BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF WELL WATER...

ISSN: 2455-3751

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ASIO Journal of Microbiology, Food Science & Biotechnological Innovations (ASIO-JMFSBI)

Volume 3, Issue 1, 2017, 09-16

Doi: 10.2016-53692176; DOI Link:: http://doi-ds.org/doilink/04.2017-85424667/

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BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF WELL WATER FROM AMASSOMA, BAYELSA STATE, NIGERIA

Lovet T. Kigigha and Dineebimo G. Baraseibai

Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa state, Nigeria

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Research Article History Received: 17 January, 2017 Accepted: 20, March, 2017

Corresponding Author:

† Lovet T. Kigigha

E-mail: [email protected]

This study evaluated the microbial quality of well water used in Amassoma, Bayelsa state. Triplicate water samples were collected from eight wells in Amassoma. Standard microbiological procedures were used for determining the microbial diversity and density. Results showed that fecal, total coliform, total heterotrophic bacteria and total Staphylococci counts ranged from 2.00 to 13.67 MPN/100ml, 4.03 to 23.33 MPN/100ml, 0.59 to 35.23 x104 cfu/ml and 6.7 to 60.67 x101 cfu/ml respectively. Analysis of variance showed that there were significance differences (P<0.05) among the various location for total heterotrophic bacteria and total coliform and no significance difference (P>0.05) among the various locations for fecal coliform and Staphylococci counts. Based on density, the concentration exceeded World Health Organization/Food and Agricultural Organization allowable limit of 1.0 x 102 cfu/ml for potable water. Also it exceeded the Standard Organization of Nigeria maximum permissible level of 10cfu/ml for total coliform. The bacteria isolated includes Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Bacillus, Micrococcus, Serratia, Streptococcus and Proteus species, Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli. The similarity of the isolated bacteria diversity between the locations based on Sorenson qualitative index ranged from 42.86 – 92.31%. Due to the occurrence of these microbes and the higher population occurring in the water, its suitability for consumption is doubtful. Appropriate treatment, such as chlorination was recommended for the sanitization of the water.

Keywords: Amassoma, Bacteria, water quality, well water.

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† Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa state, Nigeria.

1. INTRODUCTION

Water is one of the most abundant and essential resources of man, and occupies about 70% of earth’s surface [1]. Water is no doubt one of the most essential resources on earth and remains man’s prime need in his environment [2]. Water of good drinking quality is a basic need for human physiology and man’s continued existence depends very much on its availability [3]. Furthermore potable water supply is lacking in many communities despite being one of the most abundant resource on earth [2]. According to Akubuenyi et al. [4], water is most abundant chemical substances that occur naturally on the earth surface. It is therefore important that the relationship between water quality and health be fully appreciated by all concerned [2].

Water is a unique resources needed by biotic organisms including human to thrive [5, 6]. The importance of potable water supply in poverty alleviation and socio-economic development cannot be overstressed [7]. Water resources include marine, estuarine or brackish and fresh water. Of the various types of surface water, fresh water is

the most widely utilized apart from transportation [8]. Fresh water is used potable water i.e drinking water, domestic water utilization such as washing cooking, bathing etc.

Surface water is found in several categories in the coastal region. For instance in Nigeria several water bodies are found in the Niger Delta especially Delta, Bayelsa and Rivers. These water bodies occurs in the form of rivers, ponds, lakes, streams, creeks, creeklets [5, 6, 9 – 13]. Ground water also exists in the region. Depending on location, the ground water level varies. For instance, some location in Bayelsa state the ground water table ranged from 4 – 60 feet and 5 – 100 feet during the rainy and dry season respectively depending on the relative topography of the location [6].

Several parameters are frequently used to assess water quality. These parameters are basically grouped as physicochemical [11 – 13] and microbial [5]. Within the general physico-chemical parameters are different water quality indices. Some of them include oxygen related parameters, nutrients (anion and cation), heavy metals, hydrogeochemical and hydrochemical etc.

