Bacteriological analysis of the water in El Caño Martín Peña
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Bacteriological analysis of the water in El Caño Martín Peña
Detection and quantification of Enteric Pathogenic Bacteria Salmonella and Shigella spp.
1 / march/ 2013
Mario R. BarreraGeorge M. RiveraPaola TabaroMentor: Prof. Mayra RolónUniversity of the Sacred Heart
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Meet the Team
Mario R.Barrera
PaolaTabaro
George M. Rivera
Mentor:Prof: Mayra Rolón
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Meet the Team
2012
2013
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Caño Martín Peña
Is an invaluable natural habitat for the Metropolitan area of San Juan.
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Caño Martín Peña
+ During the recurring years the mangroves and lagoons stretched of the Caño have been contaminated and stretched out into smaller measurements.
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Caño Martín PeñaThe deterioration of this area has taken its toll on the residents lifestyles.
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How to Improve !! The decontamination
of the lagoon that boards the community.
Rehabilitation of the estuary system.
To broaden the community’s knowledge of the microbial presence and the harms that can be encountered.
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Our objectives
+ To detect the presence of pathogenic enteric bacteria such as Salmonella and Shigella SPP.
+ To acquire knowledge of the microbial presence found in the Caño Martín Peña.
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+ Refine research skills through different bacteriological techniques.
+ Analyze and compare the degree of contamination found with past investigations.
+ Raise awareness to the community.
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Hypothesis In the past year our fellow classmates were able
to detect the presence of Shigella serotypes A,B and C.
The Caño Martín Peña has excessive levels of coliforms, indicators of fecal matter that represent a hazard for the community.
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Hypothesis
+ Because of this information we can say there is a high probability of encountering Salmonella and Shigella SPP. Bacteria due to the high coliform levels resulting from water contamination by fecal matter.
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Coliform bacteria Rod-shaped Gram
negative bacillus. Lactose fermenters with
the production of acid and gas when incubated at 35-37°C.
Easy to culture and their presence is used to indicate fecal contamination by other pathogenic organisms in the water.
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Enterobacteriaceae Total coliforms:
Escherichia Klebsiella Serratia Citrobacter
Fecal coliform: Eschericia coli
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Escherichia coli
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Klebsiella pneumoniae
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Enterobacter
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Serratia marcescens
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Citrobacter
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Salmonella spp. Vs Shigella spp.
Salmonella spp. Rod-shaped Gram negative
bacillus Non-spore forming. Motile
enterobacteria Facultative anaerobes Hydrogen sulfide
production which can be detected on a TSI growth media
Shigella spp. Rod-shaped Gram
negative bacteria Non-spore forming and
non-motile bacteria
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Salmonella Pathogenicity Most of the infections are
due to the ingestion of contaminated food.
Salmonella is responsible for various illnesses such as: Typhoid fever Paratyphoid fever Foodborne illnesses
Enteritis Salmonella also known as food poisoning Salmonella.
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Shigella Pathogenicity Most of the infections are
caused via ingestion. The illness is known as
Shigellosis. During infection, Shigella
typically causes dysentery . Invasion of Shigella
Bacterial multiplication Spreading to epithelial cells Tissue destruction
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Investigation Site
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Station #1 Width : 8 Ft. Depth: 2.05 Ft
Observations Boat nearby Carton Boxes
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Station #2 Width: 3 – 5 Ft Depth: 4 Ft
Observations Current of water
coming from a pipe. Fishing traps
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Station #3 Width: 8 Ft. Depth: 2 Ft.
Observations Samples were taken
at the shore, because difficult access.
