Bài giảng 16 unit.doc

8/12/2019 Bi ging 16 unit.doc

1/29

Unit 1 BANK & BANKING

BANK & BANKING Ngn hng v hot ng ca ngnhng

Banks are closely concerned with the flow ofmoney into and out of the economy. They oftencooperate with gorvernments in efforts to stabilizeeconomies and prevent inflation. They arespecialist in the business of providing capital, andin allocating funds on credit. Banks originated asplaces to which people took their valuables forsafe-keeping, but today the great banks of theworld have many functions in addition to actingas guardians of valuable private possessions.

Banks normally receive money from theircustomers in two distinct forms: on current a/cand on deposit a/c. ith a current a/c, acustomer can issue personal che!ues. "ointerest is paid by the bank on this type of a/c.ith a deposit a/c, however, the customerundertakes to leave his money in the bank for aminimum specified period of time. #nterest is paidon this money.

The bank in turn lends the deposited money tocustomers who need capital. This activity earnsinterest for the bank, and this interest is almostalways at a higher rate than any interest whichthe bank pays to its depositors. #n this way, thebank makes its main profits.

e can say the the primary function of a banktoday is to act an intermediary betweendepositors who wish to make interest on theirsavings, and borrowers who wish to obtaincapital. The bank is a reservoir of loanablemoney, with streams of money flowing in and out.$or this reason, economics and financies oftentalk of money being li!uid, or of the li!uidity ofmoney. %any small sums which might nototherwise be used as capital are rendered uesfulsimply because the bank acts as a reservoir.

The system of banking rests upon a basis oftrust. #nnumerable acts of trust build up thesystem of which bankers, depositors andborrowers are part. They all agree to behave incertain predictable ways in relation to each otherand in relation to the rapid fluctuations of creditand debit. &onse!uently, business can be doneand che!ues can be written without any legaltender visibly changing hands.

&'c ng(n h)ng ho*t +ng lin !uan +n dng ti0nl1u th2ng tr2ng n0n kinh t. &'c ng(n h)ng th13ngh4p t'c v5i ch6nh ph7 +8 9n +nh n0n kinh t v) ng;ch theo O hPnh thEc kh'c nhau: th8 hiAn trn t)ikhoKn vQng lai R t)i khoKn STU ti0n gVi tit kiAm. W5mt T vQng lai, mt kh'ch h)ng c? th8 ph't h)nhXDc c' nh(n. h2ng c? lQi +14c trK bYi ng(n h)ng

+Ci v5i lo*i t)i khoKn n)y. Tuy nhin, v5i mt t)ikhoKn ti0n gVi, kh'ch h)ng buc phKi +8 ti0n c7a anta t*i ng(n h)ng v5i sC d1 tCi thi8u trong mt khoKnth3i gian Z'c +nh. XC ti0n n)y +14c h1Yng lQi.

"g(n h)ng theo +? cho vay sC ti0n gVi n)y +n tayc7a ng13i c[n vCn. =o*t +ng n)y mang l*i l4inhuLn cho ng(n h)ng, v) khoKn lQi n)y h[u nh1 caohIn mEc lQi m) ng(n h)ng trK cho ng13i gVi ti0n.B\ng c'ch n)y, ng(n h)ng t*o ra khoKn l4i nhuLnch6nh cho mPnh.

&h]ng ta c? th8 n?i chEc n;ng ch6nh c7a mt ng(nh)ng ng)y nay +?ng vai tr nh1 mt trung gian chovay giJa ng13i gVi ti0n nhJng ng13i muCn thu lQi tNkhoKn tit kiAm c7a h>, v) nhJng ng13i c[n vCn."g(n h)ng giCng nh1 mt kho !u^ v5i c'c dng ti0nlu(n chuy8n ra v)o. BYi vLy, c'c ch7 th8 kinh t v) tchEc t)i ch6nh th13ng n?i ti0n mi l) s@ thanh khoKn c7a ti0n."hi0u khoKn vCn nh_ s` +14c tLp h4p t*i kho !u^c7a ng(n h)ng v5i vai tr nh1 mt trung gian nhLngiJ ti0n.

=A thCng c7a ng(n h)ng ho*t +ng d@a trn cI sYtin t1Yng. i' tr v2 hPnh n)y +?ng vai tr Z(y d@ngni0m tin c7a hA thCng ng(n h)ng, ng13i gVi ti0n,ng13i +i vay l) mt ph[n trong +?. H u chpnhn cho vay gia cc bn theo quan h tn chpmt cch nhanh chng v thc hin vic ghi n!"c# $%i vy m" cc &oanh nghip c th' thchin (inh &oanh v nhiu t) *+c ,!c pht hnhm (h-ng c.n ch/ng nhn h!p php t0n n#


2/29

Unit 1 Money

MONEY I!N "

ll value in the economic is measured in terms ofmoney. ur goods and services are sold for money,and that money is in turn eZchanged for our goodsand services. &oins are ade!uate for smalltransactions while paper notes are used for generalbusiness. There is additionally a wider sense of theword money, covering anything which is used as ameans of eZchange whatever form it may take.riginally, a valuable metal Sgold, silver or copperUserved as a constant store of value, and even todaythe merica dollar is technically backed by the storeof gold which the X government maintains.Because gold has been universally regarded as avery valueable metal, national currencies areconsidered to be as strong as the nationaleconomies which support them.

Waluable metal has generally been replaced bypaper notes. These notes are issued by governmentauthorized bank, and are known as legal tender.ther arrangements such as che!ues and moneyorders are not legal tender. They perform thefunction of subsititue money and are known asinstrument of credit. &redit is offered only whencreditors believe that they have a good chance ofobtaining legal tender when they present suchinstruments at a bank or another authorizedinstitution. #f a mans assets are known to be

considerable, then his credit will be good. #f hisassets are in doubt, then it may be difficult for him toobtain large sums of credit or even to pay for goodswith a che!ue.

The value of money is bassically its value as amedium of eZchange, or as economists put it, its#$%chaing #o'e%. This puschasing power isdependent on supply and demand. The demand formoney i %ec(ona)*eas the !uantity needed toeffect business transactions. n increase inbusiness re!uires an increase in the amount ofmoney coming into general circulation. But thedemand for money is related not only to the !uantityof business but aslo to the %a#i+itywith which thebusiness is done. The supply of money, on the otherhand, is the actual amount in notes and coinsavailble for business purposes. #f too much moneyis availble, its value decreases, and it does not buyas much as it did, say, five years earlier. Thiscondition is known as in,*ation-