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Microbial parameters including density and diversity of water are used to assess potability of such water for human consumption. This is because bacterial are ubiquitous i.e. are found everywhere, they has the tendency to contaminates water resources. Thereby causing health related effect to humans that consumes the water resources [14]. It well known that poor quality water is a vehicle for the transmission of pathogenic microbes including bacteria, viruses, protozoa and several more complex multicellular organisms that can cause gastro-intestinal disorder [7].

Potable water prevents disease condition associated with the water. As such gastrointestinal diseases and some microbial cause disease could be reduced if adequate potable water resources are available, personal hygiene are improved upon and general standard of living is enhanced. This is because in some coastal communities the surface water act as dumpsite of all categories of wastes stream [8, 15].

Water utilization is mainly from surface water, groundwater (well and borehole) rainwater. Water quality has been widely assessed in different location in Nigeria. for instance, in Bayelsa state surface water have been widely reported from several creek, river, pond, lake, stream etc including river nun [6, 11], Kolo creek [12], Igbedi creek [16], Taylor creek and Nun River [17], Sagbama creek [18], Epie creek [19], Ikoli creek [8, 13]. Similarly ground water have been widely reported as well including Yenagoa metropolis [20-27], some selected community in Kolokuma/Opokuma local government area [28-29]. Rainwater has been assessed in some location of Bayelsa state [30]. Specifically well water quality have been widely reported in Nigeria including Ogbomosho [31, 32], Agbarho, Delta state [33], Demsa Local Government Area [2], Dareta Village, Anka [3].

Well water are mostly used in area where groundwater is inadequate. Well water is mostly used in rural area. Like

surface water, well water can easily be contaminated with pathogenic bacteria because of human activities close to well. Sometime sock-away and pit toilet is located not too far from the well water resources. Well water could also be contaminated due to inadequate waste management. Well water is also contaminated due to the construction nature is some areas in the Niger Delta especially Bayelsa state. Therefore, this present study investigated the bacteriological quality of well water used in Amassoma, Bayelsa state.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1. Study Area

Amassoma community is about 30 kilometers from Yenagoa, the state capital of Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The climatic condition is similar to other region previously described in Bayelsa state by Ogamba et al. [11- 13, 34], Seiyaboh et al. [8, 16]. The region is occupied different vegetation strata including bush fallowing, riparian forest, farmland etc. Several vegetation cover are found in the area which have been documented by Ohimain et al. [35].. Also umbrella tree is one of the major plants found in the area [36]. Farming including fishing is major source of livelihood is indigenes of the area. Amassoma is also the host community of Niger Delta University. As several other economic activities is also carried out in the area. Like river water, well water is used for numerous economic activities in the area. The well is basically from the ground. Due to the high water table in the area, one can easily use bucket to collect the water (Figure 1) during the wet season and bucket with rope during the dry season. The topography of the town couple with lack of waste management efforts favours surface runoff and discharge of untreated water into the river [37]. Also, the public latrines are sited on the bank contiguous to the bathing and the drinking points [37].

Figure 1: Pictorial nature of some the well in Amassoma, Bayelsa state 2.2. Sample Techniques

The water samples were collected from eight different well in Amassoma at different quarter in December 2016. The water samples were collected with sterile container in

triplicates. The samples were transported to the laboratory in an ice pack the same day where microbiological analysis of the water samples was carried out immediately.





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2.3. Microbial density examination of the water samples

2.3.1 Examination of total and feacal coliform:

The coliform quality test for the well water samples were carried out using the guide provided by Benson [38], Pepper and Gerba [39] with light modification from Akubunenyi et al. [4]. Three tube methods were employed. The result based on gas production and color change was compared with table presented by Pepper and Gerba [39].

