Bahodir Ganiev and Yuliy Yusupov · Bahodir Ganiev and Yuliy Yusupov Abstract The trade regime...

GRADUATE SCHOOL OF DEVELOPMENT

Institute of Public Policy and Administration

Uzbekistan: Trade Regime and Recent Trade Developments

Bahodir Ganiev and Yuliy Yusupov

WORKING PAPER NO.4, 2012

INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC POLICY AND ADMINISTRATION

WORKING PAPER NO.4, 2012

Uzbekistan: Trade Regime and Recent Trade Developments

Bahodir Ganiev and Yuliy Yusupov

AbstractThe trade regime currently in place in Uzbekistan supports the development of import-substituting industries and hinders the development of export-oriented industries. Consequently, primary commodities continue to dominate the country’s merchandise exports. The rapid expansion of merchandise exports in 2001-2010 was due mostly to the rise in world prices of primary commodities. The expansion of imports was to a large degree on account of increases in imports of intermediate and capital goods for import-substituting industries. Trade surpluses were achieved through high taxes on imports and rationing of foreign exchange. Significant shifts occurred in the geographic distribution of trade. The share of the EU in both exports and imports decreased, and Russia overtook the EU as Uzbekistan’s top trading partner. The share of China in both exports and imports increased considerably. The share of the Central Asian countries in exports fell significantly, while their share in imports rose modestly. Exports to Afghanistan surged, but imports from Afghanistan remained small. This suggests that there is a lot of scope for expanding economic cooperation between Uzbekistan and other Central Asian countries as well as between Uzbekistan and Afghanistan.

Keywordsforeign trade, Uzbekistan, import substitution.JEL codes: F14, O53

The Institute of Public Policy and Administration was established in 2011 to promote sys-tematic and in-depth research on issues related to the socio-economic development of Cen-tral Asia, and explore policy alternatives. This paper is part of research being conducted for the “Regional Cooperation and Confidence Building in Central Asia and Afghanistan” (RCCB) project supported by the Government of Canada, Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade.The Institute of Public Policy and Administration is part of the Graduate School of Develop-ment, University of Central Asia. The University of Central Asia was founded in 2000. The Presidents of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, and Tajikistan, and His Highness the Aga Khan signed the International Treaty and Charter establishing this secular and private university, ratified by the respective parliaments, and registered with the United Nations. The Universi-ty is building simultaneously three fully-residential campuses in Tekeli (Kazakhstan), Naryn (Kyrgyz Republic) and Khorog (Tajikistan) that will open their doors to undergraduate and graduate students in 2016.The Institute of Public Policy and Administration’s Working Papers is a peer-reviewed series that publishes original contributions on a broad range of topics dealing with social and eco-nomic issues, public administration and public policy as they relate to Central Asia.

ISSN: 2617-9245 Copyright © 2012University of Central Asia 138 Toktogul Street, Bishkek 720001, Kyrgyz RepublicTel.: +996 (312) 910 822, E-mail: [email protected]

The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author and do not necessary represent the view of the University of Central Asia

Text and data in this publication may be reproduced as long as the source is cited.

3Contents

Contents

1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................7

2. Trade regime ....................................................................................................................................8

2.1. Quantitative restrictions and licensing ........................................................................................ 8

2.2. Trade taxes ............................................................................................................................................... 9

2.2.1. Export taxes ..............................................................................................................................................9

2.2.2. Import taxes ..........................................................................................................................................10

2.3. Tax privileges pertinent to trade ..................................................................................................13

2.4. Free trade agreements ......................................................................................................................13

2.5. Export and import procedures ......................................................................................................13

2.6. Currency convertibility .....................................................................................................................15

3. Recent trade developments ...................................................................................................... 15

3.1. Growth of trade ....................................................................................................................................15

3.2. Composition of trade .........................................................................................................................18

3.2.1. Composition of merchandise exports ........................................................................................18

3.2.2. Composition of merchandise imports .......................................................................................19

3.2.3. Composition of exports of services ............................................................................................20

3.2.4. Composition of imports of services ...........................................................................................20

3.3. Geographic Distribution of Trade .............................................................................................21

3.3.1. Geographic distribution of merchandise exports .................................................................21

3.3.2. Geographic distribution of merchandise imports ................................................................23

3.3.3. Geographic distribution of exports of services ......................................................................25

3.3.4. Geographic distribution of imports of services .....................................................................27

4. Conclusions .................................................................................................................................... 29

References ........................................................................................................................................... 30

Annex. Trade Statistics of Uzbekistan ........................................................................................ 31

Uzbekistan: Trade Regime and Recent Trade Developments4

FiguresFigure 1. End-of-Period CBU and Black Market Exchange Rates, 2000-2012

(Sums per US$) ...............................................................................................................................10

Figure 2. Exports and Imports of Goods and Services, 2000-2011 (Billion US$) ................16

Figure 3. Indexes of Volumes of Exports and Imports of Goods and Services (%), 2001-2011 (2000=100) ............................................................................................................17

Figure 4. Annual Growth of Gross Domestic Product, Exports and Imports (%), 2001-2011 ........................................................................................................................................17

Figure 5. Composition of Merchandise Exports (%), 2000-2010 ................................................18

Figure 6. Composition of Merchandise Imports (%), 2000-2010 ...............................................20

Figure 7. Composition of Exports of Services (%), 2000-2010 ....................................................20

Figure 8. Composition of Imports of Services (%), 2000-2010 ....................................................21

Figure 9. Geographic Distribution of Merchandise Exports (%), 2000-2010 ........................22

Figure 10. Exports of Goods to Central Asian Countries (% of merchandise exports), 2000-2010 ........................................................................................................................................23

Figure 11. Geographic Distribution of Merchandise Imports (%), 2000-2010 ........................24

Figure 12. Imports of Goods from Central Asian Countries (% of merchandise imports), 2000-2010 ........................................................................................................................................25

Figure 13. Geographic Distribution of Exports of Services (%), 2000-2010 .............................26

Figure 14. Exports of Services to Central Asian Countries (% of exports of services), 2000-2010 ........................................................................................................................................26

Figure 15. Geographic Distribution of Imports of Services (%), 2000-2010 ............................27

Figure 16. Imports of Services from Central Asian Countries (% total imports of services), 2000-2010 ..........................................................................27

BoxBox 1. Exchange Rates in Uzbekistan ................................................................................................... 7

TablesTable 1. Average Tariff Rates and Share of Tariff Peaks in Tariff Schedule,

2001-2009 (%) ...............................................................................................................................11

Table 2. Rates of Select Excise Taxes, 2012 (% unless otherwise indicated) ..............................................................................................11

Table 3. Trading Across Borders Indicators ........................................................................................14

Table 4. Breakdown of Time and Cost to Export and Import, 2011 .........................................14

5Contents

ANNEX: Trade Statistics of UzbekistanTable A1. Exports and Imports, 2000-2011 ...........................................................................................31Table A2. Composition of Exports of Goods, 2000-2010, thousand US$ ...................................32Table A3. Composition of Imports of Goods, 2000-2010, thousand US$ ..................................33Table A4. Composition of Exports of Services, 2000-2010, thousand US$ ...............................34Table A5. Composition of Imports of Services, 2000-2010, thousand US$ ..............................34Table A6. Geographic Distribution of Exports of Goods, 2000-2010, thousand US$ ...........35Table A7. Geographic Distribution of Exports of Services, 2000-2010, thousand US$ .......35Table A8. Geographic Distribution of Imports of Goods, 2000-2010, thousand US$ ...........36Table A9. Geographic Distribution of Imports of Services, 2000-2010, thousand US$.......36Table A10. Composition of Exports of Goods to Afghanistan, 2000-2010, thousand US$ ....37Table A11. Composition of Exports of Goods to China, 2000-2010, thousand US$ .................38Table A12. Composition of Exports of Goods to the European Union, 2000-2010,

thousand US$ ..................................................................................................................................39Table A13. Composition of Exports of Goods to Kazakhstan, 2000-2010, thousand US$ ....40Table A14. Composition of Exports of Goods to the Republic of Korea, 2000-2010,

thousand US$ ..................................................................................................................................41Table A15. Composition of Exports of Goods to the Kyrgyz Republic, 2000-2010,

thousand US$ ..................................................................................................................................41Table A16. Composition of Exports of Goods to Russia, 2000-2010, thousand US$ ...............42Table A17. Composition of Exports of Goods to Tajikistan, 2000-2010, thousand US$ ........43Table A18. Composition of Exports of Goods to Turkey, 2000-2010, thousand US$ ..............43Table A19. Composition of Exports of Goods to Turkmenistan, 2000-2010,

thousand US$ ..................................................................................................................................44Table A20. Composition of Imports of Goods from Afghanistan, 2000-2010,

thousand US$ ..................................................................................................................................44Table A21. Composition of Imports of Goods from China, 2000-2010, thousand US$ ...........45Table A22. Composition of Imports of Goods from the European Union, 2000-2010,

thousand US$ ..................................................................................................................................46Table A23. Composition of Imports of Goods from Kazakhstan, 2000-2010,

thousand US$ ..................................................................................................................................48Table A24. Composition of Imports of Goods from the Republic of Korea, 2000-2010,

thousand US$ ..................................................................................................................................49Table A25. Composition of Imports of Goods from the Kyrgyz Republic, 2000-2010,

thousand US$ ..................................................................................................................................49Table A26. Composition of Imports of Goods from Russia, 2000-2010, thousand US$ .........50Table A27. Composition of Imports of Goods from Tajikistan, 2000-2010, thousand US$ ..51Table A28. Composition of Imports of Goods from Turkey, 2000-2010, thousand US$ ........52Table A29. Composition of Imports of Goods from Turkmenistan, 2000-2010,

thousand US$ ..................................................................................................................................52


Acronyms

CA Central Asian

CAREC Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation

CBU Central Bank of Uzbekistan

CIS Commonwealth of Independent States

EU European Union

GDP Gross Domestic Product

IFC International Finance Corporation

IMF International Monetary Fund

MFERIT Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations, Investments and Trade

MFN Most-favoured-nation

UN-ESCAP United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific

VAT Value Added Tax

US$ United States dollar

71. Introduction

1. Introduction

Uzbekistan is situated in the heart of Central Asia. It borders all the other four Central Asian (CA) countries (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan), as well as Af-ghanistan. It is the most populous of the CA countries and has the second largest economy in the region, after Kazakhstan’s. Accordingly, the trade regime (policies, regulations and proce-dures affecting exports and imports) and trade developments in Uzbekistan have a consider-able impact on economic activity in the other CA countries and significant implications for regional economic cooperation in Central Asia.

The existing literature on the trade regime and trade developments in Uzbekistan is fragmented and largely outdated.1 This paper seeks to provide an up-to-date and com-prehensive review of the trade regime and trade developments in Uzbekistan using the most recent available data. It pays particular attention to Uzbekistan’s trade with other CA countries and Afghanistan, and highlights major policy-related, regulatory and pro-cedural barriers to exports from and imports to Uzbekistan. The purpose of the paper is to help improve the trade regime in Uzbekistan and promote regional economic coopera-tion in Central Asia.

The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 discusses the Government of Uz-bekistan’s development priorities that have shaped the country’s trade regime. It then reviews key elements of the current trade regime, including quantitative restrictions, licensing, trade taxes, tax privileges pertinent to trade, exchange rate arrangements, free trade agreements, and export and import procedures. Using official data from the State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Statistics, Section 3 describes recent trade developments, including growth of exports and imports in 2001-2011 and changes in the composition and geographic distribution of exports and imports between 2000 and 2010. Section 4 presents conclusions, including an assessment of the extent to which Uzbekistan’s trade regime has served the government’s development priorities.

1 The World Bank (1999) analyzes Uzbekistan’s trade regime as of 1999 and the country’s trade performance in 1993-1998. The United Nations Economic and Social for Asia and the Pacific (UN-ESCAP) (2004) reviews the trade facilitation framework that was in place in Uzbekistan in 2004. The Asian Development Bank (2006) reviews trade developments in Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan from 1999-2004 and barriers to trade in Central Asia, including those related to Uzbekistan’s trade policy in 2005. The World Bank (2007) discusses cross-border trade among countries that are members of the Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC) Program, including Uzbekistan. Pomfret (2007) reviews quantitative trade restrictions in CAREC member countries. The World Bank (2010) provides some information about Uzbekistan’s import regime as of 2009 and trade outcomes for 2007-2009 and the first half of 2009. Mogilevskii (2012) provides an overview of the trade environment and recent trade developments in Afghanistan and CA countries, including Uzbekistan.


2. Trade regime

Uzbekistan’s trade regime has, to a considerable degree, been shaped by the government’s development priorities that were formulated in the 1990s and include the following:• Achieve economic independence by reducing imports, developing import-substituting

industries, and ensuring adequate domestic supply of essential goods, including energyand food products;

• Introduce new technologies and modernize domestic industries;• Develop export potential and increase international reserves;• Diversify the composition of exports away from primary commodities towards high val-

ue-added finished goods; and• Pursue mutually beneficial economic cooperation with other countries without falling

into the sphere of influence of any country.2

Accordingly, the trade regime accords a high level of protection to import-substituting indus-tries and restricts exports of food and other products to ensure their adequate supply in the domestic market. There are tax privileges for import-substituting industries and exporters of manufactured products. It is relatively easy to import capital goods, especially for state-spon-sored investment projects, but imports of consumer goods considered to be non-essential face high barriers. Uzbekistan has not been enthusiastic about regional economic integration ar-rangements that are dominated (or perceived to be dominated) by a particular country.

2.1. Quantitative restrictions and licensing

Like other countries, Uzbekistan prohibits or licenses exports and/or imports of certain goods (such as weapons and radioactive substances) to protect national security, public health and the environment. Uzbekistan also prohibits or licenses exports of a number of consumer and intermediate goods, including grains, flour, meat, sugar, vegetable oil, hides, and silkworm cocoons, to ensure their availability in the domestic market at relatively low prices. As a major producer and exporter of gold, Uzbekistan licenses exports of precious metals and stones and products made of them to ensure that its gold exports do not lead to a slump in the world price of gold. Imports of precious metals and stones and products made of them are licensed to control capital outflows.

Although cotton is not on the list of goods subject to export licensing, only state-owned trad-ing companies under the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations, Investments and Trade (MFERIT) are allowed to export it. One reason for this is that the government wants to avoid a repeat of the situation in the early 1990s when disordered exports of cotton fiber by farms and private trading companies caused a sharp decline in the world price of cotton. Another reason is that the government wants to have greater control over foreign exchange earnings from exports of cotton fiber.

2 Karimov (1998)

92. Trade regime

The law on protective measures and antidumping and countervailing duties stipulates that a quantitative restriction on the volume or the value of imports of any good can be imposed if its imports cause, or threaten to cause, serious damage to the economy. However, such re-strictions have never been imposed in practice.

2.2. Trade taxes

2.2.1. Export taxesThere are no explicit export taxes in Uzbekistan. However, an excise tax is levied on some goods, such as natural gas, not only when they are sold in the domestic market, but also when they are exported. Furthermore, most exports are effectively taxed through export proceeds surrender requirements and overvalued exchange rates (Box 1). For example, the requirement that all proceeds from cotton fiber exports be sold to the Central Bank of Uzbekistan (CBU) at the CBU rate was tantamount to imposing a tax of approximately 25% on cotton fiber exports in 2011, assuming the average annual equilibrium exchange rate was 2,300 Uzbekistan sums per US dollar (US$),(as compared with the average annual CBU rate of 1,716 sums per US$ and the average annual black market rate of 2,493 per US$). Under the same assumptions, the require-ment that 50% of proceeds from some other exports be surrendered at commercial bank rates was equivalent to levying a tax of roughly 13% on those exports in 2011.