Tt cK c'c gi' tr c7a n0n kinh t +0u +14c +o l13ngbYi ti0n tA. &'c h)ng ho' v) dch vF cKu ch]ng ta +0+14c b'n +8 thu ti0n v) ta l*i dng thE ti0n +? +8 trao+9i ly thE h)ng ho' v) dch vF ta c[n. "hJng +Hngti0n th6ch h4p cho c'c giao dch nh_ trong khi +? ti0ngiy +14c sV dFng cho c'c giao dch th2ng th13ng."go)i ra tN ti0n tA cn c? kh'i niAm rng hIn, baotrm bt cE vLt gP +14c dng l)m nh1 mt ph1IngtiAn trao +9i. i8n hPnh nh1 mt ming kim lo*i c? gi'tr Sv)ng, b*c hoi Ti0n tA ch6nh thEc. &'cc2ng cF t)i ch6nh kh'c nh1 XDc v) ng(n phiu kh2ng+14c g>i l) Ti0n tA ch6nh thEc. &h]ng th@c hiAn c'cchEc n;ng c7a ti0n tA v) +14c bit +n nh1 nhJng&2ng cF cho vay. hoKn vay +14c cp ch khi ng13cho vay tin t1Yng r\ng ch]ng c? cI hi tCt +8 +14cchp nhLn nh1 l) ti0n tA ch6nh thEc khi +14c +1a rat*i mt ng(n h)ng hay mt t9 chEc n)o kh'c. "u t)i

sKn Sth chpU mt ng13i c? gi' tr +'ng k8, thP khoKncho vay c7a anh ta s` +14c +Km bKo. "u t)i sKn c7anh ta c? vn +0, thP c? th8 rt kh? +8 anh ta +14c vamt khoKn ti0n l5n thLm ch6 l) chi trK h)ng ho' b\ngXDc.

i' tr c7a ti0n v0 cI bKn l) gi' tr c7a mt ph1IngtiAn trao +9i, ho


3/29

Unit 9: A ;hei l) +13ng g*ch chDo. %t t3 XDc g*ch chDo

c? nghMa khoKn ti0n ch +14c chi trK v)o t)i khoKn. "usDc +14c g*ch chDo km dng chJ T)i khoKn ng13i thh1Yng n? ch c? th8 trK ti0n v)o t)i khoKn c7a ng13i c?tn trn XDc. %


4/29

Unit 9: he g%o'th o, Ban( ;%e+it ca%+

he g%o'th o, Ban( ;%e+it ca%+ > #h4t t%in ca hC tDn +ng ngn hng

In %ecent yea%Flending associatedbank credit cards has been the fastestgrowth area in consumer lending. Bankcredit cards first became popular nearly

{| years ago. t that time, individualbanks issued the cards to their eZistingcustomers and recruited local retailerswho agreed to accept them from thecustomers. articipating retailers dailypresented the bank with sales voucherssigned by their card-using customers.The retailers bank a/cs then receivedimmediate credit, less the )an(+ico$nt-

This service provided benefits to allthree parties: i$ing )an(F ca%+ho*+e%an+ %etai*e%-The bank collected feederived from discounting retailers salesvouchers and charged interest oncardholder outstanding balances.&ardholders enoyed un!uestionablecredit from participating retailers,avoided the burden of carrying cash forlarge purchases, and were not worriedabout uncertain acceptance of written

checks. }etailers eZpanded their salesappeal to a growing pool of cardholders.

=owever, the local bank credit card hadserious drawbacks. The cardsusefulness was restricted to a circle ofparticipating retailers in the card banksmarket areas. lso, there was strongcompetition among local banks thatissued credit cards. These drawbackswere overcome in the late ~|s when

two national credit card authoritiesemerged to replace the local bankcards.

%ong nhHng n/ gJn yFho*t +ng cho vayth2ng !ua th t6n dFng ng(n h)ng +Q ph't tri8nnhanh ch?ng trong ho*t +ng cho vay tiu dng.&'c tm th t6n dFng ng(n h)ng +[u tin +Q trY

nn ph9 bin tN c'ch +(y {| n;m. W)o th3i +i8m+?, c'c ng(n h)ng t1 nh(n +Q ph't h)nh c'c tmth cho c'c kh'ch h)ng c7a h> v) lin kt v5i c'cnh) b'n l +a ph1Ing nhJng ng13i chp nhLnb'n h)ng cho kh'ch h)ng c7a ng(n h)ng. =)ngng)y, c'c nh) b'n l Zut trPnh c'c ho' +In muah)ng k bYi kh'ch h)ng sV dFng th t6n dFng c7ang(n h)ng cho ng(n h)ng. T)i khoKn ng(n h)ngc7a c'c nh) b'n l sau +? s` lLp tEc +14c ghi"4, sau khi trN +i (hon chiLt (h$ ca ngnhng.

ch vF n)y +Q cung cp nhi0u tiAn 6ch cho cK {bn: Ngn hng #h4t hnh thCF ch thC vng=i )4n *C-"g(n h)ng thu +14c khoKn ph6 tNviAc chit khu c'c ho' +In b'n l v) t6nh ph6 trnkhoKn lQi m) ch7 th tiu !u' sC d1. &'c ch7 thth6ch +14c mua h)ng v5i khoKn t6n dFng kh2ngh*n mEc tN bn ng13i b'n l, viAc n)y tr'nh +14cviAc phKi mang v'c nhi0u ti0n +8 mua h)ng ho'sC l14ng l5n, v) kh2ng phKi lo lGng v0 viAc sC d1trong t)i khoKn b gi5i h*n. "g13i b'n l cng +Q

mY rng +14c viAc b'n h)ng cng v5i !u' trPnht;ng ln c7a nhi0u ch7 sV dFng th.

Tuy nhin, c'c th t6n dFng c7a ng(n h)ng +aph1Ing c? nhJng h*n ch +'ng k8. X@ tiAn l4ic7a th ch h*n ch trong ph*m vi giao dch giJac'c bn lin !uan +n th tr13ng th c7a tNngng(n h)ng. o vLy, c? mt s@ canh tranh l5n giJac'c ng(n h)ng +a ph1Ing khi ph't h)nh th t6ndFng. "hJng h*n ch n)y +Q b +jy li v)o cuCithLp nin ~| khi O lo*i th t6n dFng !uCc t ra

+3i thay th c'c lo*i th c7a ng(n h)ng +aph1Ing.


5/29

Unit : *atic Money

*atic Money hC ti0n /Pt

(Note: This is simply an introduction. More detailsabout the different kinds of card will follow.)

lastic money is the name given to all types ofplastic card which are used in place of cash.

There are different names for these cards but ingeneral they have two main purpose: to ena)*e#eo#*e to o)tain cah or to /a(e #ay/ent'itho$t $ing cah o% che/a%t ;a%+. This carries a microchip on it witha/c information on the holder. #t can also carryinformation about previous transactions, whichcan be viewed at enc t*i c'c /4y c7 J$ Vc thC chD#^_ %ngFv5i nhJng tm th nh1 vLy ta c? th8 mangtheo cK nhJng th2ng tin phi ng(n h)ng, v6 dF nh1th2ng tin v0 sEc kho ho


6/29

;ah ca%+ hC ti0n /Pt

&ash dispenser, automatic teller machineor cash-point are some of the name givento machines from which customers canwithdraw money from their bank accounts,

using their cash cards. They can do this atany branch of their bank and the branchesof other banks which are linked to theirbank.

S"ote: #n the X, the teller is a personreceiving and handing out money in a bank.This occupation is called cashier in Britain.U

ith the cash card, customers also receivea #" or personal identification numberwhich they should memorise. This numberis kept secret even from staff of theirbranch. hen using the dispenser,customer insert the card and key the #"number in. By following a clear set ofinstructions, which appear on the videoscreen, they can-withdraw cash up to acertain limit, check the balance of their a/cor deposit money.