Garbage bags
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Methodologies Dilution of sample Membrane filtration Cultivation
SS Agar MacConkey Agar EMB RVS
Identification Enterotubes
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Procedure
Dilution Membrane Filtration Cultivation
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Dilution of sample
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At the Laboratory
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Membrane filtration 0.45 μm
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At the Laboratory
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Membrane filtration
Pure sample Diluted Sample 1:1000
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Cultivation
At 37º C. 24 – 48 Hours
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Selective MediumsSalmonella
Shigella Agar MacConkey Agar
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Selective Mediums
RVS EMB
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Taxonomic Determination: Enterotube System
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Taxonomic Determination: Enterotube System
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Enterotube SystemCitrobacter
freundiiSerratia
plymuthica
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Sampling Dates
M1 – 30/ October/ 2012 M2 – 28/ November/ 2012 M3 – 7/ December/ 2012 M4 – 30/ January/ 2013 M5 – 11/ February/ 2013
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Types of Bacteria
Characteristics of the Colony
Bacteria
Salmon Colony Klebsiella ozanaePink Colony Enterobacter cloacaePink Colony Klebsiella pneumoniaePink colony Enterobacter aerogenesTransparent Colony ShigellaTransparent Colony YersiniaBlack Colony Citrobacter freundiPale pink Serratia plymuthicaMetallic Green E. coli
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Types of BacteriaBacteriaSerratia marcenscensEnterobacter aglomerans
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Enterotubes
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Shigella Enterotube
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FindingsYear Quantity2008 118,0002009 3,335,0002010 6,800,0002011 60,000,0002012 69,000,0002013 25,333,333
Year Quantity2000 4,000,0002001 5,500,0002002 4,000,0002003 2,000,0002004 100,0002005 73,0002006 80,0002007 57,000
Number of bacteria/ ml of water
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Findings on Dilutions
Station #1 1 col in 10¯⁷ : 10,000,000 bact/ml
Station #2 4 col in 10⁻⁶: 4,000,000 bact/ml
Station #3 62 col in 10⁻⁶: 62,000,000 bact/ml
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Findings on Filtration Station#1
Pure > 100 col (TNTC) Dilute: 5 col * 1000: 5,000 bact/100ml
Station #2 Pure>100 col (TNTC) Dilute: 40 col * 1000: 40,000 bact/100ml
Station #3 Pure>100 col (TNTC) Dilute: 3 col * 1000: 3,000 bact/100ml
Citrobacter freundiCedecea lapageiKlebsiella pneumoniaeYersinia enterocoliticaCitrobacter freundiCedecea lapageiEnterobacter agglomeransKlebsiella ozaenae
Enterobacter agglomerans
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Conclusions
The high level of contamination is due to:
Stagnant water in some areas.
Sewage and water discharge in to the cano.
Deposition of debris into the community.
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Conclusions of the Research
From 2004 to 2008 the amount of bacteria were less than a million/ ml of water.
This could be due to the removal of debris
Effort of government and people that lives in the community.
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+ During our Research period we noticed a sudden decrease in the level of bacteria.
+ Although we were not able to isolate colonies of Salmonella, we did isolate Citrobacter freundi, Yersinia enterocolitica and Shigella Spp.
+ Which are indicative of the severity of contamination and a possible source of contamination with pathogens to the residents of nearby areas.
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We recommend: To maintain the movement of dredging and
cleaning of the entire San Juan Estuary. We saw that according to data, levels of bacteria
were down under a million. With a little of effort is possible to maintain to provide a better life to the people.
To Help organizations and people that live there in a constant way not only, to show interest when elections are near.
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References Http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/shigella/DSOO
719 Http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/enteritidis/ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
October 2005. Shigellosis. http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/shigellosis/
Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. May 2003. First Nations Water Management Strategy. Http://www.ainc-inac.gc.ca/ai/arp/es/0506/fnwms/fnwms-eng.asp
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References Public Health Agency of Canada:Notifiable Diseases on-
line. December 2003. Shigellosis. http://dsol-smed.hc-sc.gc.ca/dsol-smed/ndis/diseases/shig_e.html
www.safewater.com World Health Organization. 2005. Guidelines for the
control of shigellosis, including epidemics due to shigella dysenteriae type 1. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2005/9241592330.pdf
United States Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook. January 2002. Shigella. Http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/ PNADO152.pdf