promoting more
systematic studies of species interactions and ecological processes in agroforestry systems – understanding the risks of
invasiveness for alien tree species
– habitat use by wild species, including corridors
– watershed management
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Option 7• Integrating agroforestry into
Conservation Biology Curricula, with topics such as:– Domestication of high value tree species– Managing trees for improved landscapes– Managing trees to mitigate the effects of biophysical
changes – Integrating trees in landscapes to enhance environmental
services– Assessing and rewarding environmental stewardship in
agroecosystems– Value-adding for tree-based practices to create options for
improved livelihoods in conservation areas
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Option 8• Linking agroforestry science to global and
regional environmental policy process– Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
endorsement – major achievement!– CBD Programmes of Work on agricultural
biodiversity; Global Strategy for Plant Conservation
– UNCCD – reversing land degradation in the drylands
– UNFCCC – climate change adaptation and mitigation; clean development mechanism
– NEPAD Environment Initiative
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Implications for ICRAF’s ‘Emerging Science’
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Emerging Science? (1)• Are we putting agroforests or agroforestry
systems into landscape contexts? – Value-adding options for linking “farms” at
landscape scale – Restoration or recovery of degraded lands– Optimizing land use practices for native
biodiversity (plants, animals)– Optimizing land use practices to mitigate
alien invasives– Climate change adapation
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Emerging Science? (2)
• How does agroforests or agroforestry systems influence landscape scale patterns/processes and vice versa? – Hydrological processes - watersheds– Agroforestry “stepping stones” as biological
corridors – Erosion control on slopes– Climate change mitigation - Carbon
sequestration
Mainly SE Asia, some work in Western Kenya
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Strategic Alliances• ICRAF-CIFOR Biodiversity Platform
– Understanding tropical landscape mosaics to improve livelihoods and conserve biodiversity
• ICRAF-CI Hotspots Alliance– Science for climate change adaptation, habitat
recovery and sustainable livelihoods in tropical hotspots and high biodiversity wilderness areas
• ICRAF-WWF Carbon Alliance– Delivering cost-effective greenhouse gas emission
reductions, while promoting biodiversity conservation, sustainable land use and improvements in rural livelihoods