"ot all banks provide the same automaticteller services. Zamples of servicesavaible from customers own branchmachines are account information, ordersfor new che!ue books and deposits ofche!ues and cash. wn-branch machinesmay aslo issue mini-statements of account,showing deposits ust made and thecurrent balance.

%'y +9i ti0n tN th ti0n m khi sV dFng c'c th ti0n mc? th8 l)m viAc n)y S+9i ti0nU t*i bt k chinh'nh n)o c7a ng(n h)ng h> mY t)i khoKnho.

Shi ch]: "g(n h)ng %^, ng13i thu ng(n l)mt ng13i nhLn v) cho vay ti0n trong mt ng(nh)ng. "? cng +Hng nghMa v5i tn g>i Th7 !u^ c'c "g(n h)ng nhU

W5i th ti0n m c?th8 r]t ti0n t5i h*n mEc nht +nh, v) c? th8ki8m tra sC trn t)i khoKn c7a h> ho


7/29

Bank Giro Credit SystemBank Giro Credit System H thng chuyn khon ngn

hng Giro CreditA Giro system is commonly usedin Euroe! "t is credit clearingsince it is initiated #y the de#tormaking a re$uest to the aying#ank that a credit #e made toanother indi%idual&s account!

'he ad%antage o( the Giro systemis the simlicity #ecause theaers and in(ormation are sent inonly one direction )(rom thedra*er&s #ank to the ayee&s #ankthrough the Clearing House+! ,anyo( the costs in%o%led in che$uesystem are a%oided! Additionally-#ecause the transactions in%ol%ean initial de#it and su#se$uentcredit to a.c- the de(ault risk isreduced once the transactions#egin! 'he disad%antage o( theGiro system is- ho*e%er- readilyaarent! "t relies on the de#tor)uchaser+ initiating thetransaction! 'he Creditor thus

loses control o%er theimlementation o( the ayment-*hich until noti/cation is gi%en!Conse$uently- Giro transactionsare not suita#le (or large num#ero( transactions *here the seller o(goods has no *ay o( making theurchaser ay- and there may #ea greater use o( cash (or day0to0day transaction in comarision

*ith countries *hich use che$ues!'he Giro system is articularly ona regular #asis! 1ayments (orelectricity- gas and *ater areo#%ious e2amles!

,3t h thng chuyn ti4n Giro 5in h6nh578c s9 d:ng ; Chu l h thngthanh to?n #@ tr #?o ghi =8 #t 5u tlDc ng7i 5i %ay g9i 5Fn 54 ngh 5nngn hng chi tr rIng hJ mun 2in %ayt m3t ti khon c? nhn kh?c!

Ku 5im cLa h thng chuyn ti4n Giro l

tMnh 5Fn gin #;i %6 chNng t % c?c thOng

tin chP g9i theo m3t h7Qng )t ngn hng

ng7i chi tr 5n ngn hng cLa ng7i th:

h7;ng thOng $ua 'rung tm thanh to?n #@

tr+! 'r?nh 578c nhi4u khon chi hM trong

$u? tr6nh 29 lR Sc! 'hTm nUa- #;i %6 c?c

giao dch #ao gVm %ic ghi =8 tr7Qc % ghi

C> sau %o ti khon- rLi ro cF #n 5W 578c

gim thiu X khi tin hnh giao dch! 'uynhiTn- 5im #Yt l8i cLa h thng Giro- 5i4u

hin nhiTn ta c> th thYy! => h: thu3c

%o uy tMn cLa con n8 )ng7i mua+ trong

mZi giao dch! =g7i cho %ay theo 5> mYt

$uy4n kim so?t %ic th[c hin thanh to?n

5n khi nh\n 578c thOng #?o! B;i %\y- c?c

giao dch chuyn khon Giro khOng h@

h8 %Qi hn lQn c?c giao dch #?n hng

ho?- c?c giao dch ny ng7i #?n hng

khOng c?ch no #u3c ng7i ng7i muahng tr ti4n- % 5y l 7u 5im lQn cLa

%ic tr ti4n trong c?c giao dch hIng ngy

giUa c?c n7Qc s9 d:ng Sc! H thng

chuyn khon Giro ho]t 53ng trTn m3t

h7Fng thNc thanh to?n cF #n ^ 5> l

hng ho? 578c Nng tr7Qc % th7ng 2uyTn!

'hanh to?n cho ti4n 5in- gas % n7Qc l

c?c %M d: 5in h6nh!


8/29

Unit `: ;%e+it ca%+

;%e+it ca%+ hC tDn +ng

hen you buy something you show your credit cardto the seller. The seller takes the details of your card:the number, the credit limit and the eZpiry date. ousign the sellers voucher Smaking two copiesU whichhe uses to collect payment from the credit card

company. $or this service the retailer pays a feeSaround per cent of the value of the transactionU.ach month the credit card company sends thecardholder an a/c lists that months which lists thatmonths transactions and interest charges.

The advantages of credit cards to the customer areconvenience and security. They are convenientbecause it is possible to buy an air ticket over thetelephone by giving the number of your credit card tothe travel agent. ou dont have to carry so much

cash around, so you run less risk of being robbed ormugged. lso if your card is lost or stolen, youre a/ccannot be used be another person, provided that youreport the loss immediately. nother advantage withsome cards is that, if you pay youre a/c in full eachmonth, you pay no interest. #n effect, you have acontin$o$ inte%et,%ee *oan-

The advantage of credit cards to retailers is that, bymaking credit easily available, sales can beincreased, and because no money changes hands,and there is less cash on the premises they have

added security. n the other hand, because of the per cent fee charged by the credit card company theretailers faces increased costs. This cost is added tothe prices of goods. There is also an administrationcost because retailers have to keep records, total upsales vouchers and pay them into their banks.

The cardholder signs three copies of each voucher one for himself, one for the retailer and one for thebank. The bank credits the retailers a/c for the valueof the vouchers, debits its credit card company a/c

and sends the vouchers to the credit card company.The system varies form bank to bank. Xome bankdebit the commission due on the value of thevouchers to the traders a/c.

hen the credit card company services thevouchers it pays the bank through the clearingsystem the value of each retailers total sales minusthe commission. t the same time it debits thecardholders a/cs and sends them a statement eachmonth.

hi b*n mua mt c'i gP +?, b*n trPnh th t6n dFng c7ab*n cho ng13i b'n h)ng. "g13i b'n h)ng sV dFng c'chi tit trong th t6n dFng c7a b*n: XC th, h*n mEc t6ndFng v) ng)y +'o h*n. B*n k v)o ho' +In c7a ng13b'n h)ng Schia l)m O bKn saoU v) ng13i b'n h)ng sV

dFng +8 th@c hiAn khoKn thanh to'n tN c2ng ty ph'th)nh th t6n dFng. W5i dch vF n)y, ng13i b'n l chi trmt khoKn ph6 SkhoKng gi' tr c7a mt giao dchU.=\ng th'ng c2ng ty ph't h)nh th t6n dFng gVi cho chth mt danh s'ch cho thy c'c giao dch trong th'ng v) tNng khoKn ph6 phKi trK.

u +i8m c7a th t6n dFng +Ci v5i kh'ch h)ng l) s@thuLn tiAn v) an to)n. &h]ng thuLn tiAn bYi vP ch]ng cth8 mua +14c vD m'y bay !ua +iAn tho*i b\ng viAc gVsC th t6n dFng c7a b*n cho +*i l du lch. B*n kh2ng cphKi mang nhi0u ti0n bn ng13i, do +? cng tr'nh kh_

c'c r7i ro b c15p ho


9/29

The numbers of lost and stolen cards are put into acomputer network, which list all lost credit cards.These lists are contant*y $#+ate+and cardshopkeepers and other retailers on the network can!uickly check if a credit card presented by acustomer has been stolen or lost, by passing thecard through their computer terminal.