2.3.2 Enumeration of Total Heterotrophic Bacteria Counts

Two media was used to enumerate the population of different microbial density viz: Nutrient Agar (for total heterotrophic bacteria count) and Mannitol salt Agar (for the enumeration of Stapylococci counts). The two media were prepared according to the manufacturers instruction. Pour plate techniques described by Pepper and Gerba [39] and Benson [38] were used for the bacteriological analysis. After serial dilution 1.0 ml of the aseptically plates in the various media and incubated inverted at 37ºC for 24- 48 hours. The resultant colonies were counted and expressed as colony forming units per the sample. 2.3.3 Tentative identification of the microbial isolates The biochemical tests were carried out using the guide of Cheesbrough [40] and Benson [38]. Thereafter, the resultant characteristics were compared with those of known taxa using scheme of Cheesbrough [40] and Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology by Holt et al. [41]. Based on gram reaction, the gram positive organisms were streaked in Mannitol Salt Agar plate and incubated inverted at 37°C for 24 hours.

The presence of yellowish pigments in Mannitol Salt Agar indicates Staphylococcus aureus. Also, the pure cultures from MacConkey agar were streaked in Levine’s eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) Agar and incubated at 37º C for 24 hours. The presence of small nucleated colonies with greenish metallic sheen indicates E. coli [38, 39]. The presence of swarming growth on blood agar medium after incubation indicates Proteus species. The microbes that showed Haemolytic properties in blood agar medium indicated the presence of Streptococcus species. All biochemical tests (gram reaction, motility, indole, catalase, coagulase, oxidase, urease, citrate) were from nutrient agar pure culture. The resultant characteristics were compared with those of known taxa using Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology by Holt et al. [41] and the scheme of Cheesbrough [40].

2.4 Statistical analysis

SPSS software version 20 was used to carry out the statistical analysis of the bacteria density of the water samples. One-way analysis of variance was carried out at P = 0.05, and Tukey Honestly Significance Difference (HSD) test was used to determine source of the observed differences were n=3. Sorenson qualitative index by Ogbeibu [42] was used to determine the bacteria diversity similarity between locations and months and Critical level of significance was established at 50% for similarity. The charts for similarity was plotted with Microsoft excel.

3. RESULTS

Table 1 presents the uses of the well water in different location in Amassoma, Bayelsa state. The water is used predominantly for bathing and washing (100%) and to lesser extent drinking (25%) and cooking (37.5%) (Figure 2).

Table 1: Uses of well water in Amassoma, Bayelsa state

Well code

Location of well Uses Drinking Bathing Cooking Washing

A Foro-Ama, Sandfield X √ √ √

B Bietiebi-Ama, Sandfield X √ X √

C Waduwei-Ama, Junction, express road X √ X √

D Waduwei-Ama, Sandfield X √ √ √

E Azeni-Ama water side X √ √ √

F Ogboebiama water side √ √ √ √

G Ogboebiama water side X √ X √

H Ogbopina-Ama water side √ √ √ √

The microbial density of well water from Amassoma, Bayelsa state is presented in Table 2. The fecal and total coliform concentration ranged from 2.00 (at Ogbopina-Ama and Ogboebiama water side) to 13.67 MPN/100ml (at Bietiebi-Ama, Sandfield). Basically, there was no significance difference (P>0.05) among the various location apart from Bietiebi-Ama, Sandfield. The total coliform concentration ranged from 4.03 (Ogbopina-Ama water side) – 23.33 MPN/100ml (Bietiebi-Ama, Sandfield) (Figure 2). There was significance difference (P<0.05) among the various locations.

Total heterotrophic bacteria count ranged from 0.59 (Ogboebiama water side) – 35.23cfu/ml (Bietiebi-Ama, Sandfield), being not significantly different (P>0.05) apart from the Foro-Ama, Sandfield and Bietiebi-Ama, Sandfield which were significantly different (P<0.05) from other locations. Total Stapylococci counts ranged from 67 (Ogboebiama water side) – 606.67cfu/ml (Bietiebi-Ama, Sandfield), being not significantly different (P>0.05) among the various locations.