Box 1. Exchange Rates in Uzbekistan

There are multiple exchange rates in Uzbekistan. The most significant for trade are:

• CBU exchange rate. This rate is set by the CBU and used for several purposes related totrade. Trading companies of the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations, Investments and Trade (MFERIT) sell all foreign exchange proceeds from cotton fiber exports (excludingforeign exchange expenses on exporting cotton fiber, such as transportation expenses)to the CBU through commercial banks at the CBU rate. Accordingly, the prices at whichfarms have to sell raw cotton to state-owned cotton ginning companies and the prices atwhich the latter sell cotton fiber to MFERIT trading companies are based on the worldprice of cotton fiber converted into sums at the CBU rate. Furthermore, taxes levied onimported goods are computed in foreign exchange but paid in sums at the CBU rate.

• Commercial bank rates. These rates are close to the CBU rate and apply inter alia,to mandatory sales of 50% of receipts from exports (except those of cotton fiber, ex-ports of own products by micro and small firms, and some other exports) and sales offoreign currency by commercial banks to importers.

• Black market exchange rates. Since purchasing foreign exchange from commercialbanks can be difficult, some importers buy foreign currency on the black market. Foreignexchange for unofficial imports is also purchased on this market. The sources of supply offoreign exchange on the black market include remittance inflows and unofficial exports.


Uzbekistan officially introduced full convertibility of the sum for current international transactions and effectively unified the CBU and black market rates in 2003 (Figure 1). However, a significant spread between these rates reemerged in 2009 when the global economic crisis reduced the supply of foreign currency in Uzbekistan. The spread wid-ened to over 50% towards the end of 2011, an indication that purchasing foreign ex-change from commercial banks became more difficult and informal imports increased.

Figure 1. End-of-Period CBU and Black Market Exchange Rates, 2000-2012 (Sums per US$)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

May

-12

CBU rate

Black market rate

Source: Central Bank of Uzbekistan and the authors’ observations.

2.2.2. Import taxesThere are three types of import taxes in Uzbekistan: (i) customs duties on imports (hence-forth referred to as tariffs); (ii) excise taxes that are levied on imported goods but not on domestically produced goods or have higher rates for imported goods than for domesti-cally produced goods, and (iii) the Road Fund tax on imported vehicles.3 The country’s legislation provides for antidumping and countervailing duties, but no such duties have been imposed in practice.

There are five ad valorem tariff rates in the tariff schedule: 0%, 5%, 10%, 30% and 40%. Many goods are subject to an ad valorem tariff or a specific tariff, whichever is greater. There are also compound tariffs which are a combination of an ad valorem and a specific tariff. To protect domestic producers, tariffs on many imported final goods, such as automobiles, fur-niture and textile products, are quite high, while tariffs on raw materials, intermediate goods, machinery and equipment are generally low. In what appears to be an internal inconsistency

3 Imports are also subject to the value-added tax. However, this tax is not an import tax because it is levied on both imported and domestically produced goods and its rate does not vary depending on the origin of a product.

112. Trade regime

in Uzbekistan’s trade regime, a non-zero tariff (which raises the domestic price of the taxable commodity) is levied even on some goods whose exports are prohibited or licensed to keep their domestic prices down (such as grains, flour, meat and sugar).

The tariff schedule applies to imports from countries to which Uzbekistan has granted most-favoured-nation (MFN) status. There were 45 such countries as of 20 June 2012. Imports from countries without MFN status and with which Uzbekistan has not signed a free trade agree-ment, as well as imports of undetermined origin, are subject to MFN tariffs multiplied by two.

According to World Bank estimates, the simple average MFN tariff rate was 14.5% in 2009, up from 11.0% in 2001 (Table 1). The applied weighted average tariff rate was 6.9% in 2009, up from 5.8% in 2001. The share of tariff peaks in the tariff schedule increased from 31.0% in 2001 to 33.6% in 2009.

Table 1. Average Tariff Rates and Share of Tariff Peaks in Tariff Schedule, 2001-2009 (%)

2001 2006 2007 2008 2009Simple average MFN tariff rate 11.0 15.0 15.0 14.7 14.5Weighted average MFN tariff rate 5.8 11.5 10.6 10.3 10.0Simple average applied tariff rate 10.6 11.3 10.8 11.9 11.8Weighted average applied tariff rate 5.8 7.3 6.6 6.6 6.9Share of tariff peaks in the tariff schedule 31.0 35.4 32.0 34.0 33.6

Source: World Development Indicators online database

A distinctive feature of Uzbekistain’s trade regime is that some imports are subject to excise taxes that are not charged on domestically produced goods, and there are excise taxes with rates that differ depending on where the taxable goods are produced. For ex-ample, furniture imports are subject to a 50% excise tax, while there is no excise tax on domestically produced furniture (Table 2). The rate of the excise tax on certain jewelry is 90% if it is imported and 25% if it is domestically produced. The rate of the excise tax on automobiles produced by GM Uzbekistan is 29%. The excise tax rate on similar cars manufactured in and/or imported from countries other than Russia and Ukraine is US$2.5-7.2 per cubic centimeter of engine displacement and usually amounts to over 29% of the purchase price of an automobile. The rate of the excise tax on most new auto-mobiles manufactured in, and imported from, Russia or Ukraine is 5%.

Table 2. Rates of Select Excise Taxes, 2012 (% unless otherwise indicated)

Goods On Imported Goods On Domestically Produced Goods

Fresh apples, pears and quince 100.0 0.0Juice (except citrus juice) 70.0, but no less than US$1.0 per liter 0.0Fresh meat 30.0 0.0Frozen meat 70.0 0.0Cheese 70.0 0.0


Goods On Imported Goods On Domestically Produced Goods

Sausages 50.0 0.0Sugar 10.0 0.0Furniture 50.0 0.0Carpets 120.0 0.0Certain types of clothing accessories 50.0 0.0Audio, video recorders, players 45.0 0.0Refrigerators 30.0 0.0Certain jewelry 90.0 25.0Certain categories of automobiles US$2.5-7.2 per cubic centimeter of

engine displacement or 5.0129.02

1 The rate of the excise tax on automobiles that are similar to those produced by GM Uzbekistan but are manufactured and/or imported from countries other than Russia and Ukraine varies from US$2.5 to US$7.2 per cubic centimeter of engine displacement depending on the total volume of engine displacement and on when the automobile was produced. The rate of the excise tax on new vehicles manufactured in, and imported from, Russia or Ukraine (except specialized vehicles used for medical purposes) is 5%.

2 This is the rate of the excise tax on automobiles produced by GM Uzbekistan.

Source: Resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. ПП-1675 dated 30 December 2011.

Excise taxes levied on imported goods but not on domestically produced goods are essen-tially the same as tariffs. In the case of excise taxes charged on both imported and domesti-cally produced goods, but have higher rates for imported than domestic goods, the difference between the rate of a tax for imported goods and its rate for domestically produced goods constitutes an implicit tax on imports.4 In addition to a non-zero tariff, an import tax in the form of an excise tax charged on imported goods but not on domestically produced goods is levied on meat, sugar and other goods whose export are prohibited or require a license to ensure their availability on the domestic market at relatively low prices.

There is also a Road Fund tax, which is charged on imported but not on domestically pro-duced vehicles. The rate of the tax is 6% for automobiles and 20% for trucks. Vehicles pro-duced in Russia and Ukraine are exempt from this tax. Hence, vehicles produced in other countries are subject to all three import taxes, which often add up to over 100% of the pur-chase price of an imported vehicle.

It is worth noting that for many importers, the effective rates of import taxes are lower than their nominal rates. The reason is that import taxes are computed in foreign ex-change but are paid in sums at the CBU rate. For those importers that buy foreign ex-change on the black market, the ratios of import tax payments to the customs value of imported goods in sums at the black market rate are much lower than the nominal rates of the import taxes.

4 Similarly, the difference between the two rates constitutes an implicit subsidy on imports in the case of excise taxes that have lower rates for imported goods than for domestically produced goods.

132. Trade regime

2.3. Tax privileges pertinent to trade

There are a number of tax privileges for exporters.5 Notably, the rates of the profit and prop-erty taxes are reduced by 30% for firms exporting 15-30% of their total output. The rates of the profit and property taxes are reduced by half for firms exporting over 30% of their total output. Textile firms selling at least 80% of their total output for hard currency are exempt from the property tax. Most domestically produced goods subject to an excise tax are exempt from this tax when they are exported.

Some imports are exempt from tariffs, excise taxes and/or the value added tax (VAT). In particular, imports from countries with which Uzbekistan has a free trade agreement; imports of equipment not produced in Uzbekistan and used in producing import-com-peting goods; and imports of goods that are used as inputs for exports by firms regis-tered in the Navai Free Industrial Economic Zone are exempt from tariffs. Imports of equipment for scientific and innovative projects financed by foreign organizations on a grant basis are exempt from excise taxes and VAT. Imports of equipment approved by the government are exempt from VAT.

There are tax privileges for import-substitution industries as well. Profits from the produc-tion of the goods included in the import-substitution program (called the localization pro-gramme) are exempt from the profit tax. Buildings and equipment used in producing such goods are exempt from the property tax.

2.4. Free trade agreements

Uzbekistan has bilateral free trade agreements with Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Moldova, Russia, Ukraine and Tajikistan. These agreements are implemented (at least partially), but have narrow coverage.

Uzbekistan signed the 1994 agreement between the countries of the Commonwealth of In-dependent States (CIS) to create a free trade area. However, this agreement was not imple-mented for a variety of political, economic and technical reasons. In October 2011, eight CIS countries entered into a new free trade agreement. Uzbekistan did not sign this agreement.

2.5. Export and import procedures

Uzbekistan’s export and import procedures are widely considered to be cumbersome. The World Bank and International Finance Corporation (IFC) Doing Business 2011 and Doing Business 2012 reports rank Uzbekistan 183rd out of 183 countries on ease of trading across

5 These tax privileges do not apply to exporters of raw materials (such as cotton fiber, natural gas and metals) and trading companies exporting products of other firms. Moreover, exporters of raw materials and trading companies exporting products of other firms get a value added tax (VAT) exemption, whereas firms exporting products of own production pay VAT at a zero rate.


borders (Table 3).6 According to the Doing Business database, ten documents are required to export from Uzbekistan and 11 are required to import to Uzbekistan.7 By comparison, four documents are required to export from and import to Singapore, and eight are required to export from, and nine are required to import to, the Kyrgyz Republic. Additonally, the costs to export and import have increased considerably. (See Table 3.)

Table 3. Trading Across Borders Indicators

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011Ease of Trading rank 183 183ExportingNumber of necessary documents 10 10 10 10 10 10 10Time to export (days) 80 80 80 80 71 71 71Cost to export (US$ per container) 2,550 2,550 2,550 3,100 3,100 3,150 3,150ImportingNumber of necessary documents 11 11 11 11 11 11 11Time to import (days) 104 104 104 104 92 92 92Cost to import (US$ per container) 4,050 4,050 4,050 4,600 4,600 4,650 4,650

Source: World Bank and International Finance Corporation, Doing Business database, http://www.doing business.org

The time needed to export from and import to Uzbekistan has reduced over the past few years, but still it remains quite long. The country’s land-locked location far away from major seaports is one reasons for this, and why the cost of exporting from and importing to Uzbekistan is high. The country’s cumbersome border crossing and customs clearance procedures are another contributing factor. According to the Doing Business 2012 report, document preparation, cus-toms clearance and technical control for exports took 36 days and cost US$450 in Uzbekistan in 2011 per full 20 foot container. (Table 4). In comparison, the same procedures took two days and cost US$166 in Singapore, and 26 days and cost US$410 in the Kyrgyz Republic.

Table 4. Breakdown of Time and Cost to Export and Import, 2011

Export ImportTime (days) Cost (US$) Time (days) Cost (US$)

Document preparation 32 250 50 250Customs clearance and technical control 4 200 8 200Ports and terminal handling 5 200 3 200Inland transportation and handling 30 2500 31 4000Total 71 3150 92 4650

Source: World Bank and International Finance Corporation (2011).

6 The country rankings in Doing Business 2011 are based on data current as of 1 June 2010, and the rankings in Doing Business 2012 are based on data current as of 1 June 2011.

7 There are inconsistencies between the World Bank/IFC data on documentation requirements for exports and imports in Uzbekistan and what is specified in local regulations. According to the regulation on documentation requirements for customs clearance of exports and imports (dated 8 April 1998), up to eight documents are required for customs clearance of exports and up to 11 are required for customs clearance of imports.

153. Recent trade developments

The indicators included in Doing Business reports do not fully capture all administrative bar-riers to exports and imports. One is the requirement that an exporter receives a 100% pre-payment from the buyer, obtain a letter of credit from the buyer’s bank, or insure the export contract against political and commercial risks before making the shipment.8 Other barriers to exports include long delays in obtaining a VAT refund and the fine imposed on exporters for nonpayment or a late payment for exported goods or services by buyers.9

There are also registration and clearance requirements for import contracts. Every import contract has to be registered with the importer’s bank and with customs. A large number of documents have to be submitted to customs for registration of an import contract. Import contracts financed from the state budget, financed though loans taken out or guaranteed by the government, and those concluded by companies that are more than 50% state-owned and do not have enough foreign exchange of their own to make the payments under the con-tracts have to be cleared by the MFERIT before they can be registered by the importer’s bank.

2.6. Currency convertibility

Although Uzbekistan de jure introduced full convertibility of the national currency for cur-rent international transactions on 15 October 2003, importers often experience long delays in purchasing foreign exchange through official channels. This constitutes a major barrier for imports and exports because equipment, raw materials, spare parts and other goods often need to be imported to produce exportable goods.


3.1. Growth of trade

Exports from and imports to Uzbekistan expanded considerably in 2001-2011.10 According to official statistics, exports of goods and services increased 4.6-fold from US$3.3 billion in 2000 to US$15.0 billion in 2011 (Figure 2).11 Imports of goods and services rose 3.6-fold, from US$2.9 billion in 2000 to US$10.5 billion in 2011.12

8 Buyers often refuse to make a 100% prepayment or demand a substantial discount for making such a prepayment. Exporters usually pay an insurance premium equal to 3-5% of the value of an export contract to insure it against political and commercial risks.

9 The fine is equal to 10-100% of the amount paid late or not paid by buyers.10 Henceforth, exports (imports) refer to the value of exports (imports) unless otherwise indicated.11 By comparison, world exports of goods and services increased 2.8-fold between 2000 and 2011.12 Official statistics most likely underestimate trade levels in Uzbekistan because substantial proportions of

exports and (especially) imports go unrecorded.


Figure 2. Exports and Imports of Goods and Services, 2000-2011 (Billion US$)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Exports of goodsExports of servicesImports of goodsImports of services

Source: The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Statistics and authors’ computations

Trade in goods expanded faster than trade in services. While exports of goods increased 4.7-fold, from US$2.8 billion in 2000 to US$13.3 in 2011, exports of services rose 3.9-fold, from US$449.1 million to U$1.8 billion. Merchandise imports increased 3.7-fold, from US$2.7 bil-lion in 2000 to US$10.0 billion in 2011, while imports of services rose 2.2-fold, from US$251.0 million to U$557.0 million.

Growth of trade was uneven over time. In particular, exports of goods grew by an impressive average annual rate of 26.5% in 2003-2008, supported by devaluation of the national currency, strong external demand and the rise in world commodity prices. Growth of merchandise imports averaged 23.7% per annum during the same period, driven by strong domestic demand and the rise in import prices. Growth of merchandise exports decelerated sharply in 2009 because of the global economic crisis, weakened external demand and the fall in export prices. It acceler-ated markedly in 2010-2011, as the world economy began to recover, external demand started to strengthen, and export prices began to rise. Imports of goods declined in 2009-2010 due to slower economic growth, reduced availability of foreign exchange, and lower import prices. Mer-chandise imports increased in 2011 as economic activity picked up and import prices rose.