XC l14ng th b mt v) mt cGp +14c nhLp v)o trongmt m*ng m'y t6nh, n? liAt k danh s'ch c'c th t6n dFb mt. &'c danh s'ch n)y +14c c# nht th=ng3$yZnv) ng13i b'n h)ng ho


10/29

Unit d: EO> f e)it ca%+

EO> f e)it ca%+ EO> f hC ghi N2

EO>is eZactly what it stand for:lectronic $unds Transfer at oint of Xale.The cost of good is transferred electronicallyat the point of sale from the customers bank

to the sellers bank. The point of sale is at thesupermarket or petrol station where customeruse their plastic cards to pay for goods. Thesaleperson swipes SpagesU the card through acard reader which reads the information onthe magnetic strip on the back of credit card.

The card reader enables the cash terminalcomputer to send the customers details viate*e#hone 'i%eto a ;ent%a* >'itch. Thecard details are encoded for security. The

&entral Xwitch selects the correct bank andsends the card details to the customersbanks processor which checks the followinginformation:

1utho0i2ation 3hec(4i5t6~. &ard issue number.O. =as the card been reported stolen{. The eZpiry date of the card. The value of the purchase.q. #s there enough money in the

customers a/c. The retailers identification number.. The retailers terminal number

#f everything terminal confirms the payment,issues a receipt for customer to sign and thecustomer can take the goods away. t thesame time the &entral Xwitch transmits thevalue of the transaction to the shops bank. #fthe payment is not authorized the customers

bank debits the value of the purchase to his orher a/c. %eanwhile, also three days, theshops bank credit shops a/c with the value ofthe goods.

EO> ch6nh Z'c nghMa l): i8m b'n h)ngchuy8n ti0n t@ +ng. Ti0n mua h)ng ho' +14cchuy8n mt c'ch t@ +ng t*i +i8m b'n h)ng tNng(n h)ng c7a kh'ch mua h)ng +n ng(n h)ng

c7a ng13i b'n h)ng. i8m b'n h)ng l) c'c siuth ho


11/29

Unit d: 8ette% o, c%e+it8ette% o, c%e+it h tDn +ng

etter of credit S/&U is an agreementin which a customer Sapplicant for /&Uasks a bank S/& issuing bankU to makea commitment to pay or accept the billin favour of a third party SbeneficiaryUwhen he/she presents the issuing bankthe correct documents. There arevarious types of /& to meet thedifferent needs of customers such asêvoca)*e c%e+it, I%%evoca)*e c%e+it,;on,i%/e+ c%e+itFUncon,i%/e+c%e+it, êvo*ving c%e+itF )ac(to)ac( c%e+it,%e+c*a$e c%e+it,tan+)y c%e+it, t%an,e%a)*e c%e+it-

êvoca)*e c%e+it: in the revocablecredit the opener SbuyerU canint%$cthis bank to amend or cancel the creditat any moment without notice to thebeneficiary SsellerU. #n view ofuncertainty of payment, this type ofcredit is usually unacceptable to theseller and is rarely in use ininternational trade unless the partnersin a transaction are well known to each

other.

I%%evoca)*e c%e+it: This is the type ofcredit most commonly in use ininternational trade. n irrevocablecredit is one that can not be amendedor cancelled unless all partiesconcerned are agreeable to suchamended or cancellation. #t is legally

binding in the issuing bank whichguarantees payment to the beneficiaryagainst delivery of specified documentsdrawn in accordance with the terms ofthe credit.

;on,i%/e+ c%e+it: confirmed credit isan irrevocable credit in which theadvising bank will be re!uested by theissuing bank to add its own

confirmation to the credit. The effect ofthis confirmation is that both the issuing

%t bEc th1 t6n dFng S/&U l) mt thoK thuLngiJa ~ kh'ch h)ng Sng13i +0 +In mY /&Uyu c[u ~ ng(n h)ng Sng(n h)ng ph't h)nh/&U th@c hiAn cam kt thanh to'n ho


12/29

bank and the confirming bank will beointly responsible to the beneficiary. #nthe event of outbreak of war or in thecase when the issuing bank is not wellknown, such a confirmation of creditmay become valuable because it givesthe greatest degree of security to thebeneficiary.

Uncon,i%/e+ c%e+it: letter of creditis said to be 5unconfirmed6when it isadvised to the beneficiary withoutcommitment of that bank SadvisingbankU. #n this case, the issuing bank isthe only party to be fully responsible tothe beneficiary. #n recent years thistype of credit has been increasing inuse for international trade.

Z'c nhLn l) +Hng th3i cK ng(n h)ng ph'th)nh v) ng(n h)ng Z'c nhLn +0u +Hng chutr'ch nhiAm +n ng13i thF h1Yng. Trongtr13ng h4p c? tranh chp ho


13/29

Unit m: Ban( 8oan

Ban( *oan ;4c (hon cho vay ca ngn hng

}ecently banks have offered many few ,aci*itieto their customers. There are new types of a/cs,che!ue cards, cash cards, credit cards, insurance

cover, investment services.

o'eve%, one of the most important servicesbanks offer is that they lend money to theircustomer. The methods available for a customerto borrow from his bank and the rate of interest heis charged vary from country to country and bankto bank.

ne way of borrowing is to ove%+%a'on your a/c.This is useful if you only wish to borrow a small

amount for a short time. The interest rate onoverdrafts depends upon the bank rate. #n the ,at the moment it is ~O over base rate i.e. O{.f course you can only have an overdraft withyour managers permission.

nother way is to arrange a #e%ona* *oan. personal loan is for a fiZed period of time usually{-q years. %any people ta(e o$t a #e%ona**oan, for eZample, to buy a car. ach month thecustomer makes a payment on the loan on the

bank. The main advantage of a personal loan isthat the interest rate is fiZed. #n the , at themoment it is .

#n many countries it is possible to borrow moneyfor longer period e.g., up to Oq years. This is oftennecessary where buying a house or a business.The interest rate on long-term loans dependsupon the base rate. t the moment it is ~,Oqover base.

f course, for both a personal loan and a long-term loan the bank re!uires some kind of securitye.g. Sfor eZampleU, ha%e-

[n +(y, c'c ng(n h)ng +Q v) +ang cung cp nhi0u ti6ch cho c'c kh'ch h)ng c7a mPnh. "hJng tiAn 6ch +? cth8 k8 +n nh1 c'c lo*i t)i khoKn m5i, th +Km bKo ch

XDc, th r]t ti0n m


14/29

O#en acco$nt

O#en acco$nt Ghi p

The eZporters ship the goods ordered by theimporters. The importers sends payment eitherimmediately or monthly, according to

agreement. The payment itself maybe abankers draft which is, in effect, a che!uedrawn by a bank on itself. f course it iseasiest when the eZporters and importersbanks have accounts with each other and arecorrespondents.

