Bahan Kajian MK. Pengelolaan SDALH

Smno.psdl.pdkl.ppsub sept2013

TANTANGAN PENGELOLAAN AIR

The amount of rain we receive has not changed. And most rain still falls west of the coastal ridge.

But to provide surface drainage, each year close to two million acre-feet of water is moved through

canals to the estuaries and the Aquifer.

Green Water Credits :

are payments for farmers’ water management activities that are, now, unrecognized and

unrewarded.

Benefits to poor rural people drive this initiative which, at the same time, safeguards water

resources for everyone.

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Kelangkaan air akan mengganggu habitat, ekonomi dan kehidupan masyarakat

It already threatens food security, health and development; shortage is increasingly felt in cities.

On present trends, 2.8 billion people will be suffering absolute water shortage by 2025 and two thirds of the global population

will be suffering water stress.

This is where climate change will strike first.

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We are caught unpreparedThe source fresh water is

rainfall;two thirds of which is held in

the soil andused by plants - green water;

only one tenth becomes accessible stream flow

and groundwater - blue water.

Nearly all investment in water goes into abstraction of this

easily accessible water.

More than two thirds of the water abstracted is used for

irrigation.

Replenishment is neglected.

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A policy shift is needed …

from coping with water scarcity to creating

opportunities.

Management of the whole freshwater resource, including

demands and uses even before the water reaches

streams and groundwater, opens a wider stage for negotiation, trade-offs

between competing claims, and action to optimize water

flows.

Pemilahan air hujan menjadi green water dan aliran blue water

Green water management: banking water in the soil

Water productivity can be significantly increased, the hazards of flood and drought mitigated, and rural

livelihoods secured by two fundamental improvements in soil management:

increasing infiltration of rainfall into the soil, thereby cutting storm runoff, and shifting unproductive

evaporation to productive water use.

Air hujan ditampung

dalam waduk musiman di

sekitar kawasan hutan:Manfaat irigasi

Manfaat PerikananManfaat Rekreasi

More infiltration means banking water in soils and aquifers which

feed river base flow;

less storm runoff means less soil and bank erosion, less flooding, and less siltation of streams and

reservoirs

Teknik-teknik pengelolaan Green Water :All this can be achieved by low-cost green water management

Pengolahan tanah menurut garis kontur dengan parit yang dalam

Upaya untuk memanen air hujan di lahan pertanian dataran tinggi

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KEMISKINAN MENJADI KENDALA

Farmers are well aware of their private benefits from green

water management - but they need immediate as well as long-term returns for their labour and

material inputs.

Where farmers are poor,with limited access to markets

and low prices for their produce, poverty drives a preference for shortterm returns – so that the short-term cost of green water management outweighs any

long-term privatebenefits.

Further incentives are needed for farmers to adopt and maintain best practice.

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Green Water Credits bridge the incentive gap

Quite small, regular payments by

downstream waterusers enable farmers to

adopt sustainablemanagement of land

and water; at the same time,

they combat rural poverty by diversifying

income(Figure 7). This is a particular case of

Paymentsfor Environmental

Services.Green Water Credits bridge the incentive gap

Regular payments by downstream water users enable upstream farmers to do the right thing

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The proof-of-concept in Kenya2 demonstrates:

• Trade offs between upstream land use and management and

downstream water availability,river regulation, and siltation of

reservoirs;

• Practical ways to assess the resource, optimize water allocation,

and appraise costs and benefits;

• The cost of green water management may be covered by the

additional water revenues alone.For the Upper Tana, annual water

benefits may reach $US 12-95 millions compared with costs of2-20 millions; for a 20 per cent

adoption scenario, annual water benefits are $ 6-48 millions and

costs 0.5 to 4.3 millions.

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How are Green Water Management and Green Water Credits different from soil and water conservation as it has been practised for half a century?

Generations of effort in soil and water conservation has made no appreciable difference to the degradation of land and water resources in most parts of the world

because:

• It was never financially viable;• Soil conservation has been handled by agricultural extension services, in isolation

from water policy;it was seen as a benefit to farmers;

• Water management has been undertaken in isolation from land management by engineers and public utilities, concentrating on the very limited, easily-abstracted

stream flow and groundwater- blue water;• Green Water Management deals with water at source and flowing through the

landscape; with rainfall; with green and blue water together;• Green Water Credits is a financial mechanism in which the downstream users strike a deal with upstream land and water managers to maintain the resource and mitigate

floods and droughts.