While the growth of exports was mostly on account of a rise in export prices, the expansion of imports was largely driven by an increase in their volume. According to estimates of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the volume of Uzbekistan’s exports of goods and ser-vices rose by a relatively modest 54.6% in 2001-2011, while the volume of its imports of goods and services increased by 213.0% over the same period (Figure 3).13 Due to a rise in export prices, exports of goods and services grew rapidly in 2010-2011, despite a decline in their volume.

13 During the past decade, prices of primary commodities, which account for a large proportion of Uzbekistan’s exports, rose much more than prices of manufactured products, which make up the bulk of Uzbekistan’s imports. The index of primary commodity prices calculated by the IMF rose by 135.0% between 2000 and 2010. The Manufactures Unit Value Index (which is a composite index of prices of manufactured exports from the 15 major developed and emerging economies to low- and middle-income economies) rose by 36.6% over the same period.


Figure 3. Indexes of Volumes of Exports and Imports of Goods and Services (%), 2001-2011 (2000=100)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Exports of goodsand servicesImports of goodsand services

Source: World Economic Outlook online database and authors’ computations

There was close positive correlation between the growth of exports and the growth of gross domestic product (GDP), suggesting that exports were a major driving force of economic growth. Annual growth of GDP picked up whenever the annual growth of exports acceler-ated, except in 2011 (Figure 4). GDP growth slowed down whenever exports declined or their growth decelerated. 14

Figure 4. Annual Growth of Gross Domestic Product, Exports and Imports (%), 2001-2011

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Gross domesticproduct (left scale)

Exports of goods &services (right scale)

Imports of goods &services (right scale)

Source: World Economic Outlook database, The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Statistics and authors’ computations

14 Unfortunately, lack of data precludes more rigorous analysis of the relationship between exports and growth.


Since demand for imports depends on the pace of domestic economic activity, there was also a high correlation between growth of imports and GDP growth. Growth of imports ac-celerated in 2003-2004 and in 2006-2007, when GDP growth picked up. Imports declined or their growth decelerated in 2002, 2005 and 2009, when GDP growth slowed down.

The ratio of exports and imports to GDP, a measure of the openness of an economy to inter-national trade, rose from 45.3% in 2000 to 74.1% in 2008, but fell to 56.9% in 2010. By this measure, Uzbekistan has the least open economy of the five CA countries.

3.2. Composition of trade

3.2.1. Composition of merchandise exportsSome notable changes occurred in the commodity composition of Uzbekistan’s merchan-dise exports in 2001-2010. With exports of cotton fiber increasing by a relatively mod-est 75.3%, its share in exports of goods dropped from 31.9% in 2000 to 13.5% in 2010 (Figure 5). A rise in the export price of cotton fiber was partly offset by a decline in the volume of its exports. The volume of exports of cotton fiber declined due to a combina-tion of a decrease in cotton output and expansion of the domestic textile industry.

Figure 5. Composition of Merchandise Exports (%), 2000-2010

0

20

40

60

80

100

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Other

Automobiles

Fresh fruits and vegetables

Precious metals

Energy products

Cotton fiber

Source: The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Statistics and authors’ estimates

A rise in exports prices, coupled with an increase in the volume of exports, resulted in a nine-fold increase in exports of energy products (mostly consisting of natural gas). Accordingly, the share of energy products in merchandise exports rose from 11.9% in 2000 to 25.4% in 2010. Natural gas replaced cotton fiber as the country’s top export product.

Exports of fresh fruit and vegetables also expanded considerably (almost 16-fold) owing to a combination of higher export prices and greater volumes of exports. The share of fresh fruit and vegetables in exports of goods rose from 2.5% in 2000 to 9.3% in 2010.


Presumably due to variations in the volume of gold exports, the share of precious metals in merchandise exports fluctuated substantially, and was at 23.7% in 2010, down from 25.1% in 2000.

Primary commodities continued to dominate merchandise exports. The combined share of cotton fiber, natural gas, gold and uranium in merchandise exports was 67.6% in 2010, only slightly down from 68.6% in 2000.

The share of manufactured products in merchandise exports remained relatively small. The share of automobiles in exports of goods rose from 2.2% in 2000 to 9.6% in 2006, mainly due to strong demand in Russia. However, it declined to 2.2% in 2009 when the global economic crisis weakened demand for cars in Russia and other export markets. Automobile exports doubled and their share in merchandise exports rose to 4.1% in 2010, as the main destina-tion countries began recovering from the global economic crisis. Exports of textile products almost quadrupled in 2001-2010, but their share in exports of goods fell from 5.4% in 2000 to 5.0% in 2010.

The expansion of merchandise exports in 2001-2010 was mostly on account of increases in exports of primary commodities. The increase in exports of energy products contributed 93.7 percentage points, growth of exports of precious metals contributed 73.4 percentage points and the expansion of exports of cotton fiber contributed 24 percentage points to the 315.1% growth of exports between 2000 and 2010. In comparison, the increase in exports of automobiles contributed 14.7 percentage points.

3.2.2. Composition of merchandise imports The commodity composition of Uzbekistan’s recorded merchandise imports reflects the pri-oritization of imports in the allocation of foreign exchange through official channels. Since machinery and equipment are given priority, they remained the largest category of recorded imports of goods in 2001-2010, comprising 27.3% of recorded merchandise imports in 2010 (Figure 6). Means of transportation, metals and pharmaceutical products also made up sub-stantial proportions of recorded imports of goods. The share of agricultural, food and energy products in recorded merchandise imports fell from 17.9% in 2000 to 10.3% in 2004, before rising to 19% in 2010 due in part to the rise in world food and energy prices. The share of non-food consumer products, such as clothing and shoes, in recorded merchandise imports remained small because they are given low priority in the allocation of foreign exchange through official channels. However, these products account for the bulk of unrecorded im-ports, for which foreign exchange is mostly bought on the black market, and their share in total imports is larger than official statistics suggest.


Figure 6. Composition of Merchandise Imports (%), 2000-2010

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20100

20

40

60

80

100

Other goods

Energy products

Agricultural and food products

Pharmaceutical and otherchemical products

Metals

Means of transportation

Machinery and equipment


3.2.3. Composition of exports of services Transportation services remained the single largest category of exports of services in 2001-2010, although their share in total exports of services fell during this period (Figure 7). Rail-way, air and pipeline transport accounted for the bulk of exports of transportation services. The share of tourism in exports of services surged from 7.5% in 2001 to 20.5% in 2010 in part due to an annual meeting of the Board of Governors of the Asian Development Bank that was held in Tashkent in 2010.

Figure 7. Composition of Exports of Services (%), 2000-2010

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

0

20

40

60

80

100

Other services

Communication services

Tourism

Other transportation services

Pipeline transportation services

Air transportation services

Railway transportationservices


3.2.4. Composition of imports of services As with exports of services, transportation services were the single largest category of im-ports of services in 2000-2010, accounting for 66% of imports of services in 2010 (Figure 8).


While imports of rail transportation services decreased, imports of air transportation servic-es increased. Businesses reduced the use of rail transport and increased the use of air trans-port in cargo shipments because of delays associated with rail transportation. The share of communication services in total imports of services declined from 6.8% in 2001 to 0.4% in 2010 due to the expansion of the domestic communication sector. Partly for the same reason and also due to increased use of the Internet, the share of computer and information services in imports of services rose from 0.3% in 2000 to 6.9% in 2010.

Figure 8. Composition of Imports of Services (%), 2000-2010

0

20

40

60

80

100

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Other services

Computer and information services

Communication services

Tourism

Other transportation services

Air transportation services

Railway transportation services


3.3. Geographic Distribution of Trade

3.3.1. Geographic distribution of merchandise exportsSignificant shifts occurred in the geographic distribution of Uzbekistan’s merchandise ex-ports in 2001-2010. Exports of goods to Russia expanded almost eight-fold, and their share in merchandise exports rose from 16.7% in 2000 to 32.6% in 2010 (Figure 9). Consequently, Russia overtook the European Union (EU) as the main export market for goods. The expan-sion of merchandise exports to Russia was driven by increases in exports of natural gas, auto-mobiles and fresh fruit and vegetables, which accounted for over four-fifths of merchandise exports to Russian in 2010. Exports of textile products to Russia also increased (albeit from a low base), while exports of cotton fiber decreased.


Figure 9. Geographic Distribution of Merchandise Exports (%), 2000-2010

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20100

20

40

60

80

100

Other countries

Central Asian countries

European Union

Turkey

China

Russia


Exports of goods to China expanded almost 43-fold, and their share in merchandise exports rose from 0.7% in 2000 to 7% in 2010, due mostly to increases in exports of cotton fiber and uranium, which made up about four-fifths of exports of goods to China in 2010.

Merchandise exports to Turkey expanded by more than seven-fold, and their share in total exports of goods rose from 3.3% in 2000 to 6.1% in 2010. This expansion was mainly due to increases in exports of non-ferrous metals and cotton yarn, which comprised 89.6% of exports of goods to Turkey in 2010.

While official statistics on exports to Bangladesh are not available, the IMF’s direction-of-trade statistics indicate that exports of goods by Uzbekistan to Bangladesh expanded rapidly in 2001-2010. Consequently, Bangladesh became one of the major destinations for merchan-dise exports. The expansion of merchandise exports to Bangladesh was due chiefly to an increase in exports of cotton fiber.

The share of the EU in merchandise exports dropped from 19% in 2000 to 3.7% in 2010. Exports of goods to the EU declined not only relative to total merchandise exports, but also in absolute terms. Increases in exports of refined oil products, uranium and cotton yarn were more than offset by declines in exports of gold and cotton fiber. Gold, uranium, refined oil products, cotton fiber and cotton yarn accounted for 71.3% of merchandise ex-ports to the EU in 2010.

Although exports of goods to the other four CA countries more than doubled in 2001-2010, their share in merchandise exports fell from 10.1% in 2000 to 9.2% in 2010 (Figure 10).15 Exports of goods to Kazakhstan expanded more than nine-fold, mainly due to increases in exports of natural gas and fresh fruit and vegetables, which made up 78.2% of merchandise

15 These and other official data on Uzbekistan’s trade with other CA countries need to be treated with caution, due to the large proportion of unrecorded trade between Uzbekistan and other CA countries.


exports to Kazakhstan in 2010. The share of exports to Kazakhstan in exports of goods rose from 3.2% in 2000 to 7.2% 2010, and Kazakhstan replaced Tajikistan as the top destination country in Central Asia for merchandise exports from Uzbekistan.

Figure 10. Exports of Goods to Central Asian Countries (% of merchandise exports), 2000-2010

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Turkmenistan

Tajikistan

Kyrgyz Republic

Kazakhstan


Merchandise exports to the Kyrgyz Republic increased by 73.4%. Still, their share in exports of goods declined from 1.7% in 2000 to 0.7% in 2010. Increases in exports of natural gas and fer-tilizers were partly offset by decreases in exports of refined oil products and electricity. Natural gas and fertilizers comprised 78.0% of merchandise exports to the Kyrgyz Republic in 2010.

Exports of goods to Tajikistan decreased by 38.5% in 2001-2010, and their share in merchan-dise exports dropped from 3.3% in 2000 to 0.5% in 2010. A modest increase in exports of natural gas was more than offset by discontinuation of exports of many other goods. Exports of electricity remained roughly unchanged. Natural gas and electricity accounted for 94.6% of exports of goods to Tajikistan in 2010.

Merchandise exports to Turkmenistan increased by 60.9% in 2001-2010, but their share in exports of goods fell from 1.9% in 2000 to 0.7% in 2010. Increases in exports of fresh fruit and vegetables, seeds, tobacco and construction materials were partly offset by declines in exports of fertilizers and refined oil products and by the discontinuation of exports of crude oil. Fresh fruit and vegetables, tobacco, construction materials, seeds and fertilizers made up about 70% of merchandise exports to Turkmenistan in 2010.

Merchandise exports to Afghanistan rose from US$10.8 million (0.4% of exports of goods) in 2000 to US$594.9 million (5.1% of exports of goods) in 2010. Energy products and ferrous metals comprised about three-fourths of merchandise exports to Afghanistan in 2010.

3.3.2. Geographic distribution of merchandise imports Significant changes occurred in the geographic distribution of merchandise imports as well. Imports of goods from Russia more than quadrupled, and their share in merchandise imports


rose from 15.7% in 2000 to 21.6% in 2010 (Figure 11). As a result, Russia overtook the EU as the main import market for goods. The expansion of merchandise imports from Russia was driven by increases in imports of wood, ferrous metals, machinery and equipment which ac-counted for 63% of imports of goods from Russia in 2010.

Figure 11. Geographic Distribution of Merchandise Imports (%), 2000-2010

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 20090

20

40

60

80

100

Other countries


European Union

South Korea

China

Russia


Recorded imports of goods from China increased almost 18-fold, and their share in recorded merchandise imports rose from 2.6% in 2000 to 14.3% in 2010. The expansion of recorded merchandise imports from China was mainly due to increases in imports of machinery, equip-ment, automobile components and spare parts, ferrous metals and plastics, which made up more than two-thirds of recorded merchandise imports from China. The share of these goods in actual merchandise imports from China was mostly likely smaller because consumer goods comprise a substantial proportion of unrecorded imports from China.

Imports of goods from South Korea expanded more than five-fold in 2001-2010, and its share in merchandise imports rose from 9.9% in 2000 to 16.4% in 2010. Consequently, South Ko-rea became Uzbekistan’ssecond largest import market for goods. Imports of goods from South Korea expanded primarily due to increases in imports of automobile components and spare parts, machinery and equipment, which comprised more than four-fifths of merchandise im-ports from South Korea in 2010.

Although imports of goods from the EU more than doubled in 2001-2010, their share in mer-chandise imports decreased from 20.8% in 2000 to 15.3% in 2010. Pharmaceutical products, machinery and equipment accounted for over half of imports of goods from the EU in 2010. Imports of pharmaceutical products from the EU expanded 13-fold between 2000 and 2010, and imports of machinery and equipment from the EU doubled over the same period.

Imports of goods from the other four CA countries more than tripled and their share in mer-chandise imports rose from 12.1% in 2000 to 13.5% in 2010 (Figure 12). Kazakhstan re-mained the top origin country in Central Asia for imports of goods. Merchandise imports


from Kazakhstan more than quadrupled due mostly to increases in imports of energy prod-ucts, flour and ferrous metals, which comprised more than three-fourth of merchandise im-ports from Kazakhstan in 2010. Imports of goods from the Kyrgyz Republic decreased by more than half. Increases in imports of construction materials, ferrous metals, machinery and equipment were more than offset by a decline in imports of energy products (mostly electricity). Ferrous metals, constructions materials, energy products, machinery and equip-ment made up over four-fifths of merchandise imports from the Kyrgyz Republic in 2010. Imports of goods from Tajikistan decreased by 33%. Increases in imports of aluminum and construction materials were more than offset by the discontinuation of, or declines in, im-ports of many other goods. Aluminum and construction materials accounted for about 98% of merchandise imports from Tajikistan in 2010. Imports of goods from Turkmenistan in-creased almost ten-fold chiefly due to an increase in imports of refined oil products, which accounted for almost three-fourths of merchandise imports from Turkmenistan in 2010. Im-ports of mechanical equipment, cooking oil and plastics also increased.

Figure 12. Imports of Goods from Central Asian Countries (% of merchandise imports), 2000-2010

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Turkmenistan

Tajikistan

Kyrgyz Republic

Kazakhstan


Imports of goods from Afghanistan rose from less than US$0.3 million in 2000 to US$2.7 mil-lion in 2004, before falling to US$0.2 million in 2010. Their share in merchandise imports stayed below 0.1%.