#n the case of a payment from the to theX in dollars, the bank will authorize theX bank to debit its a/c with them. The bank will make a note of the credit entry in itsreconciliation a/c. #f payment is to be made in

te%*ing, the X bank will authorize the bank to credit its te%*inga/c in ondon. TheX bank will make a note of the debit entry inits reconciliation a/c.

A+vantage: ittle paperwork Ximple Time and money saving

ia+vantage

To the importer: The eZporter may notship goods, or may not ship goods ontime or may not ship the right goods

To the eZporter: fter receiving goods,the importer may not pay or is unable topay or delay payment.

;on+ition: }egular shipments take place relationship or complete trust eZists

between eZporter and importer There is political and economic stability

in both countries

"h) Zut khju chuy8n h)ng ho' theo yu c[u c7a nhnhLp khju. "h) nhLp khju s` gVi khoKn thanh to'nngay lLp tEc ho


15/29

Unit r: A Ban( Acco$nt

A Ban( acco$nt sacQ Mt i (hon sKQ ngn hng

$or the safety, convenience and many otherbenefits, more and more people open a bank a/c.

n a/c is a record of a customers moneytransactions Sdeposits and withdrawlsU. #ts form islike the letter T with ebits on the left and &redits

on the right. n a/c can have either credit or debitbalance. credit balance is the tate/entof ana/c when more money is deposited thanwithdrawn while a debit balance is when lessmoney is deposited than withdrawn. very montha/c holders are given an a/c statement showingthe months transactions, consiting ateF etai*Fe)itF ;%e+itand Ba*ance and pay an a/ccharge, but if they can keep their a/c in credit, thisservice will be ,%ee o, cha%ge.

Banks will /a(e a noteof credit or debit entry incustomers a/c when they pay money in or outtheir a/cs. hen a customer deposits q| in hisa/c, the bank credits this amount to the customersa/c andat the a/e ti/e debits q| to thebanks a/c. This is an eZample of +o$)*e ent%y-

eposits on an a/c may be +e/an+orti/e."ormally, the demand deposit a/c pays no or verylittle interest whereas the time to pays interest.The interest rates paid by banks vary from bank to

bank, depending on how long customers leavetheir money in the bank: short, medium or longterm. he *onge% the /oney %e/ain in the)an(F the /o%e inte%et it ea%n-ith timedeposits, a/c holders usually withdraw their moneyat maturity date but they can take the money outof the a/c before the maturity date if they want- Inthi cae, some interest will be lost.

withdrawal slip is usually used to withdrawmoney from an a/c. =owever, current a/c holderscan withdraw money from their a/c by writing

che!ues. #n this case, they do not need to writetheir names as the payee of the che!ue, but writecash or self.

To open an a/c, the applicant is re!uired to ,i** inan ac o#ening a##*ication ,o%/and todeposit some money. n a/c can be opened forindividuals or a company. The former is thepersonal while the latter is the coporate or abusiness a/c. #n general, the #%oce+$%e o,o#ening a co#o%ate aca%e

SX The procedures of opening a coporate a/c

thats why we use areU

W5i s@ an to)n, thuLn tiAn v) nhi0u tiAn 6ch kh'c, ng)c)ng c? nhi0u ng13i mY t)i khoKn ng(n h)ng. %t t)khoKn l) bKng ghi chDp l*i c'c giao dch ti0n m t*i ng(nh)ng: ngGn h*n, trung h*n hay d)i h*n. >] ti0n2c +$y t%ucng *$thu *bi nhn 2ccngnhi0$. W5i T ti0n gVi c? k h*n, ch7 T th13ng r]tti0n c7a h> v)o ng)y +'o h*n tuy nhin h> c? th8 lyti0n kh_i T tr15c ng)y +'o h*n nu h> muCn. %ont%=ng h2# nh vy, mt sC lQi s` b mt.

%t phiu r]t ti0n th13ng +14c sV dFng +8 r]t ti0n tNmt T. Tuy nhin ch7 T vQng lai c? th8 r]t ti0n tN tkhoKn c7a h> b\ng viAc vit XDc. Trong tr13ng h4p

n)y, h> kh2ng c[n vit tn c7a h> nh1 tn ng13i thFh1Yng trn sDc, m) ch c[n vit }]t ti0n ho


16/29

more co/#*icate+ than a personal one.

To close an a/c, it is necessary to withdraw all theblance on it.

There are different types of a/c to meet the variousneeds customers: c$%%ent schec(ingQF +e#oitan+ aving acF o*e an+ oint acF#e%ona* an+ co#o%ate ac-

#h.c t#hIn khi mY mt T c' nh(n.

8 +?ng mt T, +i0u c[n thit l) phKi r]t to)n b sCd1 trong T +?.

&? nhi0u lo*i T kh'c nhau +'p Eng c'c nhu c[u kh'nhau c7a c'c kh'ch h)ng: K vbng *ai sK (z #h4>?cQF K ti0n gWi v K tiLt (iT/F K %iZng vK ch$ngF K c4 nhn v K +oanh nghiT#


17/29

Unit {: ;$%%ent acco$nt

;$%%ent Ac i (hon vbng *ai

current a/c, known as checking a/c in X,is the most popular bank a/c. #t provides bothsafety and convenience. ike any other typesof bank a/c, it is safe because the a/c holders

do not need to carry cash, which can beeasily lost or stolen. #t is also convenientsince the holders are given a che!ue book-small booklet full of che!ues to pay theirdaily bills easily and to withdraw money fromtheir a/cs. %oreover, current a/c holders maybe provided with a cash card, which can beused to withdraw money from their a/cs byusing T%s Sutomated Teller %achinesU anda debit card used to pay for goods or servicesthrough auto-payment system without making

out a che!ue.

=owever, current a/c do not usually payinterest since money on this is usuallydemand deposit, which can be withdrawn atany time. This does not allow banks to usethis deposit to lend out with interest to thosewho need capital.

&urrent a/c holders may overdraw their a/cs

up to a limit called ag%ee+ ove%+%a,t *i/it.Xometimes customers write a che!ue formore money than they have in their a/c. Thisis called )o$ncing a che


18/29

EO> s|Q an+ e)it ca%+

EO> s|Q an+ e)it ca%+ EO> v hC ghi n2

E*ect%onic $n+ t%an,e% at #oint o, a*e,$TX for short, is a progress to non-cashsociety, where people do not need to carry*a%ge a/o$nt o, cah 'ith the/, but whatthey need is only some change. The system

allows the value of the transactions to beautomatically debited to customers bank a/cor credit a/c at point of sales and credited toretailers a/c respectively. #n addition toreducing cash in circulation to minimum, thesystem can reduce paperwork dramatically.The $TX services are available at retailpoints, allowing customers to choose goodsand swipe their card through a machine forchecking. The card is fed into a card readerand the value of transaction is put intocomputer. The customer confirms the payment

by signing the %ecei#t-&ard used in $TX are debit cards. ebitcards are like credit cards eZcept that they areused to debit money to the customers banka/c when a purchase is made. ith debitcards, ca%+ $e%,o%go SUcheck writing,card-issuing banks need not prepare monthlybillings, and, in the simplest debit card system,credit risk is eliminated. #f enough consumerssubstitute debit cards for credit cards,ultimately banks credit card lending might be

reduced. It i *i(e*y, however, that banks willoffer to tie debit cards to personal lines ofcredit in the form of overdraft protection.}iththi a%%ange/entif the customers debit cardbased purchases eZceed the funds in theconsumers bank a/c, a prearranged line ofcredit will be triggered. The size of the creditline for overdraft protection for a consumerpresumably will be identical to the credit limiton a credit card issued to that consumer. Ineithe% caeFthe bank will be eZposed to thesame risk of default.