Correcting the present market failure makes best practice financially viable. It also is the most practicable adaptation to climate change.

Proof of concept

In Kenya’s Upper Tana catchment, Green Water Credits is viable because of:

• Recognition of deteriorating land and water resources in the face of escalating

demands on these same resources ;• Profitable downstream water users, willing and able to pay

for water managementin the catchment;

• The enabling framework of the 2002 Water Act, implemented by the Water

Resources Management Authority requires waterto be treated as an economic good.

TAHAPAN OPERASIONAL• Assess existing land and water rights and competing claims

on the water resource.• Assess the water resource, its value in all its competing

uses, the costs of mismanagement, the extent to which green water management can optimize the resource, and the costs

of this management .• Establish a platform for negotiation between interested

parties; ensure that each is wellinformed; seek optimum allocation; agree on a fair price;

• Establish a mechanism for collection and payment of credits, verification of claims, and settlement of disputes.

Payments may be financed by a mix of water users and public utilities, insurers, and general taxation.

1. Background: Rural poverty

2. The un-managing of water in rainfed systems

3. Bridging the Gap-Green Water management

4. Towards holistic Agricultural Water Management (AWM).

GREEN WATER MANAGEMENT:PENGALAMAN DI AFRIKA

www.waterbucket.ca/cfa/?sid=4&id=1&type=single

Masalah utamanya adalah ....

Experiences and knowledge emanating

from many years of project implementation

are not influencing policy change for

investments in AWM

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Kemiskinan pedesaan menjadi tantangan utama di wilayah ESA

• Total population is 350 million

• 73% (260 million) live in Rural areas

• 56% of the rural population extremely poor.

• 85% of the rural poor depend on agriculture

• About 54% of the region’s poor live in high rainfall/productive areas.

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Extent of Drylands in Eastern and Southern Africa

Climate Zone Area km2 (million)

Population (million)

Share of area

Share of population

Arid & semi-arid 3.7 36 38% 14% Dry sub-humid 3.0 76 31% 30% Moist sub-humid & humid

2.9 148 31% 56%

Total 9.6 260 100% 100% Source: FAO databases. (Urban population and areas are excluded

Wilayah ESA merupakan lahan kering yang luas

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Tetapi ……… air tidak kekurangan…

The water crisis is not about too little water…. but about managing water badly such that billions of people & the environment suffer badly. (Water Vision, 2000)

Kekeringan pertanian disebabkan oleh gagalnya

menggunakan air hujan pada saat turun ke bumi dan di

tempat jatuhnya di muka bumi … gagal panen tidak

perlu terjadi ……..

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Berapa banyak air yang kita makan ?• ONLY 200 m3 per person/year for industrial +

domestic uses, BUT...• A colossal 1,300m3 per person/year for food …

• Yet, many water supply indicators are confined to drinking water and sanitation

• Most of our water needs are for the food thus

• This should be a central focus of IWRM!

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Pembagian air hujan yang jatuh (rainfall) di daerah Tropika

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Pembagian air hujan dan Konsep The Green Water • Green water resource – soil

moisture generated from direct rainfall infiltration on its way to vaporize

• Green water flows – total evapo-transpiration from soil moisture

• Productive green flow –Transpiration of plants we use beneficially

• Non-productive green flow – Evaporation flows

• Blue water flow – surface runoff and base flow

• Blue water resource – groundwater, lakes, reservoirs, wetlands

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… menahan air di daerah hulu lebih mudah dan dapat melindungi lahan dengan lebih baik

It is Child’s play in the highlands with sheet flow in small channels

Then muscles are needed once water is in gullies

In trouble once large gullies and streams fill with water

Up-stream

Mid-stream

Down-stream

Afte

r: H

atib

u et

al

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Food Security (tons m-3)

RWH for SI

What are the G-B Trade-offs?

Natural Forestry

Ecosystem Services eg.