3.3.3. Geographic distribution of exports of servicesThe geographic distribution of trade in services is similar to the direction of merchandise trade in part because transportation services related to trade in goods account for a large proportion of trade in services. As Uzbekistan’s merchandise trade with Russia and China expanded rapidly from 2001-2010, so did trade in services. The share of exports of services to Russia in total exports of services rose from 9.9% in 2000 to 25.8% in 2010, and Russia became the top export market for services (Figure 13). The share of exports of services to China in total exports of services also increased considerably, albeit from a low base. Exports of services to South Korea, EU and CA countries (as a group) increased in absolute terms, but declined relative to total exports of services.


Figure 13. Geographic Distribution of Exports of Services (%), 2000-2010

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

0

20

40

60

80

100

Other countries


European Union

South Korea

China

Russia


The share of exports of services to the other CA countries in total exports of services de-clined mostly because exports of services to Turkmenistan decreased sharply both in abso-lute terms and as a proportion of total exports of services (Figure 14). Exports of services to Turkmenistan declined sharply because Turkmenistan drastically curtailed using Uzbeki-stan’s transport companies in 2001 and 2002 when relations between the two countries deteriorated. Exports of services to the Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan declined relative to total exports of services, mainly because merchandise trade with these countries contracted. The only CA country to which exports of services increased both in absolute terms and as a percent of total exports of services is Kazakhstan, due to the expansion of merchandise trade with this country. For the same reason, exports of (mostly transportation) services to Af-ghanistan increased from US$0.1 million (less than 0.1% of total exports of services) in 2000 to US$60.7 million (4.5% of total exports of services) in 2010.

Figure 14. Exports of Services to Central Asian Countries (% of exports of services), 2000-2010

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Turkmenistan

Tajikistan

Kyrgyz Republic

Kazakhstan



3.3.4. Geographic distribution of imports of servicesAs with exports of services, the share of Uzbekistan’s imports of services from Russia and China in total imports of services increased in 2001-2010 on the back of rapid expansion of merchandise trade with these countries. Russia, which accounted for 23.6% of total imports of services in 2010, became the main import market for services (Figure 15). Although im-ports of services from South Korea, EU and the CA countries (as a group) increased in abso-lute terms, they decreased as a percent of total imports of services.

Figure 15. Geographic Distribution of Imports of Services (%), 2000-2010

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 20090

20

40

60

80

100

Other countries


European Union

South Korea

China

Russia


The share of imports of services from the other CA countries in total imports of services declined due mostly to decreases in imports of services from the Kyrgyz Republic and Ta-jikistan (Figure 16), because merchandise trade with these countries contracted. Imports of services from Turkmenistan increased in absolute terms and remained roughly unchanged as a proportion of total imports of services. At the same time, imports of services from Ka-zakhstan increased both in absolute terms and relative to total imports of services owing to the expansion of merchandise trade with this country. Imports of services from Afghanistan remained negligible.


Figure 16. Imports of Services from Central Asian Countries (% total imports of services), 2000-2010

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Turkmenistan

Tajikistan

Kyrgyz Republic

Kazakhstan


294. Conclusions

4. Conclusions

The development priorities of the Government of Uzbekistan include import-substitution and the promotion of exports of finished products with high value-added. Economic theory and international experience suggest that it is not possible to pursue import-substitution and export-promotion policies simultaneously. Those countries that try to do so usually end up promoting the development of import-substituting industries and hindering the devel-opment of export-oriented industries.16 This is precisely what appears to have happened in Uzbekistan, as evidenced by the country’s trade regime and recent trade performance.

The trade regime currently in place in Uzbekistan supports the development of import-sub-stituting industries through, inter alia, high import taxes on goods similar to those produced by import-substituting industries, low import taxes on intermediate and capital goods, vari-ous tax privileges, and relatively easy access to foreign exchange at overvalued exchange rates. At the same time, the trade regime hinders the development of export-oriented indus-tries (especially manufacturing) through restrictions on exports of a wide range of goods, mandatory surrender of export proceeds at overvalued exchange rates, difficulties in import-ing intermediate goods, and cumbersome export procedures.

Therefore, primary commodities, such as cotton fiber, natural gas, gold and uranium, con-tinue to dominate Uzbekistan’s merchandise exports, and the share of manufactured prod-ucts in total exports of goods remains small. The rapid expansion of merchandise exports in 2001-2010 was due primarily to the rise in world prices of primary commodities. The expansion of imports was largely due to increases in imports of intermediate and capital goods for import-substituting industries. Trade surpluses were achieved through high taxes on imports and rationing of foreign exchange, which had an adverse impact on economic activity and living standards.

The trade regime has not helped Uzbekistan achieve food and energy self-sufficiency either. Imports of food and energy products increased considerably in 2001-2010.

Significant changes occurred in the geographic distribution of Uzbekistan’s exports and im-ports in recent years. Most notably, Russia overtook the EU as Uzbekistan’s top trading partner, becoming the top export market and the top import market for Uzbekistan. The share of China in both exports and imports increased considerably. South Korea became the second largest origin country for imports. The share of the EU in both exports and imports decreased, as Uz-bekistan redirected exports of cotton fiber from the EU to Russia, China and other Asian coun-tries and reduced the proportion of machinery and equipment imported from the EU.

The share of other CA countries in exports fell significantly, while their share in imports rose modestly. Trade with Kazakhstan increased, while trade with the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan declined.17 Exports to Afghanistan surged, but imports from Afghanistan remained small. This suggests that there is a lot of scope for expanding economic cooperation between Uzbekistan and other CA countries, as well as between Uzbekistan and Afghanistan.

16 World Bank.World Development Report 1987. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987).17 The share of CA countries in Uzbekistan’s exports and imports is most likely larger than official statistics

suggest because a large proportion of trade with neighbouring countries goes unrecorded.


References

Asian Development Bank (ADB). Central Asia: Increasing Gains from Trade Through Re-gional Cooperation in Trade Policy, Transport, and Customs Transit. Manila: ADB, 2006. http://www.adb.org/Documents/Reports/ca-trade-policy (accessed 10 Aril 2012).

Islam Karimov.Uzbekistan on the Road to Great Future. Tashkent: Uzbekistan Publishing Company, 1998.

Roman Mogilevskii. “Trends and Patterns in Foreign Trade of Central Asian Countries.” Institute Of Public Policy And Administration, Working Paper No. 1. Bishkek: University of Central Asia, 2012.

Richard Pomfret. “Quantitative Restrictions on Trade.” Background Paper for the Seventh Trade Policy Coordinating Committee Meeting of the Central Asia Regional Economic Coop-eration Program, 2007. http://carecprogram.org/uploads/docs/Quantitative-Restrictions-Trade.pdf (accessed 10 April 2012).

United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific UN-ESCAP. Mis-sion Report on Trade Facilitation. Uzbekistan: UN-ESCAP, 2004. http://www.unescap.org/tid/publication/tfmission_uzb.pdf (accessed 10 April 2012).

World Bank. World Development Report 1987. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987. http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/1987/06/01/000178830_98101911073518/Rendered/PDF/multi0page.pdf (accessed 25 April 2012).

_____.Uzbekistan: Social and Structural Policy Review. Report No. 19626. Washington DC: World Bank, 1999.

_____.Cross-Border Trade within the Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation 2007. http://www.carecprogram.org/uploads/docs/Cross-Border-Trade-CAREC.pdf (accessed 10 April 2012).

_____. “Uzbekistan Trade Policy Brief.” World Trade Indicators 2009/2010: Country Briefs. Washington DC: World Bank, 2010.http://info.worldbank.org/etools/wti/docs/Uzbekistan_brief.pdf (accessed 10 April 2010).

_____ and International Finance Corporation. “Economy Profile: Uzbekistan.” Doing Business 2012. Washington DC: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/uzbekistan/ (accessed 18 April 2012).

31Annex. Trade Statistics of Uzbekistan

Anne

x. Tra

de S

tati

stic

s of

Uzb

ekis

tan

Sour

ces:

The

Sta

te C

omm

ittee

of t

he R

epub

lic o

f Uzb

ekist

an o

n St

atisti

cs, t

he In

tern

ation

al M

onet

ary

Fund

’s W

orld

Eco

nom

ic O

utlo

ok d

atab

ase,

and

auth

ors’

cal

cula

tions

Tabl

e A1

. Exp

orts

and

Impo

rts,

200

0-20

11

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Mill

ion

US

dolla

rsEx

port

s of g

oods

and

serv

ices

3 26

4.7

3 17

0.4

2 98

8.4

3 72

5.0

4 85

3.0

5 40

8.8

6 38

9.8

8 99

1.5

11 4

93.3

11 7

71.3

13 0

23.4

15 0

27.2

Expo

rts o

f goo

ds2

815.

62

709.

12

513.

53

190.

14

279.

44

749.

55

614.

88

026.

210

292

.510

739

.611

687

.913

254

.0Ex

port

s of s

ervi

ces

449.

146

1.3

474.

953

4.9

573.

765

9.3

775.

196

5.3

1 20

0.7

1 03

1.7

1 33

5.5

1 77

3.2

Impo

rts o

f goo

ds a

nd se

rvic

es2

947.

43

136.

92

712.

02

964.

23

816.

04

091.

34

781.

56

728.

19

704.

09

438.

49

175.

810

509

.9Im

port

s of g

oods

2 69

6.5

2 81

4.7

2 42

5.8

2 66

3.4

3 39

1.5

3 66

6.5

4 38

0.0

6 33

9.4

9 27

9.4

9 02

7.9

8 68

5.4

9 95

2.9

Impo

rts o

f ser

vice

s25

1.0

322.

328

6.3

300.

742

4.5

424.

740

1.6

388.

742

4.6

410.

449

0.4

557.

0An

nual

per

cent

age

chan

geEx

port

s of g

oods

and

serv

ices

-2.9

-5.7

24.6

30.3

11.5

18.1

40.7

27.8

2.4

10.6

15.4

Expo

rts o

f goo

ds-3

.8-7

.226

.934

.111

.018

.242

.928

.24.

38.

813

.4Ex

port

s of s

ervi

ces

2.7

2.9

12.6

7.2

14.9

17.5

24.5

24.4

-14.

129

.432

.8Im

port

s of g

oods

and

serv

ices

6.4

-13.

59.

328

.77.

216

.940

.744

.2-2

.7-2

.814

.5Im

port

s of g

oods

4.4

-13.

89.

827

.38.

119

.544

.746

.4-2

.7-3

.814

.6Im

port

s of s

ervi

ces

28.4

-11.

25.

141

.10.

1-5

.5-3

.29.

2-3

.319

.513

.6Pe

rcen

t of G

DPEx

port

s of g

oods

and

serv

ices

23.8

27.3

30.9

36.8

40.4

37.8

37.5

40.3

40.2

35.2

33.4

34.4

Expo

rts o

f goo

ds20

.523

.326

.031

.535

.733

.233

.036

.036

.032

.130

.030

.3Ex

port

s of s

ervi

ces

3.3

4.0

4.9

5.3

4.8

4.6

4.6

4.3

4.2

3.1

3.4

4.1

Impo

rts o

f goo

ds a

nd se

rvic

es21

.527

.028

.129

.331

.828

.628

.130

.233

.928

.223

.524

.0Im

port

s of g

oods

19.7

24.2

25.1

26.3

28.3

25.6

25.7

28.4

32.4

27.0

22.3

22.8

Impo

rts o

f ser

vice

s1.

82.

83.

03.

03.

53.

02.

41.

71.

51.

21.

31.