;h$yn ti0n iTn tW ti c4c i/ )4n *CFvit tGt l)$TX, l) mt b15c tin t5i ZQ hi phi ti0n mi ng13i kh2ng c[n mang nhi0$ ti0n /Pt )Znng=i, bYi c'i h> c[n ch l) mt v)i s@ trao +9i. =AthCng cho phDp gi' tr c7a c'c giao dch +14c t@

+ng ghi n4 v)o t)i khoKn ng(n h)ng c7a kh'chh)ng ho


19/29

Unit 1: YE> AN U>E> O }O^KING ;AIA8

TX " XX $ }#"T

&& # W T& " & W" "

%o,ita)i*ity is determined in part by theway in which a company manages its

'o%(ing ca#ita*. Baica**ythere will be adrop in profits if working capital is raisedwithout a co%%e#on+ingrise in production.Xo one of the principal functions of financialmanagement is to provide the correctamount of working capital at the right timeand in the right place to %ea*ie theg%eatet %et$%n on invet/ent-

orking capital can initia**y be )%o(en+o'ninto two types: #e%/anent an+te/#o%a%y. e%/anent 'o%(ing ca#ita* istied up in keeping the business flowingthroughout the year, while te/#o%a%y'o%(ing ca#ita* is needed ,%o/ ti/e toti/eto take account of eaona*F cyc*ica*or $ne3#ecte+ ,*$ct$ationin thebusiness. The latter type is usually serviced

from an overdraft facility

Both types of working capital have three/ao% a##*ication: firstly inventories,secondly debtors and finally cash.

#nventories can be further divided into

inventories of raw materials, work inprogress and finished goods. There threecan oa( $#an eno%/o$ a/o$ntofeZcess working capital if not well managed.#t is the ob of the financial manager tominimize the stocks of raw materials, thelevel of work in progress and the !uantity offinished goods. =owever, ove%t%ingentcontrol can lead to +i%$#tion in productioncaused by the delay in receiving raw

materials, a failure to ta(e acco$nt of

Kh nng inh *=i +14c Z'c +nh l) mtph[n trong c'c ho*t +ng c7a c2ng ty, n?

+'nh gi' hiAu !uK mt c2ng ty +Q t*o ra l4inhuLn th2ng !ua v]n *$ ng nh1 thn)o. ~0 cw )nnu vCn l1u +ng t;ng lnnh1ng kh2ng t1Ing th6ch v5i s@ t;ng trong!u' trPnh sKn Zut s` l)m giKm l4i nhuLnc7a c2ng ty. o vLy, mt trong nhJng chEcn;ng ch6nh c7a !uKn tr t)i ch6nh doanhnghiAp l) cung cp ch6nh Z'c l14ng vCn l1u+ng c[n thit +]ng th3i +i8m, +]ng chnh\m th$ 2c t]i a +oanh th$


20/29

costly price %ie in the#i#e*ine, a failureto keep the production volume re!uired byfuture sales, and resulting eZpensive anddamaging effects on customer goodwill. sone can see from the ,o%egoing +iag%a/,this can become a vicio$ ci%c*e where theloss of goodwill finally leads to loss of salesand results once again in t%ingent cot

controls

he $tinti/e #hi*oo#hy, developed inapan, is aimed at reconciling these oftenconflicting interest and keeping inventorycost to a minimum.

n the debtor side, working capital isre!uired to finance the gap between

payment due to suppliers and paymentowed by customers. #t is the ta(offinancial management to see that gene%o$c%e+it te%/are negotiate+ with suppliersbut minimal credit is offered to customers.

1gain a ba4ancemust be achievedbet


21/29

Unit 11: ;heyte/

;heyte/ T th]ng thanh to4n )R t% >?c

The process of clearing may be defined as thetransmission and settlement of paymentsbetween a/cs held at different banks ordifferent branches of the same bank.

hen a che!ue is paid into a customers a/c ata branch of a bank or other financialinstitutions, it is necessary for the che!ue tobe sent to the branch on which it is drawn inorder to obtain payment. #n effect the customerre!uests his branch to co**ectthe paymentand his branch is therefore known as thecollecting branch rather than deal with eachche!ue individually. The collecting branchuses the clearing system to obtain paymentfrom the branch on which the che!ue is drawn.

ach branch sends the che!ue which is hasaccepted for collection to the c*ea%ing+e#a%t/ent of its own bank which theneZchanges che!ues with other banks at the;*ea%ing o$e. These dealings, whichinvolve two separate banks, are shown in thec*ea%ing tatiticas inter-bank items. hena collecting branch receives a che!ue drawnon another branch of the same bank, theche!ue will not go to the &learing =ouse but itwill be eZchanged in the &learing epartmentof the bank concerned and will be processed

in the clearing statistics asan inte%)%anchite/. &he!ues which are paid in at the branchon which they are drawn do not need to becleared and are processed in ho$ewithinthat branch. &ashed che!ues are processed ina similar way to other che!ues, although alarger number of these will be in house itemswhere the customer is drawing cash from hisown branch.

The clearing system is also available tofinancial institutions which are not Xettlement

%embers of the clearings. Xeveral hundredbanks and building societies that lend moneyallows them to obtain clearance of che!ues onbehalf of themselves of their customers. ithinthe clearing statistics banks having agencyarrangements are treated effectively as abranch of the Xettlement %embers providingthe arrangements.

u' trPnh thanh to'n b trN +14c hi8u nh1 l) mt lo*igiao v) c'c th)nh vin thanh to'n giJa c'c t)i khoKnn\m Y c'c ng(n h)ng kh'c nhau ho


22/29

Unit 12: LENDING

8ENING ot ng cho vay

The role of lending at commercialbank in the nited Xtate has changeddramatically over the years. In the+itant #at, short-term, self-

li!uidating loans were the standard.Today, banks provide loans of allmaturities and methods of repayment.The principal categories of loans arecommercial and industrial, real estate,and individual SconsumerU loans.

This paper provides the backgroundinformation about commercial and

industrial loans. Xuch loans are usedto finance temporary and permanentbusiness assets. ines of credit andtransaction loans are used fortemporary assets and involving loansand term loans are used forpermanent assets. /cs receivable,inventory, and real property ande!uipment are the most commonlyused types of collateral for commercial

and industrial loans. The maZimumamount that national banks can lend toany customer is limited to Oq of theire!uity capital. %ost banks will not risktoo much on one customer. Theamount that they will loan depends onthei% ie, geographic location, andthe risk they are willing to face. Xomeof these limits of other are eZplained ina banks written loan policies. The

Board of irectors of the bank, whichhas the ultimate responsibility for allloans that are made, acts as aguideline for those involved in thelending process.