Carbon Sequestration

Income Security (€ m-3)

Employment (e.g in tourism) (Md

m-3)

Green Water Use and Management

Commercial IrrigationIndustryHydro Power

Ecosystem needs within the watershedDownstream Commitments

Blue Water

Flow and Manage

ment

Human needs within the watershed

NR - Products (Assorted)(Euros m-3)

Electricity (€ m-

3)

Tree Crops

ALTERNATIVES IMPACT

WATER AVAILABLE FOR LOCAL

MANAGEMENT

RAINFALL

Reserve

Commercial Forestry

Annual Crops

Woodlands

Rangelands

WetlandsWildlife

Surface or Underground

Fisheries

Reserve

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Current trends for responding to felt needs …

• The UN Millennium Development Goals on hunger recommends among others; “water management (irrigation), soil fertility management, agro-processing, marketing ……

• NEPAD’s (CAADP) has recommended among others, “extending the area under sustainable land management and reliable water control systems, especially small-scale water control, building up soil fertility and moisture holding capacity of agricultural soils and expansion of irrigation” as one of three “Pillars”

• IFAD’s ‘thrusts’ aims at “improving access to and management of land and water” as one of the strategies

Irrigasi menjadi salah satu solusinya …..

• Irrigation provides 40% of global food from 17% of cultivated land...

• It supported the green revolution in Asia,• Secures food security, and ...• Higher incomes for farmers, agro-entrepreneurs,

and others through ...• Direct and indirect employment, and trade

opportunities.• In ESA, only about 5% of irrigation potential has

been tapped…..

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And because …over 90% of irrigation water is used to compensate

for losses in conveyance,

application, and/or inefficiencies in the

management & utilization of rainwater.

Thus:Managing green water is the missing link to…

Optimal water productivity for

agriculture

Selanjutnya...

• Estimates suggest that irrigation can provide only ≈15% of the increased agricultural water requirement to attain the MDG targets.

• The remaining 85% will have to come from better management of the water in rainfed agriculture.

• Hence the need for IWRM to turn attention to “green water”

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Revitalisasi pertanian juga akan memerlukan …..…

• Agricultural growth by 75% (SSA) from intensification rather than extensification of agriculture

(FAO, 2000) • Increasing water productivity from rainfed & irrigated

agriculture by 60% (UN-Water Africa, 2003).

• Increasing yields of staple crops under smallholder systems (to exceed 1.0 t ha-1 )

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Hal ini memerlukan Agricultural Water Management (AWM) yang holistik..,

• AWM adalah

“Any kind of human action that influences the natural flow of water to farmers’ crops, or any form of agriculture that takes advantage of naturally rising or falling water levels for crop production”.

(FAO, 1995 Water Report 7. Irrigation in Africa in figures)

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Sehingga, Agricultural Water Management (AWM) meliputi…

1. Irrigation (supplemental or full)2. Drainage (surface, subsurface, seasonal)3. Soil and water conservation4. Rangeland rehabilitation 5. Wetland rehabilitation6. Water for livestock, including for fodders7. Rainwater harvesting (blue and green)8. Watershed management9. Soil fertility (manures, fertilizers, residues)10. Conservation agriculture (deep tillage, mulching)11. Agronomic practices to optimize water uptake12. Climatic variability mitigation13. Low quality water (saline, waste water)14. Capacity building programmes in AWM15. Water used in value addition

Green Water Management (GWM) bermakna…Kemampuan untuk mengendalikan sumberdaya air untuk

pertanian

… sebagai kunci untuk

mengentaskan kemiskinaan

pedesaan

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Keterkaitan AWM dengan Markets dan Trade….

Innovative integration of AWM and trade will facilitate… Unlocking the un-taped potential in “managed”

water for agriculture, to provide…. More water in the root zone, leading to… More water uptake by plants, resulting in… More kg of useful biomass per mm of water

depleted, which with appropriate market linkages should lead to…

Higher earnings (€, Birr, Shs) per kg produced – more wealth per drop

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Peranan kita sebagai agen perubahan …………………

• Informing People,

• Influencing Perceptions,

• Changing of Attitudes,

• Engaging in activities, to institutionalize…….

• Best Practices in AWM.

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Country

Region

Province

Projects

Local Institutions

National Institutions

Regional Institutions

International Institutions e.g.

UN

International

Operational FrameworkSc

ale-

Up

Scale-out After IIRR, 2000

The higher the scale-up the wider the reach

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Rekomendasi

1.Green water management will require hard work, and activities on the ground, implemented by farmers themselves…..How can we assist them?

2. Technology and inputs are beyond the reach of poor smallholders in the ESA……the South Asian green revolution was heavily subsidized,……ESA farmers require technology pull (rather than push).

3. Green Water Credits provide direct incentives to farmers who practice AWM- What incentives are these and how to make them sustainable?