3

Mem

oran

dum

item

:GD

P at

cur

rent

pric

es, b

illio

n U

S do

llars

13.7

11.6

9.7

10.1

12.0

14.3

17.0

22.3

28.6

33.5

39.0

43.7

Uzbekistan: Trade Regime and Recent Trade Developments32Ta

ble

A2. C

ompo

sitio

n of

Exp

orts

of G

oods

, 200

0-20

10, t

hous

and

US$

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Tota

l exp

orts

of g

oods

2 81

5 52

22

709

016

2 51

3 48

13

190

095

4 27

9 37

14

749

453

5 61

4 39

88

030

082

10 2

92 5

4710

739

469

11 6

87 8

6771

Pre

ciou

s met

als a

nd st

ones

707

184

868

201

873

034

1 12

1 01

51

300

504

1 36

8 05

396

0 76

31

185

800

3 00

3 60

62

923

745

2 77

2 64

527

Min

eral

fuel

s, m

iner

al o

ils

and

prod

ucts

of t

heir

disti

llatio

n33

5 19

432

2 91

624

3 12

736

4 33

760

1 62

262

2 97

883

8 98

51

818

165

2 83

4 49

34

031

900

2 97

3 78

4

52 C

otton

1 01

4 87

582

8 52

680

3 61

092

5 24

31

062

780

1 18

9 93

81

286

987

1 37

1 64

81

292

057

1 27

8 12

82

019

430

87 V

ehic

les o

ther

than

railw

ay

or tr

amw

ay ro

lling

-sto

ck67

451

83 7

9270

894

101

743

203

904

328

132

551

749

773

502

722

957

244

762

487

175

74 C

oppe

r and

arti

cles

ther

eof

126

028

134

493

116

515

141

526

238

865

343

127

546

520

599

869

423

677

371

884

536

270

08 E

dibl

e fr

uit a

nd n

uts

42 9

5437

513

26 3

7816

838

26 0

3445

571

269

124

406

078

287

970

428

941

779

096

28 In

orga

nic

chem

ical

s; o

rgan

ic

or in

orga

nic

com

poun

ds o

f pr

ecio

us m

etal

s, o

f rar

e-ea

rth

met

als,

of r

adio

activ

e el

emen

ts

or o

f iso

tope

s

44 8

2845

142

53 5

2150

600

113

142

133

591

168

039

335

676

320

623

311

151

345

474

72 Ir

on a

nd st

eel

18 4

0219

633

26 1

1844

401

106

228

94 9

9311

3 31

817

9 50

623

7 61

515

8 36

421

0 60

307

Edi

ble

vege

tabl

es26

093

21 2

8320

084

25 8

6222

901

37 9

9097

026

215

921

98 2

4015

7 95

431

3 04

631

Fer

tilise

rs25

721

13 5

8911

947

21 9

1738

624

53 9

4662

830

132

018

199

480

161

292

203

338

79 Z

inc

and

artic

les t

here

of66

566

58 1

0042

635

49 5

2553

648

40 8

7714

2 42

721

9 19

511

3 86

229

388

102

505

39 P

lasti

cs a

nd a

rticl

es th

ereo

f2

030

5 45

23

098

19 6

9558

139

81 3

3099

777

117

141

95 3

7474

560

84 1

6625

Sal

t; su

lphu

r; ea

rth

and

ston

e; p

last

erin

g m

ater

ials,

lim

e an

d ce

men

t

8 68

010

208

11 0

8920

403

35 0

4639

284

61 5

1712

6 13

810

4 87

265

370

59 3

86

85 E

lect

rical

mac

hine

ry a

nd

equi

pmen

t 12

560

9 08

824

682

21 1

3523

985

29 0

3639

749

69 0

0077

770

44 1

0692

054

88 A

ircra

ft, sp

acec

raft,

and

par

ts

ther

eof

2 98

63

720

2 27

471

694

111

804

68 3

5317

097

25 4

0816

244

29 6

7531

518

61 A

rticl

es o

f app

arel

and

cl

othi

ng a

cces

sorie

s, k

nitte

d or

cr

oche

ted

6 25

35

916

4 12

64

364

9 11

518

737

30 0

8750

528

59 0

4052

878

112

471

84 B

oile

rs, m

achi

nery

and

m

echa

nica

l app

lianc

es26

419

24 6

5117

067

18 5

5715

474

21 9

5730

218

49 2

9654

081

13 2

6258

201

Oth

er p

rodu

cts

281

298

216

793

163

282

171

240

257

556

231

560

298

185

355

193

350

586

362

109

506

705


Tabl

e A3

. Com

posi

tion

of Im

port

s of G

oods

, 200

0-20

10, t

hous

and

US$

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Tota

l im

port

s of g

oods

2 56

1 17

32

806

033

2 42

5 78

22

663

379

3 39

1 49

63

666

527

4 37

9 97

16

339

403

9 27

9 35

69

027

916

8 68

5 38

784

Boi

lers

, mac

hine

ry a

nd

mec

hani

cal a

pplia

nces

514

257

745

789

661

211

638

205

714

769

760

885

840

216

1 01

9 37

61

808

498

1 86

9 89

21

558

386

87 V

ehic

les o

ther

than

railw

ay

or tr

amw

ay ro

lling

-sto

ck25

7 15

325

7 65

222

6 66

032

0 83

737

0 61

456

1 28

473

6 02

896

5 81

81

247

067

1 10

6 60

91

316

859

73 A

rticl

es o

f iro

n or

stee

l16

0 56

022

0 81

112

1 72

711

5 35

420

4 93

020

1 38

421

1 55

585

2 45

91

221

756

1 53

6 37

632

9 66

685

Ele

ctric

al m

achi

nery

and

eq

uipm

ent

152

614

170

185

135

124

222

529

268

614

313

284

347

473

372

670

689

320

637

188

649

968

72 Ir

on a

nd st

eel

71 3

9779

062

71 9

4491

389

157

945

188

578

223

487

349

269

493

527

425

688

554

866

30 P

harm

aceu

tical

pro

duct

s48

709

66 5

9111

4 79

693

338

117

680

154

919

196

857

279

813

411

631

373

728

489

145

27 M

iner

al fu

els,

min

eral

oi

ls an

d pr

oduc

ts o

f the

ir di

stilla

tion

112

694

58 7

4635

054

79 7

5381

047

103

664

198

770

236

458

449

984

326

057

654

631

44 W

ood

and

artic

les o

f woo

d45

618

33 2

6432

810

56 4

0710

9 85

116

6 51

020

9 01

829

4 83

645

5 92

935

4 41

138

6 33

439

Pla

stics

and

arti

cles

ther

eof

122

198

92 9

6078

058

76 7

9196

472

111

733

154

696

197

438

275

666

250

500

299

684

17 S

ugar

s and

suga

r co

nfec

tione

ry97

375

129

606

108

750

107

179

89 7

5410

7 68

614

3 02

912

6 03

718

5 22

421

1 91

924

2 83

5

11 P

rodu

cts o

f the

mill

ing

indu

stry

26 7

449

959

53 2

8053

606

34 9

8272

418

79 6

6517

0 12

534

4 65

125

5 82

525

2 95

3

90 O

ptica

l, ph

otog

raph

ic,

cine

mat

ogra

phic

, mea

surin

g,

chec

king

, pre

cisio

n, m

edic

al

or su

rgic

al in

stru

men

ts a

nd

appa

ratu

s

51 3

8982

534

77 6

7285

166

116

662

98 1

7294

203

119

757

171

145

182

360

164

881

40 R

ubbe

r and

arti

cles

ther

eof

53 4

1660

077

52 8

9856

794

80 6

1888

470

85 6

7114

0 17

414

2 74

412

6 03

313

5 43

248

Pap

er a

nd p

aper

boar

d45

840

48 2

0238

369

43 1

7846

696

58 7

4583

293

107

753

125

336

124

337

131

482

26 O

res,

slag

and

ash

47 6

0034

998

27 9

7230

467

48 2

2454

554

53 1

3817

7 94

511

1 87

729

209

66 6

8515

Ani

mal

or v

eget

able

fats

an

d oi

ls23

850

19 0

0222

285

17 5

5731

246

16 9

1525

546

35 4

3266

107

130

682

195

100

Oth

er p

rodu

cts

729

759

696

595

567

172

574

829

821

392

607

326

697

326

894

043

1 07

8 89

41

087

102

1 25

6 48

0


ble

A4. C

ompo

sitio

n of

Exp

orts

of S

ervi

ces,

200

0-20

10, t

hous

and

US$

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Tota

l exp

orts

of s

ervi

ces

449

093

461

348

474

912

534

917

573

656

659

345

775

050

965

294

1 20

0 71

31

031

723

1 33

5 50

1Ai

r tra

nspo

rt, p

asse

nger

61 0

1272

129

98 9

4613

5 28

617

3 41

618

4 43

320

1 06

226

1 88

532

4 41

422

5 05

725

2 80

9Ra

il tr

ansp

ort

117

213

115

500

120

567

123

044

120

070

120

886

131

674

147

941

178

805

206

471

229

086

Pipe

line

tran

spor

t 96

112

84 8

1290

189

106

769

103

802

122

542

176

920

224

758

233

027

81 3

6315

3 34

9O

ther

supp

ortin

g an

d au

xilia

ry

tran

spor

t ser

vice

s62

071

76 4

1147

909

49 4

2639

991

76 6

5481

487

79 4

0212

4 45

193

917

144

294

Trav

el se

rvic

es (t

ouris

m)

33 7

5923

339

20 1

8624

815

27 6

0523

556

26 5

8251

123

62 9

1998

791

273

270

Com

mun

icati

ons s

ervi

ces

18 3

9420

363

23 4

5832

506

29 3

4843

769

40 9

4546

172

62 9

5066

025

71 8

75Co

nstr

uctio

n se

rvic

es72

476

873

82

322

11 6

048

187

22 0

9725

430

45 2

5671

144

23 6

68O

ther

serv

ices

59 8

0868

026

72 9

2060

750

67 8

1879

319

94 2

8412

8 58

116

8 89

118

8 95

718

7 15

0

Tabl

e A5

. Com

posi

tion

of Im

port

s of S

ervi

ces,

200

0-20

10, t

hous

and

US$

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Tota

l im

port

s of s

ervi

ces

250

960

3

22 2

55

286

256

3

00 7

39

424

461

4

24 7

44

401

556

3

88 6

65

424

586

4

10 4

34

490

395

Ai

r tra

nspo

rt, o

ther

80

790

87

932

95

570

95

033

114

395

1

27 2

40

112

142

1

42 5

28

199

712

1

46 3

43

166

567

Ai

r fre

ight

24

413

36

076

49

690

54

607

52

070

49

166

30

440

27

925

45

880

63

611

44

128

Rail

tran

spor

t 6

5 67

2 9

7 69

2 3

0 01

0 3

8 16

6 5

6 73

3 3

6 66

3 2

4 38

7 2

3 73

3 2

7 93

8 2

5 50

7 2

2 44

4 Fo

rwar

ding

serv

ices

15

468

19

015

12

509

21

834

16

626

23

238

19

530

24

724

30

954

30

436

28

019

Cons

truc

tion

serv

ices

6 0

74

4 0

43

20

748

6 2

92

82

089

32

462

47

246

1 6

27

2 4

40

2 0

88

Fina

ncia

l ser

vice

s 1

4 67

0 1

9 19

5 1

9 74

3 1

4 00

7 1

3 94

8 2

6 72

8 1

8 34

9 1

9 20

6 1

4 24

3 2

1 29

6 2

2 98

6 Co

mm

unic

ation

s ser

vice

s 1

5 7

581

2

4 53

4 4

4 74

7 4

7 26

2 2

1 66

5 1

310

1

1 56

1 5

712

Le

gal,

acco

untin

g, m

anag

emen

t co

nsul

ting,

pub

lic re

latio

ns

serv

ices

2 5

21

3 4

23

3 3

41

4 3

52

8 3

41

15

716

15

656

34

841

12

432

13

880

23

943

Oth

er su

ppor

ting

and

auxi

liary

tr

ansp

ort s

ervi

ces

1 1

74

357

3

80

261

1

301

9

89

695

1

673

2

586

2

367

7

5 80

5

Oth

er se

rvic

es 4

0 17

8 5

4 50

7 5

4 26

5 5

8 60

6 5

4 42

4 6

7 79

5 8

5 84

9 9

0 74

3 8

9 53

1 9

2 99

3 9

8 70

3

35Annex. Trade Statistics of UzbekistanTa

ble

A6.

Geo

grap

hic

Dist

ributi

on o

f Exp

orts

of G

oods

, 200

0-20

10, t

hous

and

US$

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

All c

ount

ries

2 81

5 52

22

709

016

2 51

3 48

13

190

095

4 27

9 37

14

749

453

5 61

4 39

88

030

082

10 2

92

547

10 7

39

469

11 6

87

867

Russ

ia50

0 84

145

2 26

725

8 03

330

1 93

453

7 23

780

3 52

21

365

860

2 06

8 03

01

437

869

1 94

5 26

03

810

127

Chin

a19

228

9 83

08

969

44 5

2087

823

218

705

335

677

289

908

236

354

445

110

820

750

Repu

blic

of K

orea

67 3

8591

697

43 9

3133

010

43 3

0937

720

29 2

3148

484

65 3

7359

980

67 1

31Tu

rkey

94 2

1375

286

95 8

2512

0 90

620

7 24

333

6 95

056

4 98

557

5 44

951

7 66

439

3 69

770

7 94

8EU

cou

ntrie

s53

4 96

540

2 45

643

5 95

045

9 42

770

6 13

061

3 97

641

9 69

366

6 67

878

7 54

338

2 69

742

9 32

5Ka

zakh

stan

89 8

1310

5 09

562

185

80 0

6815

9 59

422

4 85

727

6 27

462

1 27

339

2 64

047

8 76

284

6 39

4Ky

rgyz

Rep

ublic

47 6

1971

918

69 7

5143

753

36 4

8736

313

67 9

9312

1 06

116

1 41

811

4 87

082

775

Tajik

istan

93 7

0578

212

65 1

6383

499

113

507

96 3

8511

8 75

513

6 72

895

842

86 9

1757

634

Turk

men

istan

54 4

2837

244

47 4

8258

284

128

364

19 7

0518

892

57 2

6389

002

86 2

5787

567

Afgh

anist

an10

814

10 9

0054

863

78 3

6611

9 30

815

9 46

214

8 22

831

5 34

850

0 53

866

4 75

459

4 90

0O

ther

cou

ntrie

s1

302

511

1 37

4 11

11

371

329

1 88

6 32

82

140

369

2 20

1 85

82

268

810

3 12

9 86

06

008

304

6 08

1 16

54

183

316

Tabl

e A7

. G

eogr

aphi

c Di

strib

ution

of E

xpor

ts o

f Ser

vice

s, 2

000-

2010

, tho

usan

d U

S$

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

All c

ount

ries

449

093

461

348

474

912

534

917

573

656

659

345

775

050

965

294

1 20

0 71

31

031

723

1 33

5 50

1Ru

ssia

44 6

5548

275

59 7

8115

7 41

818

7 52

222

3 00

529

5 88

440

4 95

252

3 93

831

1 89

634

4 71

0Ch

ina

3 22

25

040

8 36

28

799

13 6

479

578

20 9

1124

506

21 1

0343

895

111

097

Repu

blic

of K

orea

39 0

3240

750

23 0

8122

058

13 5

1013

809

15 6

0821

265

26 1

9842

578

96 8

69Tu

rkey

5 16

06

092

6 92

48

080

8 72

89

394

11 8

9415

078

16 5

9013

157

14 5

52EU

cou

ntrie

s48

631

73 1

7184

646

85 3

9097

681

151

672

139

858

132

461

165

124

134

867

119

097

Kaza

khst

an10

979

12 9

1519

609

19 0

7625

133

22 1

0528

449

40 4

5443

811

34 9

1040

072

Kyrg

yz R

epub

lic3

289

4 45

26

846

6 35

77

116

9 33

112

055

16 7

5325

151

21 4

6622

400

Tajik

istan

7 18

47

535

35 9

4938

013

33 6

5140

336

51 1

6755

060

51 5

0956

621

63 0

63Tu

rkm

enist

an12

0 98

710

1 11

117

056

17 2

9315

429

18 3

0714

791

19 8

6632

640

38 7

7933

169

Afgh

anist

an13

416

76

636

10 9

898

379

10 9

7313

491

16 0

7719

786

39 0

1460

662

Oth

er c

ount

ries

165

874

161

898

206

049

161

444

162

858

150

834

171

327

214

921

274

863

294

630

429

832


ble

A8.

Geo

grap

hic

Dist

ributi

on o

f Im

port

s of G

oods

, 200

0-20

10, t

hous

and

US$

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

All c

ount

ries

2 56

1 17

32

806

033

2 42

5 78

22

663

379

3 39

1 49

63

666

527

4 37

9 97

16

339

403

9 27

9 35

69

027

916

8 68

5 38

7Ru

ssia

423

228

549

518

542

666

632

908

860

684

977

738

1 14

6 35

41

871

896

2 14

0 26

82

069

298

1 87

2 16

5Ch

ina

70 2

9889

379

102

948

154

661

252

368

240

993

362

543

580

185

1 24

0 35

91

550

376

1 24

5 82

2Re

publ

ic o

f Kor

ea26

8 04

932

2 70

723

4 19

022

0 89

334

1 27

350

4 19

165

6 82

976

8 03

81

024

957

1 10

1 49

51

427

824

Turk

ey91

885

101

762

83 0

2013

8 31

816

0 96

715

7 41

216

0 40

719

4 40

729

0 08

725

9 57

223

7 13

3EU

cou

ntrie

s56

0 81

460

0 67

046

5 37

953

0 86

662

3 25

869

1 05

179

2 94

095

9 90

41

372

098

1 30

7 72

51

327

169

Kaza

khst

an20

8 38

918

2 37

015

9 83

617

9 38

322

2 53

225

2 03

641

0 15

371

2 15

41

199

385

775

261

976

379

Kyrg

yz R

epub

lic90

349

44 6

9626

977

18 1

7419

227

22 0

3129

043

42 3

5976

175

20 9

3839

603

Tajik

istan

13 9

4414

120

8 75

316

287

7 57

79

871

13 7

8413

793

15 1

4821

947

9 34

7Tu

rkm

enist

an14

847

8 34

07

637

9 28

710

062

7 80

010

183

8 51

99

124

58 3

6514

4 17

0Af

ghan

istan

286

299

160

640

2 71

21

123

1 95

41

893

2321

207

Oth

er c

ount

ries

819

084

892

172

794

216

761

962

890

836

802

281

795

781

1 18

6 25

51

911

732

1 86

2 91

81

405

568

Tabl

e A9

. G

eogr

aphi

c Di

strib

ution

of I

mpo

rts o

f Ser

vice

s, 2

000-

2010

, tho

usan

d U

S$

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

All c

ount

ries

386

238

330

885

286

260

300

802

424

478

424

749

401

566

388

676

424

600

410

453

490

424

Russ

ia41

605

54 1

1352

656

56 8

0756

459

56 2

2782

201

101

982

133

974

121

355

115

871

Chin

a2

720

2 37

19

818

8 48

213

295

16 2

1915

021

9 35

713

109

12 0

526

187

Repu

blic

of K

orea

19 4

0825

520

24 7

9613

904

10 6

108

835

8 15

816

227

18 7

6624

323

29 7

97Tu

rkey

5 20

34

118

4 70

53

526

11 5

5220

425

12 5

249

438

9 86

37

523

7 70

8EU

cou

ntrie

s57

705

76 3

4179

830

74 0

5082

423

136

733

113

045

119

151

112

541

116

545

111

777

Kaza

khst

an7

178

12 4

9421

686

16 7

3518

643

17 4

9216

096

18 7

7221

501

18 2

6520

751

Kyrg

yz R

epub

lic3

611

4 65

98

062

8 16

05

254

4 30

82

608

3 75

93

390

1 92

52

776

Tajik

istan

5 31

06

401

7 09

48

002

30 0

288

624

2 26

22

967

6 02

54

819

3 31

9Tu

rkm

enist

an3

262

18 1

514

192

4 69

75

525

5 92

03

287

3 44

82

618

2 31

84

361

Afgh

anist

an2

135

03

15

531

2 58

211

930

Oth

er c

ount

ries

240

235

126

718

73 3

8610

6 44

119

0 68

814

9 96

714

6 35

910

3 04

410

0 23

010

1 20

918

7 84

8


Tabl

e A1

0. C

ompo

sitio

n of

Exp

orts

of G

oods

to A

fgha

nist

an, 2

000-

2010

, tho

usan

d U

S$

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Tota

l exp

orts

of g

oods

10 8

1410

900

54 8

6378

366

119

308

159

462

148

228

315

348

500

538

664

754

594

900

27 M

iner

al fu

els,

min

eral

oi

ls an

d pr

oduc

ts o

f the

ir di

stilla

tion

1021

317

086

23 0

6926

345

32 8

1119

530

150

992

320

718

473

584

296

352

72 Ir

on a

nd st

eel

2 10

82

976

7 77

123

234

49 6

1661

094

48 8

3278

401

107

972

139

018

190

478

11 P

rodu

cts o

f the

mill

ing

indu

stry

193

149

752

6 38

116

698

28 3

1727

216

17 0

8843

351

16 2

405

272

07 E

dibl

e ve

geta

bles

296

1 43

43

093

7 73

06

839

11 0

7320

961

51 0

8218

790

12 7

1518

494

31 F

ertil

isers

104

179

1 60

51

455

4 04

03

760

3 09

01

918

10 3

487

472

25 S

alt;

sulp

hur;

eart

h an

d st

one;

pla

ster

ing

mat

eria

ls,

lime

and

cem

ent

641

438

1 73

03

968

7 95

310

383

484

173

4 05

0

86 R

ailw

ay o

r tra

mw

ay

loco

moti

ves,

rolli

ng-s

tock

an

d pa

rts t

here

of

3913

225

127

811

Oth

er p

rodu

cts

8 19

76

060

24 5

0514

604

14 3

6514

169

17 5

4614

210

7 78

912

676

44 9

71


ble

A11.