Wai tr c7a ho*t +ng cho vay t*i mt ng(nh)ng th1Ing m*i Y nh +Q c? nhi0u thay +9i+'ng k8 !ua tNng n;m. ;4ch y (h@ng*$, c'c khoKn cho vay ngGn h*n, c'c khoKn

vay t@ ho)n trK +14c th@c hiAn theo +]ngtiu chujn. "g)y nay, ng(n h)ng cung cpc'c khoKn cho vay v5i rt nhi0u hPnh thEc v)c'ch thEc +8 trK n4. Wn +0 ch6nh c7a c'ckhoKn vay th1Ing m*i v) sKn Zut c2ngnghiAp, vay +[u t1 bt +ng sKn v) vay c'nh(n SphFc vF cho tiu dngU.

&hEng tN n)y cung cp c'c th2ng tin c[nthit v0 c'c khoKn vay th1Ing m*i R vay sKn

Zut c2ng nghiAp. &'c khoKn vay nh1 vLy c?t'c dFng cung cp vCn kinh doanh mt c'chb0n vJng v) t*m th3i. &'c khoKn t6n dFng v)giao dch cho vay +14c dng th chp b\ngc'c t)i sKn t*m th3i v) c? bao gHm c'ckhoKn vay, +i0u kiAn ZV dFng ti0n vay +i kmv5i t)i sKn +Q c[m cC. &'c khoKn phKi thu,h)ng tHn kho v) bt +ng sKn hay trang thitb th2ng th13ng +14c dng nh1 nhJng lo*it)i sKn +Km bKo cho c'c khoKn vay th1Ing

m*i v) vay cho sKn Zut c2ng nghiAp. i' trtCi +a m) ng(n h)ng trung 1Ing c? th8 chomt kh'ch h)ng vay tCi +a b\ng Oq ph[nvCn ch7 sY hJu c7a h>. =[u nh1 c'c ng(nh)ng s` kh2ng g


23/29

%a+e% +e)t

%a+e% +e)t Khon n2 thwng /i

%ost business rely on giving credit to theircustomer. This is especially true in a freemarket where there are many suppliercompeting to supply one product or service.These business have to ,ight co/#etitionto get a*e. #f their competitors areproviding credit, they have to provide aswell. They may not want to give credit but,when faced with the choice between makinga sale with credit and not making sale, theywill prefer to give c%e+it. &ompetition,o%ce suppliers to provide credit for theircustomers.

This situation gives rise to the problem of+e)t co**ection. customer might pay atrade debt at the end of credit period, sayone month, or delay payment for as long aspossible. Xuch a situation is harmful to thesuppliers. Bhey may Cin& them5e4ve5Cinancing thei0 cu5tome0D5 p0o&uction.This is very eZpensive in times of highinterest rates because their customers areusing money on which the suppliers have topay interest. lso the suppliers may needthe money to finance their own production.#n addition, they have to employ eZtra staffto en+ o$tinvoice and %e/in+e%-

&ustomers who fail to pay at all can mean+iate%for a business and there need to

be some way of avoiding *ate #aye%andnon#aye%. >o it i ha%+*y $%#%iingthat a 'ho*e in+$t%y e3it to han+*ethee #%o)*e/ o, )a+ +e)t-

=[u nh1 c'c doanh nghiAp +0u d@a v)oviAc b'n chu cho kh'ch h)ng c7a h>.

i0u n)y + cng phKib'n chu nh1 vLy. => c? th8 kh2ng muCnb'n chu, nh1ng khi +Ci m.

i0u n)y dn +n viAc t;ng ln r7i ro c7aviTc th$ hqi (hon n2. %t kh'ch h)ngc? th8 thanh to'n khoKn n4 th1Ing m*iv)o cuCi k c7a khoKn t6n dFng. th13ng l)~ th'ng, hong trong th3i+i8m lQi sut ng(n h)ng cao bYi vP c'ckh'ch h)ng c7a h> +ang sV dFng ch6nhkhoKn ti0n m) nh) cung cp phKi trK lQicho ch]ng. BYi vLy c'c nh) cung cp c?th8 c[n ti0n +8 t)i tr4 cho !u' trPnh sKnZut c7a h>. "go)i ra, h> phKi trK thml1Ing cho c'c nh(n vin l)m viAc gWi ic'c ho4 wnv) *=i nhc nhx+n kh'chh)ng.

"hJng kh'ch h)ng kh2ng c? khK n;ng chitrK c? th8 l) /t /]i ng$y *\ncho

doanh nghiAp v) c[n phKi c? c'c biAnph'p nh\m tr'nh viAc c4c (h4ch hngt% ch/ ho


24/29

Unit 13: he )an( o, Eng*an+

he )an( o, Eng*an+ Ngn hng n\c Anh

The bank of ngland is the central bank ofthe . $or historical reasons, it is dividedinto #ssue epartments, each withseparate balance sheets.

The #ssue epartment is responsible forissuing banknotes, shown as liabilities. Tointroduce notes into circulation, the #ssueepartment purchases financialsecurities: bills and bonds issued by thegovernment, commercial firms, or localauthorities. These are shown as assets ofthe #ssue epartment. The eZchange ofhigh powered money for financialsecurities is called an open marketoperation.

The Banking epartment acts as bankerto the commercial banks and to thegovernment ublic eposits and Bankerseposits are deposits by the governmentand the commercial banking system.}eserves and other a/cs are deposits bycentral bank of other countries issued byprivate firms or *oca* a$tho%itie-

#n practice, the activities of the #ssuedepartment and the Banking epartmentare carefully coordinated. lthough muchof The Banks balance sheet %ee/)*ethe one of a commercial bank, there isone crucial difference. There is nopossibility that the Bank can go bankrupt.he $nii l) ho*t +ng th tr13ng mY.

hng nghiAp vF ng(n h)ng +?ng vai tr nh1 mtnh) cho vay t5i c'c ng(n h)ng th1Ing m*i v) t5ich6nh ph7, khoKn mFc ti0n gVi c7a ch6nh ph7 v) ti0ngVi c7a ng(n h)ng l) c'c khoKn ti0n gVi bYi ch6nhph7 v) c'c hA thCng c'c ng(n h)ng th1Ing m*i.&'c !u^ d@ trJ v) c'c t)i khoKn kh'c l) c'c khoKnti0n gVi tN ng(n h)ng trung 1Ing c7a c'c n15ckh'c +14c ph't h)nh !ua c'c c2ng ty t1 nh(n ho


25/29

Unit 1: BANK ^A>

BANK ^A> I IU NGN NG

$inancial instruments, such as )an(

+%a,tand letter of credit, reduce some

of the uncertainties of international

transactions. ight +%a,tis usually

prepared by the eZporter and

addressed to the importer, ordering the

importer to pay on receipt of the goods

and the draft. hen the draft is signed

and Iaccepte&Jby the importer and

formally acknowledged by the

importers bank, the eZporter can use

the draft as collateral to borrows funds

from his or her own bank, creating, in

effect, an international form of ac

%eceiva)*e financing. sight draft

generally i/#*ieonly the i/#o%te%

#%o/ie to #ay. =owever, acceptance

by the importers bank makes the draft

an i%%evoca)*e int%$/ent o,

#ay/ent

An a*te%native ,o%/of draft is the time

draft, which allows a specified period of

time after the goods are delivered and

the draft is presented before payment

is due. $or eZample, payment terms

might be {|, | or | days sight.