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Figure 2: Percentage uses of the well water in Amassoma

Table 2: Microbial density in different well water in Amassoma, Bayelsa state

Well

code

Location of well Fecal coliform,

MPN/100ml

Total coliform,

MPN/100ml

Total heterotrophic

bacteria (104), cfu/ml

Staphylococci

counts, cfu/ml

A Foro-Ama, Sandfield 6.83±0.37a 14.40±2.84abc 33.87±11.57bc 481.33±215.92a

B Bietiebi-Ama, Sandfield 13.67±1.33b 24.33±2.60c 35.23±11.65c 606.67±75.35a

C Waduwei-Ama, Junction,

express road

4.03±1.03a 7.20±1.05ab 5.77±1.17ab 408.33±286.99a

D Waduwei-Ama, Sandfield 3.60±0.00a 7.27±2.14ab 4.11±1.91a 106.33±6.36a

E Azeni-Ama water side 5.07±1.03a 15.00±1.00bc 4.20±1.36a 72.00±9.85 a

F Ogboebiama water side 2.00±2.00 a 5.00±2.65ab 0.59±0.25 a 67.00±12.70 a

G Ogboebiama water side 7.30±2.14ab 15.33±2.60bc 4.63±0.78 a 366.67±42.56 a

H Ogbopina-Ama water side 2.00±1.00 a 4.03±1.03 a 3.56±1.79 a 60.67±12.78 a

Different superscript letters (a, b, c) along the column indicate significance difference (P<0.05) according to Tukey Honestly Significance Difference statistics; Data is expressed as mean ± Standard Error.

Table 3: Bacteria isolates tentatively identified from the water samples.

Microbes Locations

A B C D E F G H Foro-Ama, Sandfield

Bietiebi-Ama, Sandfield

Waduwei-Ama, Junction, express road

Waduwei-Ama, Sandfield

Azeni-Ama water side

Ogboebiama water side

Ogboebiama water side

Ogbopina-Ama water side

Pseudomonas sp + + - + - + - +

Enterobacter sp + + + + + + + +

Bacillus sp + + + - - - + -

Staphylococcus

aureus

+ + + + + + + +

Micrococcus sp + - + + - - + -

E. coli + + + + + + + +

Serratia sp + - - - - + + +

Proteus species + + - - - + - -

Streptococcus sp - - - + + + + +





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Table 3 present the microbial isolates tentatively identified from the well water samples from Amassoma. The isolates include Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Bacillus, Micrococcus, Serratia, Streptococcus and Proteus species, Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli. Among the various samples, sample A had the highest microbial density. The similarity of the

bacteria diversity between the each of the location based on Sorenson qualitative index is presented in Figure 3. With regard to bacteria diversity, the similarity interaction between each location ranged from 42.86 – 92.31%, with the similarity index above critical level of significance = 50% apart from interaction between location A-E.

Figure 3: Similarity index of bacteria diversity found in the well water samples between each of the locations

4. DISCUSSION

Based on the finding of Table 1 and Figure 2, the well water is predominately used for domestic purposes. To lesser extent the consumption of the water from the well could be a source of water borne pathogen transmission. Thus approximately 25% of well user drinks the water. This could lead to water borne disease condition such as diarrhea, typhoid, cholera [27]. The use of well water poses little or no effect, since during heating process the available pathogen may die.

Bucket are used for fetching the water from the well especially the wet season. This could be due to high water table in the area. Previous study by Agedah et al. [6] have estimated that distance of groundwater to its surface is between 4 – 60 feet (wet season) and 5 – 100 feet (dry season).

Slight significance variation observed in some of the bacteria parameters could be due strategies put in place by users of different well to ensure less pollution. Furthermore, no significant variation in most of the well for each of the bacterial parameters suggests similarity in well maintenance. The findings of this study had some similarity with previous work on surface water in Bayelsa state. Angaye and Mieyepa [43] reported bacterial concentration in the range of 0.44 - 1.159 X 106, 76.72 - 260.23 and 53.67-157.02 MPN/100 ml for total

heterotrophic bacteria, total and feacal coliforms respectively from Efi lake. Agedah et al. [6] reported total heterotrophic bacteria counts in the range 6.389 – 6.434Log cfu/ml in some rivers around Wilberforce Island.