Com

posi

tion

of E

xpor

ts o

f Goo

ds to

Chi

na, 2

000-

2010

, tho

usan

d U

S$

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Tota

l exp

orts

of g

oods

19 2

289

830

8 96

944

520

87 8

2321

8 70

533

5 67

728

9 90

823

6 35

444

5 11

082

0 75

052

Cott

on1

974

1 79

11

060

5 75

627

661

156

367

274

213

229

377

203

609

277

891

527

218

28 In

orga

nic

chem

ical

s; o

rgan

ic

or in

orga

nic

com

poun

ds o

f pr

ecio

us m

etal

s, o

f rar

e-ea

rth

met

als,

of r

adio

activ

e el

emen

ts

or o

f iso

tope

s

179

158

9034

334

360

510

73 2

5422

3 37

4

27 M

iner

al fu

els,

min

eral

oi

ls an

d pr

oduc

ts o

f the

ir di

stilla

tion

158

1 92

470

39

163

28 6

9124

783

31 5

0220

611

6 15

631

580

11 0

54

14 V

eget

able

pla

iting

m

ater

ials;

veg

etab

le p

rodu

cts

not e

lsew

here

spec

ified

or

incl

uded

6 27

01

085

770

3 42

83

709

8 59

411

783

15 7

7310

040

12 7

3814

678

39 P

lasti

cs a

nd a

rticl

es th

ereo

f5

5 67

512

059

9 97

53

253

264

2 41

320

168

6 21

950

Silk

4 50

82

993

1 68

47

931

10 7

714

033

4 29

23

103

1 04

44

474

6 19

631

Fer

tilise

rs3

979

12 4

385

935

682

1 32

47

081

7 64

241

Raw

hid

es a

nd sk

ins (

othe

r th

an fu

r ski

ns) a

nd le

athe

r13

815

819

436

469

601

623

3 17

11

772

13 2

958

097

Oth

er p

rodu

cts

6 00

11

716

4 46

812

169

884

2 12

13

076

16 5

679

486

17 9

2416

272


Tabl

e A1

2. C

ompo

sitio

n of

Exp

orts

of G

oods

to th

e Eu

rope

an U

nion

, 200

0-20

10, t

hous

and

US$

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Tota

l exp

orts

of g

oods

534

965

402

456

435

950

459

427

706

130

613

976

419

693

666

678

787

543

382

697

429

325

52 C

otton

257

182

174

838

207

344

260

702

417

117

277

634

96 6

1710

9 49

411

6 94

174

865

121

114

71 P

reci

ous m

etal

s and

ston

es15

2 23

014

0 05

417

2 09

017

7 75

724

2 50

620

1 77

214

7 56

773

169

118

970

87 8

9483

997

28 In

orga

nic

chem

ical

s; o

rgan

ic

or in

orga

nic

com

poun

ds o

f pr

ecio

us m

etal

s, o

f rar

e-ea

rth

met

als,

of r

adio

activ

e el

emen

ts o

r of i

soto

pes

15 8

785

370

13 4

325

586

6 81

468

022

70 6

2825

2 48

897

290

107

468

72 6

74

27 M

iner

al fu

els,

min

eral

oi

ls an

d pr

oduc

ts o

f the

ir di

stilla

tion

2 04

639

757

22

220

20 9

1245

128

110

793

220

775

35 9

4460

089

74 C

oppe

r and

arti

cles

ther

eof

49 9

6237

626

29 1

241

770

10 7

0112

490

-64

778

9 99

21

593

31 F

ertil

isers

1 97

323

654

16

850

41 4

3874

663

18 1

4123

720

79 Z

inc

and

artic

les t

here

of47

245

31 9

523

083

1 01

93

683

3513

668

Arti

cles

of s

tone

, pla

ster

or

simila

r mat

eria

ls-

12

6714

12

168

25 9

1722

364

36 5

41

81 O

ther

bas

e m

etal

s;

cerm

ets;

arti

cles

ther

eof

749

2 70

51

736

131

8 94

17

926

10 2

6218

289

21 3

796

809

3 03

9

39 P

lasti

cs a

nd a

rticl

es th

ereo

f12

194

9348

4 27

512

987

13 5

5512

501

6 92

91

774

797

08 E

dibl

e fr

uit a

nd n

uts

312

653

1 26

554

51

614

2 63

05

115

13 4

618

148

3 85

08

914

61 A

rticl

es o

f app

arel

and

cl

othi

ng a

cces

sorie

s, k

nitte

d or

cr

oche

ted

455

369

128

479

656

2 00

46

703

20 0

0710

376

2 73

62

149

Oth

er p

rodu

cts

6 92

18

458

7 25

810

816

11 1

657

584

13 5

8412

835

21 3

7710

860

14 5

62


ble

A13.

Com

posi

tion

of E

xpor

ts o

f Goo

ds to

Kaz

akhs

tan,

200

0-20

10, t

hous

and

US$

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Tota

l exp

orts

of g

oods

89

813

105

095

6

2 18

5 8

0 06

8 1

59 5

94

224

857

2

76 2

74

621

273

3

92 6

40

478

762

8

46 3

94

27 M

iner

al fu

els,

min

eral

oi

ls an

d pr

oduc

ts o

f the

ir di

stilla

tion

55

438

62

935

37

421

46

416

83

445

122

674

1

09 1

65

281

235

1

33 7

13

359

923

4

74 4

48

72 Ir

on a

nd st

eel

3 5

27

1 9

81

4 2

15

8 5

39

34

746

29

186

36

258

75

538

77

447

14

152

14

160

25 S

alt;

sulp

hur;

eart

h an

d st

one;

pla

ster

ing

mat

eria

ls,

lime

and

cem

ent

341

6

30

70

446

2

226

1

1 68

4 2

4 67

0 9

5 41

0 7

3 70

0 2

2 08

2 2

8 22

3

87 V

ehic

les o

ther

than

railw

ay

or tr

amw

ay ro

lling

-sto

ck 9

08

1 1

28

825

2

562

5

534

1

2 42

4 2

7 31

0 3

5 97

7 8

605

9

023

2

2 98

4

08 E

dibl

e fr

uit a

nd n

uts

1 1

02

653

1

78

79

13

53

1 6

93

780

1

99

1 9

07

111

498

07

Edi

ble

vege

tabl

es 2

039

9

90

432

1

72

58

59

2 0

89

2 4

06

56

808

7

9 35

8 31

Fer

tilise

rs 1

25

270

9

8 1

058

2

429

3

439

4

382

1

3 25

6 2

9 60

7 1

0 36

1 2

3 28

4 70

Gla

ss a

nd g

lass

war

e 1

23

1 5

41

1 4

78

1 6

10

2 2

93

3 4

16

11

360

16

847

10

930

7 5

55

3 8

45

39 P

lasti

cs a

nd a

rticl

es th

ereo

f 4

70

3 4

86

1 3

07

2 9

00

5 0

07

4 5

51

6 3

43

7 5

10

4 8

79

9 7

03

14

166

85 E

lect

rical

mac

hine

ry a

nd

equi

pmen

t 3

289

9

93

1 5

31

2 2

81

5 7

73

4 9

68

10

069

13

555

9 3

58

1 9

02

6 3

93

52 C

otton

2

1

3

27

92

11

246

9 7

88

30

324

691

9

06

2 8

38

20 P

repa

ratio

ns o

f veg

etab

les,

fr

uit,

nuts

or o

ther

par

ts o

f pl

ants

338

4

31

550

1

406

2

716

2

607

3

550

5

245

7

120

5

730

1

0 79

5

84 B

oile

rs, m

achi

nery

and

m

echa

nica

l app

lianc

es 2

314

4

185

2

669

2

931

2

290

3

168

6

673

4

666

3

092

4

646

1

999

28 In

orga

nic

chem

ical

s; o

rgan

ic

or in

orga

nic

com

poun

ds o

f pr

ecio

us m

etal

s, o

f rar

e-ea

rth

met

als,

of r

adio

activ

e el

emen

ts o

r of i

soto

pes

472

8

07

1 0

92

1 7

80

2 7

52

2 8

25

3 8

34

4 8

27

5 2

93

4 6

59

7 0

35

Oth

er p

rodu

cts

19 3

2525

064

10 3

167

861

10 2

2012

557

19 0

9033

697

27 9

5025

405

45 3

68


Tabl

e A1

4. C

ompo

sitio

n of

Exp

orts

of G

oods

to th

e Re

publ

ic o

f Kor

ea, 2

000-

2010

, tho

usan

d U

S$

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Tota

l exp

orts

of g

oods

67

385

91

697

43

931

33

010

43

309

37

720

29

231

48

484

65

373

59

980

67

131

52 C

otton

66

017

88

558

41

005

29

085

42

099

36

725

28

270

46

728

62

068

56

587

64

028

12 O

il se

eds a

nd o

leag

inou

s fr

uits

198

3

83

289

3

13

396

3

15

532

1

084

1

933

1

048

1

724

Oth

er p

rodu

cts

1 17

02

756

2 63

73

612

814

680

429

672

1 37

22

345

1 37

9

Tabl

e A1

5. C

ompo

sitio

n of

Exp

orts

of G

oods

to th

e Ky

rgyz

Rep

ublic

, 200

0-20

10, t

hous

and

US$

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Tota

l exp

orts

of g

oods

47 6

1971

918

69 7

5143

753

36 4

8736

313

67 9

9312

1 06

116

1 41

811

4 87

082

775

27 M

iner

al fu

els,

min

eral

oi

ls an

d pr

oduc

ts o

f the

ir di

stilla

tion

39 8

0463

193

62 9

0236

184

18 6

409

992

46 1

2278

992

116

330

77 2

7847

997

31 F

ertil

isers

738

155

11

103

3 90

78

724

7 07

018

216

19 7

4610

264

19 0

8225

Sal

t; su

lphu

r; ea

rth

and

ston

e; p

last

erin

g m

ater

ials,

lim

e an

d ce

men

t

946

818

1 10

52

075

3 54

53

796

5 24

610

054

11 4

3015

698

1 32

1

Oth

er p

rodu

cts

6 13

17

906

5 19

34

391

10 3

9513

801

9 55

513

799

13 9

1211

630

14 3

75


ble

A16.

Com

posi

tion

of E

xpor

ts o

f Goo

ds to

Rus

sia,

200

0-20

10, t

hous

and

US$

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Tota

l exp

orts

of g

oods

500

841

452

267

258

033

301

934

537

237

803

522

1 36

5 86

02

068

030

1 43

7 86

91

945

260

3 81

0 12

727

Min

eral

fuel

s, m

iner

al

oils

and

prod

ucts

of t

heir

disti

llatio

n

12 8

1933

333

650

332

128

564

224

474

272

648

337

966

202

140

884

336

1 96

7 75

8

87 V

ehic

les o

ther

than

railw

ay

or tr

amw

ay ro

lling

-sto

ck62

944

77 9

1160

500

92 3

0318

8 78

230

0 42

646

1 70

061

7 74

158

2 40

321

2 44

643

0 52

6

08 E

dibl

e fr

uit a

nd n

uts

36 0

4930

912

18 4

6311

889

20 3

6635

530

236

999

333

308

223

301

351

995

567

984

52 C

otton

197

906

186

648

76 7

5548

380

90 0

1443

208

88 6

0369

925

62 6

9611

2 92

515

7 91

207

Edi

ble

vege

tabl

es18

440

14 6

9912

348

13 1

0713

514

22 0

9256

066

132

574

61 5

3912

7 94

519

3 82

674

Cop

per a

nd a

rticl

es th

ereo

f13

709

7 04

52

809

2 53

510

62

121

9 01

228

5 61

22

758

2 66

61

305

85 E

lect

rical

mac

hine

ry a

nd

equi

pmen

t6

422

5 68

02

926

7 29

612

696

17 7

8625

338

48 1

3352

914

36 5

3072

518

39 P

lasti

cs a

nd a

rticl

es th

ereo

f91

31

118

671

3 97

96

629

30 2

4861

083

62 2

4441

876

27 3

1247

604

61 A

rticl

es o

f app

arel

and

cl

othi

ng a

cces

sorie

s, k

nitte

d or

cr

oche

ted

2 59

33

137

1 87

61

941

2 44

63

786

7 43

217

667

42 2

9144

377

106

591

79 Z

inc

and

artic

les t

here

of9

008

4 15

13

855

1 87

34

248

8 33

241

749

53 0

2721

518

13 7

9137

054

20 P

repa

ratio

ns o

f veg

etab

les,

fr

uit,

nuts

or o

ther

par

ts o

f pl

ants

25 1

2020

118

13 8

9314

905

14 9

7710

196

10 7

9213

589

15 2

8010

769

13 0

72

88 A

ircra

ft, sp

acec

raft,

and

pa

rts t

here

of46

627

01

105

915

316

51 8

6210

051

7 64

219

217

684

30 9

88

84 B

oile

rs, m

achi

nery

and

m

echa

nica

l app

lianc

es9

334

8 16

74

118

3 49

44

923

9 38

511

479

12 4

137

099

2 64

846

524

28 In

orga

nic

chem

ical

s; o

rgan

ic

or in

orga

nic

com

poun

ds o

f pr

ecio

us m

etal

s, o

f rar

e-ea

rth

met

als,

of r

adio

activ

e el

emen

ts

or o

f iso

tope

s

3 70

462

312

219

8 64

310

782

1 31

816

207

3 95

031

140

4 71

76

954

60 K

nitte

d or

cro

chet

ed fa

bric

s17

618

6 3

55

102

3 34

96

397

9 18

218

588

26 7

41O

ther

pro

duct

s10

1 41

491

455

46 1

5940

342

38 8

7442

758

56 7

0172

239

90 7

2295

119

129

511


Tabl

e A1

7. C

ompo

sitio

n of

Exp

orts

of G

oods

to T

ajik

ista

n, 2

000-

2010

, tho

usan

d U

S$

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Tota

l exp

orts

of g

oods

93 7

0578

212

65 1

6383

499

113

507

96 3

8511

8 75

513

6 72

895

842

86 9

1757

634

27 M

iner

al fu

els,

min

eral

oi

ls an

d pr

oduc

ts o

f the

ir di

stilla

tion

65 6

1454

419

46 4

5061

065

63 0

0855

847

58 5

9883

763

88 4

3969

565

54 5

32

31 F

ertil

isers

4 74

15

955

4 56

06

546

11 1

227

348

11 5

8712

754

892

11 3

4825

Sal

t; su

lphu

r; ea

rths

and

st

one;