&'c c2ng cF t)i ch6nh, nh1 h]i #hiL$ ngn

hnghay th1 t6n dFng, giKm thi8u +i mt sC gia

dch kh2ng c[n thit trong th1Ing m*i !uCc t.

%t t= h]i #hiL$ t% ngayth2ng th13ng +14c

k ph't bYi nh) Zut khju v) +14c gVi cho nh)

nhLp khju, yu c[u nh) nhLp khju thanh to'n

c'c h)ng ho' nhLn +14c theo nh1 t3 hCi phiu

hi t3 hCi phiu +14c k v) c? du IK chp

thunJ bYi nh) nhLp khju, th2ng th13ng l) bY

ng(n h)ng nh) nhLp khju, nh) Zut khju c? th

sV dFng t3 hCi phiu n)y nh1 mt vLt th chp

+8 vay vCn tN ng(n h)ng anh/ ch ta, viAc t*o ra

hCi phiu ng(n h)ng, c? t'c dFng nh1 l) mt

c'ch thEc t)i tr4 !uCc t cho c'c Khon #hi

th$. %t t3 hCi phiu trK ngay ch ng z ca/

(Lt thanh to4n ca nh nh# (h$. Tuy nhin

s@ chp nhLn bYi ng(n h)ng c7a nh) nhLp khj

+Q bin t3 hCi phiu trY th)nh/t c@ng c

thanh to4n (h@ng th h$ ngang-

%t d*ng kh'c c7a hCi phiu l) hCi phiu k

h*n, n? cho phDp h)ng ho' +14c vLn chuy8n

trong mt th3i gian nht +nh v) t3 hCi phiu s`

+14c Zut trPnh ch sau khi h)ng ho' +14c

chuy8n +n nIi. W6 dF, th3i h*n thanh to'n c?

th8 l) {|, | ho


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time draft that has been accepted by

the importers bank is called )an(e%

acce#tance. hen the bank accepts

the draft, the bank guarantees that it

will pay the draft on maturity that is, it

effectively replaces the importers credit

with its own credit. s a rule the

eZporter, as well as the investment

markets, put greater stock in the banks

creditworthiness than the i/#o%te%

c%e+it'o%thine-

The eZporter /ay atte/#t tosell the

bankers acceptance to an investor at a

discount that is consistent with the

market rate on bankers acceptance at

the time. A*te%native*yFthe bank may

effectively eZtend credit by buying the

acceptance from the eZporter ata##%o#%iate +ico$nt. The bank

typically sells it in the bankers

acceptance market and later, at

maturity, pays off the investor at par as

the payment from the importer co/e

+$e.

chp nhLn bYi ng(n h)ng nh) nhLp khju +14c

g>i l) ]i #hiL$ 2c ngn hng ch# th$n

83hp phiLu ng>n hng# hi ng(n h)ng chp

nhLn hCi phiu, ng(n h)ng bKo +Km r\ng t3 hC

phiu s` +14c thanh to'n +]ng h*n +i0u n)y c

nghMa, ng(n h)ng dng uy t6n c7a mPnh bKo +Km

cho khK n;ng trK n4 c7a nh) nhLp khju. (y l)

mt nguyn tGc c7a nh) Zut khju, cng nh1

trn th tr13ng +[u t1, c9 phiu c? + tin cLy t6n

dFng c7a ng(n h)ng s` c? gi' hIn c9 phiu

+Km bKo b\ng tin cy tDn +ng ca nh

nh# (h$-

"h) Zut khju c7 th /$]nb'n +i chp phiu

ng(n h)ng cho mt nh) +[u t1 v5i gi' chit

khu, mEc gi' +Q bao gHm lQi sut th tr13ng

c7a t3 chp phiu ng(n h)ng t*i th3i +i8m +?.

(hDa cnh (h4cFng(n h)ng c? th8 mY rng

ho*t +ng t6n dFng b\ng viAc mua c'c t3 chp

phiu tN nh) Zut khju v5i mEc gi' chiLt (h$hon *i. "g(n h)ng th13ng b'n c'c t3 chp

phiu trn th tr13ng giao dch chp phiu ng(n

h)ng v) sau +?, t*i th3i +i8m +'o h*n, viAc

thanh to'n to)n b c7a nh) +[u t1 cng giCng

nh1 viAc thanh to'n c7a nh) nhLp khju khi

(hon thanh to4n Ln hn


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Unit 1`: Ove%+%a,t

Ove%+%a,t h$ chi

n overdraft occ$% when a check is writtenon uncollected funds. #n other words, anoverdraft is a facility which allows anindividual to with draw funds from hischecking a/c in eZcess of the credit balance.

#f a bank pays on a check written againstuncollected balances, it is an $nec$%e+*oan. Xome overdraft loan are written withprior permission of the bank, but most arenot. In the *atte% caeFoverdraft loan can befor less than one day S+ay*ight ove%+%a,tU,such as when a check is written in themorning and the deposit to cover that checkis not made until that afternoon, or for one ormore days. The customer is charged interestonly on the amount he uses and the rate ofinterest is calculated daily on the prime rate.

"ormally no regular repayment is set. Thecustomer can repay any amount at any timesimply by paying money.

%t khoKn thu chi 3$t hiTnkhi viAc ki8m tra +14c Z'cnhLn trn c'c khoKn ti0n S/vCnU +Q b r]t !u' sC d1 trong t)ikhoKn. =ay n?i c'ch kh'c, mt khoKn thu chi l) mt c2ngcF cho phDp c'c c' nh(n c? th8 r]t ti0n S/vCnU tN t)i khoKnk ph't XDc c7a anh ta v14t !u' sC d1 &?. "u mt ng(n

h)ng chi trK cho mt t)i khoKn k ph't nh\m tr'nh cho sCd1 t)i khoKn b r]t !u', +? l) /t (hon cho vay (h@ng/ )o. %t v)i khoKn thu chi ch +14c th@c hiAn theos@ cho phDp tr15c c7a ng(n h)ng, nh1ng h[u nh1 kh2ngphKi vLy. %ong c4c t%=ng h2# a$ ny sl 0 #hjngQFkhoKn cho vay thu chi c? th8 +14c cho phDp +14c r]t!u' sC d1 6t hIn mt ng)y Sth$ chi t%ong ngyU, giCngnh1 khi mt lAnh k ph't th@c hiAn v)o bu9i s'ng v)khoKn ti0n gVi +14c ki8m tra l) b r]t !u' +n cng chi0ung)y h2m +?, ho


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a loan on their behalf. ;a#ita*&apital represents the amount of e

Bài giảng 16 unit.doc

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