Olatunji and Oladepo [4] reported bacterial density near the sanitary wells (septic-soakaway tank/pit latrines) and far away from sanitary well water samples in the range of 1.6 x 104 to 7.33 x 104 cfu/ml and 1.0 x 104 to 2.3 x 106 for respectively (total heterotrophic bacterial count) and 99 to 8.9×103 MPN/100 ml and 74 to 250 MPN/100 ml respectively (total coliform count) in well water. Egbe et al. [14] reported Most Probable Number of coliforms from drinking water sources (streams, wells and tap) in Fulani settlements in Gidan Kwano, Minna, Niger state in the range of 3 MPN/100ml to 1100 MPN/100ml. The occurrence of high microbial density in the surface water could be due to use of different container for fetching of water from the well. Majority of the well has no cover, ass such foreign material from the environment could easily enter the well [14].

However, the well water found that its highly contaminated because the bacteria density exceeded World Health Organization/Food and Agricultural Organization allowable limit of 1.0 x 102cfu/ml [45 – 47]. While the total coliform and fecal coliform often exceeded the limit of 10cfu/ml and 0 cfu/100ml for total coliforms and Thermo tolerant Coliform/E. Coli/ faecal





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streptococcus respectively as specified by Standard Organization of Nigeria [5, 28, 48].

Based on Figure 3, the high significant similarity in microbial isolates in the various locations could be due to the fact that the life pattern in the area is the same. Also it could be due to similarity in well characteristics. Several bacteria isolated from the well water. The isolates reported have some similarity with previous work on different potable water sources including river, well, borehole etc as reviewed and reported by Izah and Ineyougha [5]. Several bacteria isolates including Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Corynebacterium, Bacillus, Micrococcus, Serratia, Proteus, Salmonella, Klesbsiella, Erminia, Shigella species have been reported in potable water sources in Nigeria. Bacteriological contamination of drinking water is responsible for the occurrence of waterborne diseases such as typhoid fever, dysentry, cholera, meningitis and diarrhea [49]. Specifically, The occurrence of coliforms i.e. total and fecal coliform may be attributed to contaminants and fecal matters in the soil and materials, while faecal coliforms indicates that faecal matters from humans and or animals in found in the ground water [28]. The microbial density specifically coliform could be from poor waste water management which is mainly from septic tanks close the well. This probability of septic tank leading into the well water is high. The occurrence of this bacteria isolates occurrence in the water appears that well water is contaminated. Some microbial isolates are of medical importance. This is bacteria isolates could aid in transmission of diseases especially the enteric pathogens. Notable isolates found in the water and disease caused include Staphylococcus aureus (which the toxins producing strain cause food poisoning and toxic shock), Bacillus (some species can cause bacteremia/septicemia, endocarditis and respiratory tract), Streptococcus (some species can can cause sinusitis, sore throat) [50]. Some species of Enterobacter are associated with respiratory tract infection and septicaemia and meningitis occasionally; Micrococcus are associated with endocarditis, arthritis, meningitis, intracranial abscesses, pneumonia, and septic arthritis; Pseudomonas are associated with malignant external otitis, endophthalmitis, endocarditis, meningitis, pneumonia, and septicemia [51].

5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMEDATION

Water is an essential resources required by living organisms including humans for growth and development. Water is also used in our daily life for cooking, washing and bathing etc. This study assessed the microbial quality of well water from Amassoma, Southern Ijaw Local Government Area of Bayelsa state. The study found that the microbial density often exceed the limit of 102 recommended for potable water. Also the occurrence of coliform calls for concern. Based on the findings of this study, treatment is required before the water can be utilized for domestic uses based on bacteria quality of the water. Chlorination appears to be more efficient way of treating high bacteria density in water.

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