pla

ster

ing

mat

eria

ls,

lime

and

cem

ent

2 07

42

067

808

1 32

85

691

8 46

218

492

16 8

4266

163

14

Oth

er p

rodu

cts

21 2

7615

771

13 3

4514

560

33 6

8624

728

30 0

7823

369

6 44

55

841

3 08

8

Tabl

e A1

8. C

ompo

sitio

n of

Exp

orts

of G

oods

to T

urke

y, 2

000-

2010

, tho

usan

d U

S$

Nam

e20

0020

0120

0220

0320

0420

0520

0620

0720

0820

0920

10To

tal e

xpor

ts o

f goo

ds 9

4 21

3 7

5 28

6 9

5 82

5 1

20 9

06

207

243

3

36 9

50

564

985

5

75 4

49

517

664

3

93 6

97

707

948

74

Cop

per a

nd a

rticl

es th

ereo

f 4

0 20

7 5

9 69

7 5

7 91

9 5

2 02

8 1

12 6

92

237

601

4

13 5

43

260

845

3

32 3

03

271

722

4

77 0

50

52 C

otton

12

671

6 3

06

23

914

46

525

65

966

69

130

95

762

122

339

7

5 95

1 8

0 91

6 1

37 4

96

79 Z

inc

and

artic

les t

here

of 1

241

1

167

1

39

6 5

31

3 0

99

3 4

44

22

427

145

427

7

0 76

4 1

0 18

3 5

1 52

1 08

Edi

ble

frui

t and

nut

s 2

858

1

230

3

273

1

610

1

497

2

273

6

066

1

1 54

8 1

0 32

3 7

834

1

1 40

6 60

Kni

tted

or c

roch

eted

fabr

ics

1 8

21

8 0

33

8 2

85

3 9

78

5 4

09

1 7

27

1 1

22

2 8

13

2 4

20

61 A

rticl

es o

f app

arel

and

cl

othi

ng a

cces

sorie

s, k

nitte

d or

cro

chet

ed

150

7

18

4 1

56

9 0

19

9 0

72

4 2

52

4 2

79

1 7

59

12 O

il se

eds a

nd o

leag

inou

s fr

uits

13

901

2 2

26

297

4

24

2 0

64

2 6

86

1 6

26

2 1

31

459

1

103

1

476

Oth

er p

rodu

cts

23 3

354

660

8 46

25

605

12 9

2213

682

11 1

3322

360

22 4

9014

847

24 8

20


ble

A19.

Com

posi

tion

of E

xpor

ts o

f Goo

ds to

Tur

kmen

ista

n, 2

000-

2010

, tho

usan

d U

S$

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Tota

l exp

orts

of g

oods

54 4

2837

244

47 4

8258

284

128

364

19 7

0518

892

57 2

6389

002

86 2

5787

567

27 M

iner

al fu

els,

min

eral

oi

ls an

d pr

oduc

ts o

f the

ir di

stilla

tion

20 3

6618

028

26 4

4935

284

100

552

9076

3418

371

5

25 S

alt;

sulp

hur;

eart

h an

d st

one;

pla

ster

ing

mat

eria

ls,

lime

and

cem

ent

4 94

36

057

7 60

314

420

19 0

206

939

1 99

292

68

531

26 4

0924

386

31 F

ertil

isers

11 5

501

329

3 13

72

620

3 13

73

704

10 6

8731

783

20 5

143

487

24 To

bacc

o an

d m

anuf

actu

red

toba

cco

subs

titut

es4

482

1 13

199

028

486

32

376

4 70

29

980

4 91

55

384

16 8

92

84 B

oile

rs, m

achi

nery

and

m

echa

nica

l app

lianc

es6

290

2 53

12

624

1 50

238

51

425

1 05

26

928

17 1

671

535

5 39

0

12 O

il se

eds a

nd o

leag

inou

s fr

uits

2814

152

313

3 19

14

353

11 7

346

952

08 E

dibl

e fr

uit a

nd n

uts

113

5110

41

647

2 67

44

771

8 66

710

212

87 V

ehic

les o

ther

than

railw

ay

or tr

amw

ay ro

lling

-sto

ck1

015

1 87

678

646

835

625

717

2 02

81

498

1 79

7

Oth

er p

rodu

cts

5 74

36

289

5 89

33

655

4 34

85

090

7 11

017

126

15 4

3610

145

18 4

46

Tabl

e A2

0. C

ompo

sitio

n of

Impo

rts o

f Goo

ds fr

om A

fgha

nist

an, 2

000-

2010

, tho

usan

d U

S$

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Tota

l im

port

s of g

oods

286

299

160

640

2 71

21

123

1 95

41

893

2321

207

08 E

dibl

e fr

uit a

nd n

uts

107

197

5860

52

506

942

1 88

095

45

07 E

dibl

e ve

geta

bles

216

748

120

Oth

er p

rodu

cts

179

102

102

3319

018

174

191

1821

87


Tabl

e A2

1. C

ompo

sitio

n of

Impo

rts o

f Goo

ds fr

om C

hina

, 200

0-20

10, t

hous

and

US$

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Tota

l im

port

s of g

oods

70 2

9889

379

102

948

154

661

252

368

240

993

362

543

580

185

1 24

0 35

91

550

376

1 24

5 82

284

Boi

lers

, mac

hine

ry a

nd

mec

hani

cal a

pplia

nces

9 25

610

771

23 8

8770

047

96 1

1945

748

85 2

0816

6 64

634

5 12

835

2 71

834

3 44

8

85 E

lect

rical

mac

hine

ry a

nd

equi

pmen

t2

389

18 8

7011

701

20 5

0839

586

86 3

2310

9 41

911

0 97

023

9 23

014

5 44

823

3 51

1

73 A

rticl

es o

f iro

n or

stee

l10

402

692

1 63

01

741

4 74

82

921

5 20

323

130

203

966

560

738

91 3

1390

Opti

cal,

phot

ogra

phic

, ci

nem

atog

raph

ic, m

easu

ring,

ch

ecki

ng, p

reci

sion,

med

ical

or

surg

ical

inst

rum

ents

an

d ap

para

tus;

par

ts a

nd

acce

ssor

ies t

here

of

1 37

83

238

14 8

168

924

17 6

8721

929

28 7

8339

291

44 8

7468

891

43 5

48

39 P

lasti

cs a

nd a

rticl

es th

ereo

f2

907

3 38

510

264

5 36

26

456

6 60

020

570

42 8

5959

951

57 7

2466

232

87 V

ehic

les o

ther

than

railw

ay

or tr

amw

ay ro

lling

-sto

ck20

226

93

696

204

929

2 68

96

371

16 4

8961

061

80 3

5599

184

72 Ir

on a

nd st

eel

1781

26

976

41

555

3 67

617

385

57 4

1137

283

63 0

5909

Coff

ee, t

ea, m

ate

and

spic

es7

753

10 9

778

385

10 4

148

158

8 91

110

116

15 1

5421

549

29 7

9821

182

29 O

rgan

ic c

hem

ical

s3

312

5 24

42

110

2 39

15

851

6 53

57

692

11 8

8811

523

15 9

1927

364

30 P

harm

aceu

tical

pro

duct

s63

189

1292

585

3 78

814

640

19 2

1023

314

28 1

8328

Inor

gani

c ch

emic

als;

org

anic

or

inor

gani

c co

mpo

unds

of

prec

ious

met

als,

of r

are-

eart

h m

etal

s, o

f rad

ioac

tive

elem

ents

or o

f iso

tope

s

1 65

43

714

3 30

22

690

3 08

35

705

9 95

06

994

13 6

7516

134

17 4

91

86 R

ailw

ay o

r tra

mw

ay

loco

moti

ves,

rolli

ng-s

tock

and

pa

rts t

here

of

1212

743

274

36 4

3576

21

544

2 98

34

264

3 82

028

752

76 A

lum

iniu

m a

nd a

rticl

es

ther

eof

4866

170

1 14

92

096

6 50

010

953

14 5

049

753

10 1

1414

693


0020

0120

0220

0320

0420

0520

0620

0720

0820

0920

1094

Fur

nitu

re1

238

1 62

423

52

368

1 04

21

550

2 81

37

350

11 9

5614

985

18 1

5669

Cer

amic

pro

duct

s65

866

968

62

987

3 99

54

908

4 54

88

360

7 64

09

176

11 2

8244

Woo

d an

d ar

ticle

s of w

ood;

w

ood

char

coal

173

447

286

472

1 32

52

801

5 53

58

976

19 6

847

708

6 50

0

40 R

ubbe

r and

arti

cles

ther

eof

356

1 44

42

161

647

1 22

31

028

2 16

63

880

5 92

210

962

15 9

6838

Misc

ella

neou

s che

mic

al

prod

ucts

469

554

544

792

663

3 26

02

032

4 70

79

466

13 5

228

658

70 G

lass

and

gla

ssw

are

3049

113

266

333

1 11

82

397

7 16

48

129

10 8

9114

137

82 To

ols a

nd im

plem

ents

of

base

met

al16

737

566

069

51

124

1 86

63

333

5 27

36

501

10 7

4812

502

Oth

er p

rodu

cts

27 2

4626

078

18 2

2219

709

20 6

5927

699

36 4

4651

542

79 4

6670

128

80 6

59

Tabl

e A2

2. C

ompo

sitio

n of

Impo

rts o

f Goo

ds fr

om th

e Eu

rope

an U

nion

, 200

0-20

10, t

hous

and

US$

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Tota

l im

port

s of g

oods

560

814

600

670

465

379

530

866

623

258

691

051

792

940

959

904

1 37

2 09

81

307

725

1 32

7 16

984

Boi

lers

, mac

hine

ry a

nd

mec

hani

cal a

pplia

nces

209

223

225

685

220

773

240

628

260

837

247

022

249

464

245

950

479

387

496

345

438

244

85 E

lect

rical

mac

hine

ry a

nd

equi

pmen

t51

867

60 6

1936

920

45 6

3771

633

88 2

8595

426

90 9

0519

4 02

017

5 32

613

8 22

0

30 P

harm

aceu

tical

pro

duct

s14

528

22 2

4416

414

20 9

0240

464

56 2

2375

615

106

833

157

802

153

252

189

402

87 V

ehic

les o

ther

than

railw

ay

or tr

amw

ay ro

lling

-sto

ck20

000

11 3

3210

568

29 2

8824

370

29 3

6275

952

124

021

113

094

71 4

8071

159

90 O

ptica

l, ph

otog

raph

ic,

cine

mat

ogra

phic

, mea

surin

g,

chec

king

, pre

cisio

n, m

edic

al

or su

rgic

al in

stru

men

ts

and

appa

ratu

s; p

arts

and

ac

cess

orie

s the

reof

13 0

2833

350

20 6

9723

487

33 7

0421

766

25 9

7128

094

42 9

5048

577

46 6

49

73 A

rticl

es o

f iro

n or

stee

l23

129

22 5

4613

823

6 67

67

182

19 3

5721

384

87 8

5334

344

45 2

3226

280


2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

48 P

aper

and

pap

erbo

ard

16 3

0021

752

14 7

2814

897

15 3

1115

954

24 7

8633

514

44 4

3439

520

33 2

7017

Sug

ars a

nd su

gar

conf

ectio

nery

16 1

0326

785

12 6

8517

756

19 1

0635

705

47 9

8716

361

23 0

2512

567

23 2

18

38 M

iscel

lane

ous c

hem

ical

pr

oduc

ts17

983

16 5

5522

217

20 1

7119

636

20 3

7216

618

25 8

8227

408

23 2

0526

106

40 R

ubbe

r and

arti

cles

ther

eof

3 58

44

312

6 37

46

651

13 2

1919

123

19 0

3527

930

28 3

4126

932

31 1

0039

Pla

stics

and

arti

cles

ther

eof

15 0

1118

729

11 1

5010

326

14 4

6312

055

16 2

2615

369

17 9

3416

356

20 6

1571

Pre

ciou

s met

als a

nd st

ones

6 51

820

207

14 5

5615

403

11 2

1518

440

4 96

64

398

14 8

108

826

20 4

2644

Woo

d an

d ar

ticle

s of w

ood;

w

ood

char

coal

1 07

737

467

248

69

014

8 26

45

184

8 91

130

980

21 2

8114

307

86 R

ailw

ay o

r tra

mw

ay

loco

moti

ves,

rolli

ng-s

tock

and

pa

rts t

here

of

50 1

421

875

1 35

05

168

2 59

49

386

560

4 13

83

802

8 09

77

681

33 E

ssen

tial o

ils a

nd re

sinoi

ds;

perf

umer

y, co

smeti

c or

toile

t pr

epar

ation

s

1 92

92

390

4 13

72

860

4 72

77

262

9 97

413

482

15 5

1410

323

14 4

48

27 M

iner

al fu

els,

min

eral

oi

ls an

d pr

oduc

ts o

f the

ir di

stilla

tion

3 24

64

247

2 87

72

839

5 63

55

846

6 18

87

059

6 96

16

985

32 3

13

94 F

urni

ture

6 73

617

300

4 54

58

460

4 56

53

911

4 16

68

197

5 62

15

876

7 61

572

Iron

and

stee

l1

947

1 92

63

498

3 02

32

968

8 96

67

736

11 2

8012

091

8 87

114

528

68 A

rticl

es o

f sto

ne, p

last

er o

r sim

ilar m

ater

ials

1 81

63

992

529

872

475

2 14

21

490

17 0

684

419

1 97

534

859

04 D

airy

pro

duce

3 50

687

1 11

96

186

13 5

078

368

8 63

25

457

2 16

99

386

1 53

429

Org

anic

che

mic

als

3 47

03

018

1 17

73

676

4 81

92

622

4 63

66

896

9 12

38

154

8 89

349

Prin

ted

book

s and

oth

er

prod

ucts

of t

he p

rintin

g in

dust

ry

9 15

511

295

4 98

42

382

2 31

84

522

3 89

12

980

3 15

24

415

3 33

1

24 To

bacc

o an

d m

anuf

actu

red

toba

cco

subs

titut

es4

993

4 78

02

214

1 95

015

22

008

4 59

12

279

4 32

911

040

11 9

48

Oth

er p

rodu

cts

65 5

2365

270

37 3

7241

142

41 3

4444

090

62 4

6265

047

96 3

8893

704

111

023


ble

A23.

Com

posi

tion

of Im

port

s of G

oods

from

Kaz

akhs

tan,

200

0-20

10, t

hous

and

US$

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Tota

l im

port

s of g

oods

208

389

182

370

159

836

179

383

222

532

252

036

410

153

712

154

1 19

9 38

577

5 26

197

6 37

9

27 M

iner

al fu

els,

min

eral

oi

ls an

d pr

oduc

ts o

f the

ir di

stilla

tion

8 79

93

416

694

46 2

5565

337

83 1

3017

3 02

420

1 16

135

1 25

325

2 90

638

3 39

0

11 P

rodu

cts o

f the

mill

ing

indu

stry

21 9

217

498

48 7

9549

156

30 1

5166

225

71 6

7415

6 13

229

9 61

523

1 87

623

9 23

0

26 O

res,

slag

and

ash

33 4

8829

291

25 1

9327

996

34 2

2316

692

49 3

3816

5 06

297

157

26 5

6564

968

72 Ir

on a

nd st

eel

9 51

719

950

12 5

7622

006

40 4

7723

205

46 2

8763

475

106

671

88 0

8613

1 05

610

Cer

eals

66 3

3447

623

26 6

961

267

3 71

08

070

14 4

0820

475

48 1

8336

281

40 0

6973

Arti

cles

of i

ron

or st

eel

1 70

23

058

3 81

11

617

3 45

42

243

2 21

245

670

206

992

35 0

184

147

25 S

alt;

sulp

hur;

eart

hs a

nd

ston

e; p

last

erin

g m

ater

ials,

lim

e an

d ce

men

t

33 1

1021

985

16 3

9214

438

17 6

3016

349

17 9

2524

030

28 3

6533

852

26 3

63

84 B

oile

rs, m

achi

nery

and

m

echa

nica

l app

lianc

es3

289

10 1

443

331

2 05

31

286

2 64

85

844

3 19

812

397

19 9

296

892

15 A

nim

al o

r veg

etab

le fa

ts

and

oils

177

1 10

125

61

409

2 49

31

783

3 24

36

374

857

17 9

5828

504

28 In

orga

nic

chem

ical

s; o

rgan

ic

or in

orga

nic

com

poun

ds o

f pr

ecio

us m

etal

s, o

f rar

e-ea

rth

met

als,

of r

adio

activ

e el

emen

ts o

r of i

soto

pes

1 62

12

633

1 58

21

790

2 68

53

991

4 26

95

112

4 73

85

585

5 85

0

44 W

ood

and

artic

les o

f woo

d;

woo

d ch

arco

al21

053

8 98

13

759

1 09

612

24

-38

1513

212

4

39 P

lasti

cs a

nd a

rticl

es th

ereo

f25

77

5339

42

211

1 23

02

632

3 55

25

478

5 51

29

101

23 R

esid

ues a

nd w

aste

from

th

e fo

od in

dust

ries;

pre

pare

d an

imal

fodd

er

105

2122

340

404

627

1 48

72

337

6 68

55

742

10 0

51

17 S

ugar

s and

suga

r co

nfec

tione

ry7

459

83

033

15 4

872

051

8488

844

659

Oth

er p

rodu

cts

7 00

926

662

16 4

719

268

15 3

1610

352

15 7

5915

454

30 0

9115

775

25 9

75


Tabl

e A2

4. C

ompo

sitio

n of

Impo

rts o

f Goo

ds fr

om th

e Re

publ

ic o

f Kor

ea, 2

000-

2010

, tho

usan

d U

S$

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Tota

l im

port

s of g

oods

268

049

322

707

234

190

220

893

341

273

504

191

656

829

768

038

1 02

4 95

71

101

495

1 42

7 82

487

Veh

icle

s oth

er th

an ra

ilway

or

tram

way

rolli

ng-s

tock

144

663

181

776

152

426

157

056

252

746

390

898

530

546

585

233

704

017

683

566

978

003

84 B

oile

rs, m

achi

nery

and

m

echa

nica

l app

lianc

es21

521

51 1

8641

359

11 2

7915

506

15 5

8120

145

42 3

8080

587

143

866

139

629

39 P

lasti

cs a

nd a

rticl

es th

ereo

f59

127

18 0

2011

375

13 1

8022

421

37 4

0645

199

47 9

4999

408

95 9

7412

4 07

485

Ele

ctric

al m

achi

nery

and

eq

uipm

ent

9 95

717

246

5 70

37

146

7 52

04

943

16 6

5120

216

48 2

5460

073

43 7

28

72 Ir

on a

nd st

eel

9 02

53

726

2 66

41

740

3 37

78

715

4 03

813

379

19 4

6738

605

37 1

5094

Fur

nitu

re2

908

3 46

94

244

4 63

06

951

12 1

107

619

13 6

6512

880

12 6

9816

254

73 A

rticl

es o

f iro

n or

stee

l2

952

1 31

336

041

634

133

23

134

8 84

913

914

12 2

0612

622

Oth

er p

rodu

cts

17 8

9645

971

16 0

5925

446

32 4

1134

206

29 4

9736

367

46 4

3054

507

76 3

64

Tabl

e A2

5. C

ompo

sitio

n of

Impo

rts o

f Goo

ds fr

om th

e Ky

rgyz

Rep

ublic

, 200

0-20

10, t

hous

and

US$

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Tota

l im

port

s of g

oods

90 3

4944

696

26 9

7718

174

19 2

2722

031

29 0

4342

359

76 1

7520

938

39 6

0327

Min

eral

fuel

s, m

iner

al

oils

and

prod

ucts

of t

heir

disti

llatio

n

80 2

9235

128

17 7

648

839

140

1413

79

727

45 1

923

769

2 40

8

72 Ir

on a

nd st

eel

2142

106

887

8 03

48

933

12 8

1813

095

15 3

133

496

18 4

4625

Sal

t; su

lphu

r; ea

rth

and

ston

e; p

last

erin

g m

ater

ials,

lim

e an

d ce

men

t

1 39

91

287

1 14

11

900

2 86

73

055

3 79

84

390

4 15

06

150

7 42

6

85 E

lect

rical

mac

hine

ry a

nd

equi

pmen

t22

598

1 21

12

129

3 22

73

412

3 07

54

514

5 89

24

891

5 83

9

Oth

er p

rodu

cts

8 61

57

641

6 75

54

419

4 95

96

617

9 21

510

633

5 62

82

632

5 48

4


ble

A26.

Com

posi

tion

of Im

port

s of G

oods

from

Rus

sia,

200

0-20

10, t

hous

and

US$

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Tota

l im

port

s of g

oods

423

228

549

518

542

666

632

908

860

684

977

738

1 14

6 35

41

871

896

2 14

0 26

82

069

298

1 87

2 16

584

Boi

lers

, mac

hine

ry a

nd

mec

hani

cal a

pplia

nces

84 1

1511

7 44

610

8 07

512

6 77

612

5 77

416

2 17

022

7 49

024

0 04

031

5 34

833

6 69

628

7 95

2

73 A

rticl

es o

f iro

n or

stee

l27

399

73 5

6850

511

37 1

2714

0 81

911

7 49

812

4 18

047

8 81

928

3 87

546

9 05

215

1 37

844

Woo

d an

d ar

ticle

s of w

ood;

w

ood

char

coal

19 0

1616

776

22 5

8744

547

89 7

6414

4 25

218

5 10

625

6 89

638

7 77

331

3 18

535

0 25

3

72 Ir

on a

nd st

eel

18 3

5631

937

39 6

4353

992

84 9

3911

1 33

712

6 08

418

9 58

923

3 22

020

7 79

725

2 71

385

Ele

ctric

al m

achi

nery

and

eq

uipm

ent

24 4

6328

536

24 2

6843

016

54 5

9551

892

55 8

9162

397

112

607

122

114

136

282

87 V

ehic

les o

ther

than

railw

ay

or tr

amw

ay ro

lling

-sto

ck34

969

29 8

5329

253

36 2

9144

942

56 7

8770

867

100

809

146

656

60 3

7337

747

40 R

ubbe

r and

arti

cles

ther

eof

23 2

1920

148

24 8

0928

561

36 9

6339

811

33 2

8358

250

61 8

6142

825

43 9

7430

Pha

rmac

eutic

al p

rodu

cts

11 5

6416

775

25 4

5229

501

35 7

1634

977

40 0

3847

147

39 8

9432

520

48 3

1248

Pap

er a

nd p

aper

boar

d8

314

9 73

010

728

13 5

1116

348

22 0

8631

552

37 5

3446

422

48 0

0456

858

39 P

lasti

cs a

nd a

rticl

es th

ereo

f15

169

16 2

1517

790

23 3

9125

010

24 3

0630

627

38 9

4943

997

27 8

2226

087

90 O

ptica

l, ph

otog

raph

ic,

cine

mat

ogra

phic

, mea

surin

g,

chec

king

, pre

cisio

n, m

edic

al

or su

rgic

al in

stru

men

ts

and

appa

ratu

s; p

arts

and

ac

cess

orie

s the

reof

5 20

412

947

14 0

9225

287

28 2

4131

690

20 8

3731

792

38 2

8427

616

25 8

89

15 A

nim

al o

r veg

etab

le fa

ts a

nd

oils

2 34

61

848

5 06

72

012

2 07

12

037

4 04

711

028

35 8

1260

671

89 0

22

29 O

rgan

ic c

hem

ical

s12

088

8 27

29

809

10 0

1412

362

20 6

7123

243

32 1

5128

811

28 5

2922

963

86 R

ailw

ay o

r tra

mw

ay

loco

moti

ves,

rolli

ng-s

tock

and

pa

rts t

here

of

11 4

6015

534

9 49

212

606

9 58

310

989

17 8

7823

268

35 0

6834

925

21 8

87

76 A

lum

iniu

m a

nd a

rticl

es

ther

eof

3 00

56

135

4 75

97

708

7 16

610

060

13 9

4231

394

48 1

5636

115

32 2

72


2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

28 In

orga

nic

chem

ical

s; o

rgan

ic

or in

orga

nic

com

poun

ds o

f pr

ecio

us m

etal

s, o

f rar

e-ea

rth

met

als,

of r

adio

activ

e el

emen

ts

or o

f iso

tope

s

27 6

3118

684

17 4

2914

736

15 8

0814

113

15 8

3612

163

15 5

7513

765

13 2

04

27 M

iner

al fu

els,

min

eral

oi

ls an

d pr

oduc

ts o

f the

ir di

stilla

tion

5 02

35

192

6 07

96

015

4 31

54

872

4 86

16

652

33 7

166

711

74 2

76

38 M

iscel

lane

ous c

hem

ical

pr

oduc

ts6

859

6 71

28

176

7 93

49

404

10 2

5913

370

21 7

8218

957

20 0

4123

106

17 S

ugar

s and

suga

r co

nfec

tione

ry7

865

32 7

2830

181

3 34

264

124

919

630

759

5 47

519

644

472

82 To

ols a

nd im

plem

ents

of

base

met

al4

220

8 10

412

775

11 6

8911

143

11 8

507

328

21 2

6221

152

8 45

813

072

32 T

anni

ng o

r dye

ing

extr

acts

3 94

45

577

6 40

410

184

15 7

3412

360

13 3

9315

331

9 35

54

854

5 74

769

Cer

amic

pro

duct

s6

121

5 22

85

259

9 31

310

868

7 85

26

863

11 8

3613

997

10 1

9013

604

25 S

alt;

sulp

hur;

eart

h an

d st

one;

pla

ster

ing

mat

eria

ls,

lime

and

cem

ent

6 15

44

197

4 17

23

214

2 84

73

182

5 03

26

899

10 3

2912

402

18 1

79

Oth

er p

rodu

cts

54 7

2457

376

55 8

5672

141

75 6

3172

438

74 4

1010

5 14

915

3 92

812

4 98

912

6 91

6

Tabl

e A2

7. C

ompo

sitio

n of

Impo

rts o

f Goo

ds fr

om T

ajik

ista

n, 2

000-

2010

, tho

usan

d U

S$

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Tota

l im

port

s of g

oods

13 9

4414

120

8 75

316

287

7 57

79

871

13 7

8413

793

15 1

4821

947

9 34

727

Min

eral

fuel

s, m

iner

al o

ils

and

prod

ucts

of t

heir

disti

llatio

n5

599

4 10

61

099

6 20

814

66

858

9 00

09

044

8 98

511

059

76 A

lum

iniu

m a

nd a

rticl

es

ther

eof

398

2 09

82

166

3 76

72

570

2273

652

62

894

7 96

47

459

25 S

alt;

sulp

hur;

eart

h an

d st

one;

pla

ster

ing

mat

eria

ls, li

me

and

cem

ent

960

1 91

22

673

3 60

02

936

1 04

12

763

3 21

62

750

2 47

71

696

Oth

er p

rodu

cts

6 98

76

004

2 81

52

712

1 92

51

950

1 28

51

007

519

447

192


ble

A28.

Com

posi

tion

of Im

port

s of G

oods

from

Tur

key,

200

0-20

10, t

hous

and

US$

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Tota

l im

port

s of g

oods

91 8

8510

1 76

283

020

138

318

160

967

157

412

160

407

194

407

290

087

259

572

237

133

84 B

oile

rs, m

achi

nery

and

m

echa

nica

l app

lianc

es14

958

22 4

8518

105

27 5

2766

014

67 4

9171

516

54 1

2298

110

72 2

8083

192

87 V

ehic

les o

ther

than

railw

ay

or tr

amw

ay ro

lling

-sto

ck18

942

16 0

898

628

32 6

7219

385

8 16

62

019

17 1

0265

182

55 4

6519

681

39 P

lasti

cs a

nd a

rticl

es th

ereo

f5

833

6 48

25

409

6 65

08

373

9 70

411

210

18 0

7716

558

16 9

8719

326

85 E

lect

rical

mac

hine

ry a

nd

equi

pmen

t5

697

5 36

13

928

6 80

26

306

8 65

48

466

9 14

413

861

13 3

9610

372

48 P

aper

and

pap

erbo

ard

3 52

62

415

2 22

13

652

5 25

48

200

9 47

513

990

5 90

84

004

7 52

254

Man

-mad

e fil

amen

ts18

914

130

650

71

736

2 13

36

126

11 6

2811

648

14 0

317

893

73 A

rticl

es o

f iro

n or

stee

l4

959

9 59

45

454

3 14

24

010

4 51

64

577

4 83

76

595

4 22

84

011

38 M

iscel

lane

ous c

hem

ical

pr

oduc

ts3

995

2 34

14

066

2 52

93

600

1 86

43

421

5 14

07

116

6 49

611

548

32 T

anni

ng o

r dye

ing

extr

acts

1 30

11

135

1 31

31

671

2 28

43

246

4 55

36

588

6 11

06

602

10 1

14O

ther

pro

duct

s32

485

35 7

1933

590

53 1

6644

005

43 4

3839

044

53 7

7958

999

66 0

8363

474

Tabl

e A2

9. C

ompo

sitio

n of

Impo

rts o

f Goo

ds fr

om T

urkm

enis

tan,

200

0-20

10, t

hous

and

US$

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Tota

l im

port

s of g

oods

14 8

478

340

7 63

79

287

10 0

627

800

10 1

838

519

9 12

458

365

144

170

27 M

iner

al fu

els,

min

eral

oi

ls an

d pr

oduc

ts o

f the

ir di

stilla

tion

4 57

62

024

2 86

76

508

2 94

181

93

513

124

40 1

4411

0 10

8

39 P

lasti

cs a

nd a

rticl

es th

ereo

f49

652

311

005

114

5 99

36

063

7 62

28

577

9 52

58

556

15 A

nim

al o

r veg

etab

le fa

ts a

nd

oils

3491

175

8 06

710

483

84 B

oile

rs, m

achi

nery

and

m

echa

nica

l app

lianc

es57

180

319

1441

1785

1831

13 5

33

Oth

er p

rodu

cts

10 1

316

039

3 91

11

660

1 96

698

859

080

052

559

81

490

Produced by UCA Communications DepartmentCopy edited by Sia Nowrojee

Printed by VRS, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic

Bahodir Ganiev and Yuliy Yusupov · Bahodir Ganiev and Yuliy Yusupov Abstract The trade regime...

Documents

Transcript of Bahodir Ganiev and Yuliy Yusupov · Bahodir Ganiev and Yuliy Yusupov Abstract The trade regime...